Re-Examination of Some Large Early Mesozoic Tetrapod Footprints from the African Collection of Paul Ellenberger

REFERENCES

• Alexander , R. McN. 1976 . Estimates of speed of dinosaurs . Nature , 261 : 129 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. M. , Anderson , H. M. and Cruickshank , A. R. I. 1998 . Late Triassic ecosystems of the Molteno /Lower Elliot biome of Southern Africa . Palaeontology , 41 : 387 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arduini , P. 1996 . Early Jurassic tracks from Mt. Acuto (Appennino Marchigiano), central Italy . Ichnos , 4 : 239 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Avanzini , M. , Leonardi , G. and Mietto , P. 2003 . Lavinipes cheminii ichnogen., ichnosp. nov., A Possible Sauropodomorph Track from the Lower Jurassic of the Italian Alps . Ichnos , 10 : 179 – 193 .
   Google Scholar
• Baird , D. 1980 . “ A Prosauropod dinosaur trackway from the Navajo Sandstone (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona ” . In Aspect of Vertebrate History, Essays in Honour of Edwin Albert Colbert , Edited by: Jacobs , L. L. 219 – 230 . Flagstaff : Museum of Northern Arizona Press .
   Google Scholar
• Benton , M. J. 2004 . “ Origin and Relationships of Dinosauria ” . In The Dinosauria—2nd edition , Edited by: Weishampel , D. , Dodson , P. and Osmólska , H. 7 – 19 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bonnan , M. F. 2003 . The evolution of manus shape in sauropod dinosaurs: implications for functional morphology, forelimb orientation, and phylogeny . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 23 : 595 – 613 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christian , A. and Preuschoft , H. 1996 . Deducing body posture of extinct large vertebrates from the shape of the vertebral column . Palaeontology , 39 : 801 – 812 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christian , A. , Koberg , D. and Preuschoft , H. 1996 . Shape of the pelvis and posture of the hindlimbs in Plateosaurus . Paläontologische Zeitschrift , 70 : 591 – 601 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , J. M. , Maryańska , T. , Dodson , P. and Barsbold , R. 2004 . “ Therizinosauroidea ” . In The Dinosauria—2nd edition , Edited by: Weishampel , D. and Osmólska , H. 151 – 164 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Demathieu , G . 1967 . “ Les empreintes de pas de vertébrés du Trias de la bordure N-E du Massif Central. ” . In Cahiers de Paléontologie, C.N.R.S. 291 Paris
   Google Scholar
• Demathieu , G. and Wiedmann , M. 1982 . Les empreintes de pas de reptiles dans le Trias du Vieux Emosson (Finhaut, Valais, Suisse) . Eclogae geologique Helvetiae , 75 : 721 – 757 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellenberger , P. 1955 . Note préliminaire sur les pistes et les restes osseux de Vertébrés du Basutoland (Afrique du Sud) . Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris , 240 : 889 – 891 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellenberger , P. 1965 . Découverte de pistes de Vertébrés dans le Permien, le Trias et le Lias inférieur, aux abords de Toulon (Var) et d’Anduze (Gard) . Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris , 260 : 5856 – 5859 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellenberger , P . 1970 . Les niveaux paléontologiques de première apparition des mammifères primordiaux en Afrique du Sud et leur ichnologie. Establissement de zones stratigraphique détaillées dans le Stormberg du Lesotho (Afrique du Sud) (Trias superior a Jurassique). Proceedings and Papers II Gondwana Symposium . : 343 – 370 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellenberger , P . 1972 . Contribution à la classification des Pistes de Vertébrés du Trias: Les types du Stormberg d’Afrique du Sud (I). . Paleovertebrata, Memoire Extraordinaire , : 252 Montpellier
   Google Scholar
• Ellenberger , P . 1974 . Contribution a la classification des pistes de Vertébrés du Trias; les types du Stormberg d’Afrique du Sud, (2). . Palaeovertebrata, Memoire Extraordinaire , : 170 Montpellier
   Google Scholar
• Ellenberger , F and Ellenberger , P . 1958 . Principaux types de pistes de vertébrés dans les couches du Stormberg au Basutoland (Afrique du Sud) (Note préliminaire). . Comptes-Rendus sommaire des Séances de la Société géologique de France , : 65 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellenberger , F and Ellenberger , P . 1960 . Sur une nouvelle dalle à pistes de Vertébrés, découverte au Basutoland (Afrique du Sud). . Comptes Rendus sommaire des Séances de la Société géologique de France , : 236 – 238 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellenberger , F , Ellenberger , P and Ginsburg , L . 1969 . “ The appearance and evolution of dinosaurs in the Trias and Lias: a comparison between South African Upper Karroo and western Europe based on vertebrate footprints. ” . In Gondwana Stratigraphy: IUGS Symposium, Buenos Aires , Vol. 2 , 333 – 354 . Paris : UNESCO, Earth Sciences . 1–15 October 1967
   Google Scholar
• Ellenberger , F. , Ellenberger , P. and Ginsburg , L. 1970 . Les Dinosaures du Trias et du Lias en France et en Afrique du Sud, d’après les pistes qu’ils ont laissées . Bulletin Société géologique de France, (7) XII , 1 : 151 – 159 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellenberger , F. , Ellenberger , P. , Fabre , J. and Mendrez , C. 1964 . Deux nouvelles dalles a pistes de Vertébrés fossiles décuvertes au Basutoland (Afrique du Sud) . Comptes Rendus sommaire des Séances de la Société géologique de France , 9 : 315 – 316 .
   Google Scholar
• Furrer , H . 1970 . “ Dinosaurier im Schweizerischen Nationalpark. ” . Vol. 1 , 4 – 24 . Zerner, , Switzerland : Cratschla . Ediziuns Special
   Google Scholar
• Galton , P. M. 1970 . The posture of hadrosaurian dinosaurs . Journal of Paleontology , 44 : 464 – 473 .
   Google Scholar
• Galton , P. M. 1985 . Diet of prosauropod dinosaurs from the late Triassic and early Jurassic . Lethaia , 18 : 105 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galton , P. M. and Heerden van , J. 1998 . Anatomy of the prosauropod dinosaur Blikanasaurus cromptoni (Upper Triassic, South Africa), with notes on the other tetