Ordovician Bathyal Trace Fossils From Metasiliciclastics in Central Norway and Their Sedimentological and Paleogeographical Implications

REFERENCES

• Azpeitia Moros , F. 1933 . Datos para el estudiopaleontólogico del Flysch de la Costa Cantábrica y dealgunos otros puntos de España . Boletin del Instituto Geologico y Minero de España , 53 : 1 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Bayer , F. M. 1955 . Remarkably preserved fossil sea-pens and their recent counterparts . Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences , 45 : 294 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Benton , M. J. 1982a . Trace fossils from Lower Palaeozoic ocean-floor sediments of the Southern Uplands of Scotland . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences , 73 : 67 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Benton , M. J. 1982b . Dictyodora and associated trace fossils from the Palaeozoic of Thuringia . Lethaia , 15 : 115 – 132 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton , M. J. and Trewin , N. J. 1980 . Dictyodora from the Silurian of Peeblesshire, Scotland . Palaeontology , 23 : 501 – 513 .
   Google Scholar
• Bergström , S. M. 1979 . Whiterockian (Ordovician) conodonts from the Hølonda Limestone of the Trondheim Region, Norwegian Caledonides . Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift , 59 : 295 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Bergström , S. M. 1980 . Conodonts as palaeotemperature tools in Ordovician rocks of the Caledonides and adjacent areas in Scandinavia and the British Isles . Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlinger , 102 : 377 – 392 .
   Google Scholar
• Berry , W. B. N. 1972 . Early Ordovician bathyurid province lithofacies, biofacies and correlations - their relationship to a proto-Atlantic Ocean . Lethaia , 5 : 69 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenchley , P. J. and Newall , G. 1980 . A facies analysis of Upper Ordovician regressive sequences in the Oslo Region, Norway – a record of glacio-eustatic changes . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 31 : 1 – 38 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromley , R. G. 1996 . Trace fossils. Biology, taphonomy and applications , Second Edition , 361 p. London : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bromley , R. G. and Ekdale , A. A. 1984 . Chondrites: a trace fossil indicator of anoxia in sediment . Science , 224 : 872 – 874 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruton , D. L. and Bockelie , J. F. 1980 . “ Geology and palaeontology of the Hølonda area, western Norway – a fragment of North America? ” . In The Caledonides in the U.S.A , Edited by: Wones , D. R. Vol. 2 , 41 – 47 . Department of Geological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Memoirs .
   Google Scholar
• Bruton , D. L. and Bockelie , J. F. The Løkken-Hølonda-Støren areas . IV International Symposium on the Ordovician System. Palaeontological Contributions from the University of Oslo . Field Excursion Guide , Edited by: Bruton , D. L. and Williams , S. H. Vol. 279 , pp. 77 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Bruton , D. L. and Harper , D. A. 1993 . “ Early Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn) faunas from oceanic islands in the Appalachian-Caledonide orogen ” . In The Caledonide Orogen – Scandinavia and Related Areas , Edited by: Gee , D. G. and Sturt , B. A. 359 – 368 . Chichester : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Buatois , L. A. and Mángano , G. M. 1993 . The ichnotaxonomic status of Plangtichnus and Treptichnus . Ichnos , 2 : 217 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Buller , A. T. and Johnsen , S. O. 1982 . Storm-influenced marine sandstones in the Ordovician Lower Hovin Group, Nord-Trøndelag . Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift , 62 : 211 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• Chaloupský , J. and Chlupác , I. 1984 . A star-like ichnofossil from Krkonoše-Jizerské Hory metamorphic complex of northern Bohemia . Véstnik Českého Ústavu Geologickégo , 59 : 45 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Chlupác , I. 1987 . Ordovician ichnofossils in the metamorphic mantle of the Central Bohemian Pluton . Časopis pro Mineralogii a Geologi , 32 : 249 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Chlupác , I. 1997 . Palaeozoic ichnofossils in phyllites near Železny Brod, northern Bohemia . Journal of the Czech Geological Society , 42 : 75 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlain , C. K. 1997 . Ordovician and Devonian trace fossils from Nevada . Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, Bulletin , 90 : 1 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Crimes , T. P. 1987 . Trace fossils and correlation of late Precambrian and early Cambrian strata . Geological Magazine , 124 : 97 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crimes , T. P. and Crossley , J. D. 1991 . A diverse ichnofauna from Silurian flysch of the Aberystwyth Grits Formation, Wales . Geological Journal , 26 : 27 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crimes , T. P. , Goldring , R. , Homewood , P. , Stuijvenberg , J. and Winkler , W. 1981 . Trace fossil assemblages of deep-sea fan deposits, Gurnigal and Schlieren flysch (Cretaceous-Eocene) . Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae , 74 : 953 – 995 .
   Google Scholar
• D'Alessandro , A. 1982 . Processi tafonomici e distribuzione delle tracce fossili nel Flysch di Gorgolione (Appenino Meridionale) . Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia , 87 : 511 – 560 .
   Google Scholar
• Degens , E. T. , Emeis , K. C. , Mycke , B. and Wiesner , M. G. 1986 . “ Turbidites, the principal mechanism yielding black shales in the early deep Atlantic Ocean ” . In North Atlantic palaeogeography , Edited by: Summerhayes , C. P. and Shackleton , N. J. Vol. 21 , 361 – 376 . Geological Society Special Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Delgado , J. F. N. 1910 . Terrains palézoiques du Portugal. Étude sur les fossiles des schichtes à néréites de San Domongos et des schichtes à néréite et à graptolites de Barrancos . Commission du Service Geologique du Portugal , 56 : 1 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Dewey , J. F. , Rickards , R. B. and Skevington , D. 1970 . New light on the age of Dalradian deformation and metamorphism in western Ireland . Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift , 50 : 19 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Ekdale , A. A. 1985 . Palaeoecology of the marine endobenthos . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 50 : 63 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekdale , A. A. , Bromley , R. G. and Pemberton , G. S. 1984 . Ichnology: The use of trace fossils in sedimentology and stratigraphy . Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Short Course , 15 : 1 – 317 .
   Google Scholar
• Erdoğan , B. , Uchman , A. , Güngör , T. and Özgül , N. 2004 . Lithostratigraphy of the Lower Cambrian metaclastics and their age based on trace fossils in the Sandiklimath region, south-western Turkey . Geobios , 37 : 346 – 360 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedonkin , M. 1990 . “ Paleoichnology of the Vendian Metazoa ” . In The Vendian System. Paleontology , Edited by: Sokolov , B. S. and Iwanowski , A. B. Volume 1 , 132 – 137 . New York : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Fillion , D. 1989 . Les critères discriminants ŕ l'intérieur du triptyque Palaeophycus-Planolites-Macaronichnus. Essai de synthése d'un usage critique . Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences de Paris, Série 2 , 309 : 169 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Fillion , D. and Pickerill , R. K. 1990 . Ichnology of the Upper Cambrian? to Lower Ordovician Bell Island and Wabana groups of eastern Newfoundland, Canada . Palaeontographica Canadiana , 7 : 1 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Fitch , A. 1850 . A historical, topographical and agricultural survey of the County of Washington. Parts 2–5 . Transactions of the New York Agricultural Society , 9 : 753 – 944 .
   Google Scholar
• Fregenal Martínez , M. A. , Buatois , L. A. and Mángano , G. M. Invertebrate trace fossils from Las Hoayas fossil site (Serraní de Cuenca, Spain) . II International Symposium on Lithographic Limestones . July 9th–16th 1995 , Lleida-Cuenca, Spain. Palaeoenvironmental interpretations , pp. 67 – 70 . Universidad de la Autónomna de Madrid . Extended Abstracts
   Google Scholar
• Frey , R. W. and Chowns , T. M. 1972 . “ Trace fossils from the Ringgold road cut (Ordovician and Silurian), Georgia ” . In Sedimentary environments in the Paleozoic rocks of northwest Georgia , Edited by: Chowns , T. M. Vol. 11 , 25 – 44 . Georgia Geological Survey, Guidebook .
   Google Scholar
• Frey , R. W. and Seilacher , A. 1980 . Uniformity in marine invertebrate ichnology . Lethaia , 23 : 183 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu , S. 1991 . Funktion, Verhalten und Einteilung fucoider und lophoctenoiider Lebensspuren . Courier Forschung Institut, Senckenberg, , 135 : 1 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Gale , G. H. and Roberts , D. 1974 . Trace element geochemistry of Norwegian Lower Palaeozoic basic volcanics and its tectonic implications . Earth and Planetary Science Letters , 22 : 380 – 390 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gee , D. G. , Guezou , J.-C. , Roberts , D. and Wolff , F. C. 1985 . “ The central-southern part of the Scandinavian Caledonides ” . In The Caledonide Orogen – Scandinavia and Related Areas , Edited by: Gee , D. G. and Sturt , B. A. 109 – 133 . Chichester : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Geyer , G. and Uchman , A. Ichnofossil assemblages from the Nama Group (Neoproterozoic-Lower Cambrian) in Namibia and the Proterozoic-Cambrian boundary problem revisited . Morocco '95. The Lower-Middle Cambrian standard of western Gondwana . Beringeria. Edited by: Geyer , G. and Landing , E. Vol. 2 , pp. 175 – 202 . Special Issue
   Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt , V. M. 1915 . Geologisch-Petrografische Studien im Hochgebirge des südlichen Norwegens III. Die Kalksilikatgneise und Kalksilikatglimmerschiefer des Trondhjem-Gebietes . Skrifter Videnskabsselskabet Christiania. I. Mat.-Naturv. Klasse , 10 : 1 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Han , Y. and Pickerill , R. K. 1994 . Taxonomic reassessment of Protovirgularia M'Coy 1850 with new examples from the Paleozoic of New Brunswick, eastern Canada . Ichnos , 3 : 203 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Han , Y. and Pickerill , R. K. 1995 . Taxonomic review of the ichnogenus Helminthopsis Heer 1877 with a statistical analysis of selected ichnospecies . Ichnos , 4 : 83 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Häntzschel , W. 1975 . “ Trace fossils and problematica ” . In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part W, Miscellanea, Supplement I. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado , Edited by: Teichert , C. W269 p. Lawrence, Kansas : University of Kansas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harland , T. L. 1980 . The Middle Ordovician of the Oslo Region. 28. Lithostratigraphy of the Steinvika Limestone Formation, Langesund-Skien district . Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift , 60 : 269 – 278 .
   Google Scholar
• Heer , O. 1877 . “ Flora Fossilis Helvetiae ” . In Vorweltliche Flora der Schweiz , 182 p. Zurich : J. Wurster and Company .
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann , H. J. 1990 . Computer simulation of trace fossils with random patterns, and the use of goniograms . Ichnos , 1 : 15 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann , H. J. and Patel , I. M. 1989 . Trace fossils from the type “Etchemnian Series” (Lower Cambrian Ratcliffe Brook Formation), Saint John area, New Brunswick, Canada . Geological Magazine , 126 : 139 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hundt , R. 1913 . Eine Ergänzung zu “Organische Reste aus dem Untersilur des Hüttchenberges bei Wünschendorf an der Elster.” . Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie , 1913 : 80 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Jaanusson , V. Ordovician . Geological Society of America . Boulder, Colorado. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part A. Introduction , Edited by: Robinson , R. A. and Teichert , C. pp. 136 – 166 . Lawrence, Kansas : University of Kansas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jaanusson , V. The Siljan District. Field Excursion Guide . IV International Symposium on the Ordovician System . Edited by: Bruton , D. L. and Williams , S. H. Vol. 279 , pp. 15 – 42 . Palaeontological Contributions from the University of Oslo .
   Google Scholar
• Jensen , S. 1997 . Trace fossils from the Lower Cambrian Mickwitzia sandstone, south-central Sweden . Fossils and Strata , 42 : 1 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Jux , U. and Manze , U. 1979 . Glazialeustatisch gesteuerte Sedimentationsabläufe auf dem kaledonischen Schelf (Mittel-Schweden) ad der Wende Ordovizium-Silur . Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Paläontologie. Monatshafte , 1979 : 55 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Keighley , D. G. and Pickerill , R. K. 1995 . The ichnotaxa Palaeophycus and Planolites: historical perspectives and recommendations . Ichnos , 3 : 301 – 309 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelts , K. and Arthur , M. A. 1981 . “ Turbidites after ten years of deep-sea drilling—wringing out the mop? ” . In The Deep Sea Drilling Project: a decade of progress , Edited by: Warme , J. E. , Douglas , R. G. and Winterer , E. L. Vol. 32 , 91 – 127 . Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Kettnerova , M. and Mikuláš , R. 1992 . Proterozoikum a paleozoikum ve zbozenokosteleckém metamorfovaném ostrově . Véstník Českého Geologického Ústavu , 67 : 327 – 336 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , Y. 1994 . A unique occurrence of Lockeia from the Yeongheung Formation (Middle Ordovician), Yeongweol, Korea . Ichnos , 3 : 219 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , Y. , Seo , Y. and Park , S. 1992 . Trace fossils from the Yeongheung Formation, Yeongweol, Korea . Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society , 13 : 313 – 326 .
   Google Scholar
• Knaust , D. 2004 . Cambro-Ordovician trace fossils from the SW-Norwegian Caledonides . Geological Journal , 39 : 1 – 24 . [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotake , N. 1991 . Packing process for filling material in Chondrites . Ichnos , 1 : 277 – 285 .
   Google Scholar
• Książkiewicz , M. 1968 . O niektórych problematykach z fliszu Karpat polskich, Część 3 (On some problematic organic traces from the Flysch of the Polish Carpathians. Part 3) . Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego , 38 : 3 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Książkiewicz , M. 1977 . Trace fossils in the flysch of the Polish Carpathians . Palaeontologia Polonica , 36 : 1 – 208 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , R. 1993 . Trace fossils and ichnofacies of the Middle-Ordovician Jinsushan Formation, Fuping, Shaanxi and their depositional environments . Acta Sedimentologica Sinica , 11 : 27 – 33 . In Chinese, English abstract
   Google Scholar
• McCann , T. 1990 . Distribution of Ordovician-Silurian ichnofossil assemblages in Wales – implications for Phanerozoic ichnofaunas . Lethaia , 23 : 243 – 255 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann , T. 1993 . A Nereites ichnofacies from the Ordovician-Silurian Welsh Basin . Ichnos , 3 : 39 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• M'Coy , F. 1850 . On some genera and species of Silurian Radiata in the collection of the University of Cambridge . Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 2 , 6 : 270 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• M'Coy , F. 1851 . “ A systematic description of the British Palaeozoic fossils in the Geological Museum of the University of Cambridge ” . In A synopsis of the classification of the British Palaeozoic rocks , Edited by: Sedgwick , A. 1 – 184 . London : J. W. Parker .
   Google Scholar
• Mikuláš , R. 1992 . Trace fossils from the Klabava Formation (Early Ordovician), Czechoslovakia . Acta Universitatis Carolinae—Geologica , 3–4 : 385 – 419 .
   Google Scholar
• Mikuláš , R. 1993 . New information on trace fossils of the Early Ordovician of Prague Basin (Barrandian area, Czech Republic) . Journal of the Czech Geological Society , 38 : 171 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , S. A. 1889 . North American Geology and Paleontology for the use of Amateurs, Students and Scientists , 664 p. Cincinnati, Ohio : Western Methodist Book Concern .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , W. III . 1991 . Paleoecology of graphoglyptids . Ichnos , 1 : 305 – 312 .
   Google Scholar
• Narbonne , G. M. and Aitken , J. D. 1990 . Ediacaran fossils from the Sekwi Brook area, Mackenzie Mountains, northwestern Canada . Palaeontology , 33 : 945 – 980 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuman , R. B. and Bruton , D. L. 1974 . Early Middle Ordovician fossils from the Hølonda area, Trondheim Region, Norway . Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift , 54 : 69 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Oftedahl , C. 1979 . Hølonda-Horg området—Tre separate skyvedekker . Geolognytt , 12 : 16 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Opalinski , P. R. and Harland , T. L. 1981 . The Middle Ordovician of the Oslo Region, Norway. 29. Stratigraphy of the Mjøsa Limestone in the Toten and Nes-Hamar areas . Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift , 61 : 59 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Orr , P. J. 1995 . A deep-marine ichnofaunal assemblage from Llandovery strata of the Welsh Basin, west Wales, UK . Geological Magazine , 132 : 267 – 285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr , P. J. 1996 . The ichnofauna of the Skiddaw Group (early Ordovician) of the Lake District, England . Geological Magazine , 133 : 193 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr , P. J. and Howe , M. P. A. 1999 . “ Macrofauna and ichnofauna of the Manx Group (Early Ordovician), Isle of Man ” . In In sight of the suture: the Palaeozoic geology of the Isle of Man in its Iapetus Ocean context , Edited by: Woodcock , N. H. , Quirk , D. G. , Fitches , W. R. and Barnes , R. P. Vol. 160 , 33 – 44 . Geological Society of London . Special Publication
   Google Scholar
• Orr , P. J. and Pickerill , R. K. 1995 . Trace fossils from Early Silurian flysch of the Waterville Formation, Maine., U.S.A. . Northeastern Geology and Environmental Sciences , 17 : 394 – 414 .
   Google Scholar
• Osgood , R. G. 1970 . Trace fossils of the Cincinnati area . Palaeontographica Americana , 6 : 193 – 235 .
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen , P.-Å. 1981 . Resedimenterte konglomerater og turbiditter på overgangen mellom undre/øvre Hovin-gruppe (Llandeilo-Caradoc) i Åsen-området, Nord-Trøndelag , 127 p. Univ. of Bergen . Unpublished cand. real. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Pemberton , S. G. (ed.) 1992 . Application of ichnology to petroleum exploration. A Core Workshop . Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Core Workshop , 17 : 1 – 429 .
   Google Scholar
• Pemberton , G. S. and Frey , R. W. 1982 . Trace fossil nomenclature and the Planolites-Palaeophycus dilemma . Journal of Paleontology , 56 : 843 – 881 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickerill , R. K. 1981a . Phanerozoic flysch trace fossil diversity—observations based on an Ordovician flysch ichnofauna from the Aroostook-Matapedia Carbonate Belt of northern New Brunswick . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , 17 : 1259 – 1270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickerill , R. K. 1981b . Trace fossils in a Lower Palaeozoic submarine canyon sequence—the Siegas Formation of northwestern New Brunswick, Canada . Maritime Sediments and Atlantic Geology , 17 : 36 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Pickerill , R. K. 1987 . Late Ordovician sedimentary rocks and trace fossils of the Aroostook-Matapedia Carbonate Belt of Runnymede, Restigouche River, northern New Brunswick . Geological Society of America Continental Field Guide, Northeastern Section , 1987 : 385 – 388 .
   Google Scholar
• Pickerill , R. K. 1994 . “ Nomenclature and taxonomy of invertebrate trace fossils ” . In The Palaeobiology of Trace Fossils , Edited by: Donovan , S. K. 3 – 42 . Chichester : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Pickerill , R. K. , Fyffe , L. R. and Forbes , W. H. 1987 . Late Ordovician-Early Silurian trace fossils from the Matapedia Group, Tobique River, Western New Brunswick, Canada . Maritime Sediments and Atlantic Geology , 23 : 77 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Pickerill , R. K. and Harland , T. L. 1988 . Trace fossils from Silurian slope deposits, North Greenland . Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse, Rapport , 137 : 119 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Pickerill , R. K. and Narbonne , G. M. 1995 . Composite and compound ichnotaxa: a case example from the Ordovician of Québec, eastern Canada . Ichnos , 4 : 53 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Pickerill , R. K. and Peel , J. 1991 . Gordia nodosa isp. nov. and other trace fossils from the Cass Fjord Formation (Cambrian) of North Greenland . Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport , 150 : 15 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Rindsberg , A. K. 1994 . Ichnology of the Upper Mississippian Hartselle Sandstone of Alabama, with notes on other Carboniferous formations . Geological Survey of Alabama, Bulletin , 158 : 1 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , D. 1968 . Tectonic features of an area NE of Hegra, Nord-Trøndelag, and their regional significance - preliminary notes . Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse , 255 : 10 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , D. 1969 . Trace fossils from the Hovin Groups, Nord-Trøndelag, and their bathymetric significance . Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse , 258 : 228 – 236 . for 1968
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , D. 1972 . Penecontemporaneous folding from the Lower Palaeozoic of the Trondheimsfjord region . Geological Magazine , 109 : 235 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , D. 1984 . Nereites from the Ordovician rocks of the eastern Trondheimsfjord area, Central Norwegian Caledonides . Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse , 396 : 43 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , D. 1985 . Frosta, geological map 1622 II, 1: 50 000, preliminary ed. . Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse ,
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , D. 1998 . Ordovician lithistid sponges and gastropods from the Snåsa Limestone, Nord-Trøndelag, Norway . Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse, Bulletin , 434 : 77 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , D. and Gale , G. 1978 . “ The Caledonian—Appalachian Iapetus Ocean ” . In Evolution of the Earth's Crust , Edited by: Tarling , D. H. 255 – 342 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , D. , Grenne , T. and Ryan , P. D. 1984 . “ Ordovician marginal basin development in the central Norwegian Caledonides ” . In Marginal basin geology. Volcanic and associated sedimentary and tectonic processes in modern and ancient marginal basins , Edited by: Kokelaar , B. P. and Howells , M. F. 233 – 244 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , D. , Springer , J. and Wolff , F. C. 1970 . Evolution of the Caledonides in the northern Trondheim region, Central Norway: a review . Geological Magazine , 107 : 133 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , R. J. Jr. and Ingham , J. K. 1970 . Distribution of the Toquima-Table Head (Middle Ordovician Whiterock) faunal realm in the Northern Hemisphere . Geological Society of America, Bulletin , 81 : 393 – 408 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , P. D. and Williams , D. M. A revised interpretation of the Ordovician stratigraphy of Sør-Trøndelag, and its implications for the evolution of the Scandinavian Caledonides . The Caledonides in the U.S.A., I.G.C.P. project 27 . Edited by: Wones , D. R. Vol. 2 , pp. 99 – 104 . Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Geological Sciences Memoir .
   Google Scholar
• Savov , S. 1976 . Lower Cambrian trace fossil from high-grade metamorphic schists, Strandza Mountains, south-east Bulgaria . Palaeontology, Stratigraphy and Lithology , 5 : 19 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Seilacher , A. Spuren und Fazies im Unterkambrium . Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Kambrium in der Salt Range . Pakistan. Edited by: Schindewolf , O. H. and Seilacher , A. Vol. 10 , pp. 11 – 143 . Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur in Mainz, Abhandlungen der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse .
   Google Scholar
• Seilacher , A. 1960 . Lebesspuren als Leitfossilien . Geologische Rundschau , 49 : 41 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Seilacher , A. 1967 . Bathymetry of trace fossils . Marine Geology , 5 : 413 – 428 . [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Seilacher , A. 1974 . Flysch trace fossils: evolution of behavioural diversity in the deep-sea . Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte , 1974 : 233 – 245 .
   Google Scholar
• Seilacher , A. 1977 . “ Pattern analysis of Paleodictyon and related trace fossils ” . In Trace fossils 2 , Edited by: Crimes , T. P. and Harper , J. C. Vol. 9 , 289 – 334 . Geological Journal Special Issue .
   Google Scholar
• Seilacher , A. 1990 . Aberration in bivalve evolution related to photo- and chemosymbiosis . Historical Biology , 3 : 289 – 311 .
   Google Scholar
• Seilacher , A. and Hemleben , C. 1966 . Beiträge zur Sedimentation und Fossilführung des Hunsrückschiefers: 14, Spurenfauna und Bildungstiefe des Hunsrückschiefers (Unterdevon) . Notizblatt des Hessischen Landesamts für Bodenforschung zu Wiesbaden , 94 : 40 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Seilacher , A. and Seilacher , E. 1994 . Bivalvian trace fossils: A lesson from actuopalaeontology . Courier Forschung Institut, Senckenberg , 169 : 5 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Siedlecka , A. 1967 . Geology of the eastern part of the Meråker area . Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse , 245 : 22 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Skevington , D. 1963 . On the age of the Bogo shale . Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift , 43 : 257 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Spjeldnaes , N. 1985 . “ Biostratigraphy of the Scandinavian Caledonides ” . In The Caledonide Orogen - Scandinavia and Related Areas , Edited by: Gee , D. G. and Sturt , B. A. 317 – 329 . Chichester : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Stepanek , J. and Geyer , G. 1989 . Spurenfossilien aus dem Kulm (Unterkarbon) des Frankenwaldes . Beringeria , 1 : 1 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Strand , T. 1948 . New trilobites from the Hølonda limestone (Trondheim Region, southern Norway) . Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift , 25 : 449 – 528 .
   Google Scholar
• Strand , T. 1960 . “ Cambro-Silurian deposits outside the Oslo region ” . In Geology of Norway. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse Edited by: Holtedahl , O. Vol. 208 , 151 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Stanley , D. C. A. and Pickerill , R. K. 1995 . Arenituba a new name for the trace fossil ichnogenus Micatuba Chamberlain, 1971 . Journal of Paleontology , 69 : 612 – 614 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swinbanks , D. D. and Murray , J. W. 1981 . Biosedimentological zonation of Boundary Bay tidal flats, Fraser River Delta, British Columbia . Sedimentology , 28 : 201 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torske , T. 1965 . Geology of the Mostadmarka and Selbustrand area, Trøndelag . Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse , 232 : 1 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Uchman , A. 1995 . Taxonomy and palaeoecology of flysch trace fossils: The Marnoso-arenacea Formation and associated facies (Miocene, Northern Apennines, Italy . Beringeria , 15 : 1 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Uchman , A. 1998 . Taxonomy and ethology of flysch trace fossils: A revision of the Marian Książkiewicz collection and studies of complementary material . Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae , 68 : 105 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Uchman , A. 1999 . Ichnology of the Rhenodanubian Flysch (Lower Cretaceous-Eocene) in Austria and Germany . Beringeria , 25 : 65 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Uchman , A. , Bromley , R. G. and Leszczyński , S. 1998 . Ichnogenus Treptichnus in Eocene flysch, Carpathians, Poland: taxonomy and preservation . Ichnos , 5 : 269 – 275 .
   Google Scholar
• Weller , S. 1899 . Kinderhook faunal studies. I. The fauna of the vermicular sandstone at Northview, Webster County, Missouri . Transactions of the Academy of Science St. Louis , 9 : 9 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Werner , F. and Wetzel , W. 1981 . Interpretation of biogenic structures in oceanic sediments . Bulletin del'Institute de Géologie du Bassin d'Aquitaine , 31 : 275 – 288 .
   Google Scholar
• Wetzel , A. 1983a . Biogenic structures in modern slope to deep-sea sediments in the Sulu Sea Basin (Philippines) . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 42 : 285 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetzel , A. 1983b . “ Biogenic sedimentary structures in a modern upwelling region: northwest African continental margin. Coastal Upwelling and its Sediments ” . In Record of Ancient Coastal Upwelling , Edited by: Thiede , J. and Suess , E. 123 – 144 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wetzel , A. and Bromley , R. G. 1996 . A re-evaluation of ichnogenus Helminthopsis Heer 1877 – new look at the type material . Palaeontology , 39 : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittington , H. B. 1968 . “ Zonation and correlation of Canadian and Early Mohawkian Series ” . In Studies of Appalachian Geology: Northern and Maritime , Edited by: Zen , E. , White , W. S. and Hadley , J. B. 49 – 60 . London : Interscience Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Whittington , H. B. and Hughes , C. P. 1972 . Ordovician geography and faunal provinces deduced from trilobite distribution . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , B263 : 235 – 278 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , A. E. 1948 . Miscellaneous classes of fossils, Ottawa Formation, Ottawa - St. Lawrence Valley . Canadian Department of Mines and Resources, Geological Survey of Canada , 11 : 1 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolff , F. C. 1988 . Stjørdal, geological map 1621 I, 1:50 000, preliminary ed. . Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse ,
   Google Scholar
• Wolff , F. C. , Roberts , D. , Siedlecka , A. , Oftedahl , C. and Grenne , T. 1980 . Excursions across part of the Trondheim region, Central Norwegian Caledonides . Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse , 353 : 1 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Zapletal , J. and Pek , I. 1990 . A find of fossil traces in the Zábrech Group (Lugicum, E. Bohemia) . Vestník Ústredního Ústavu Geologického , 65 : 363 – 365 .
   Google Scholar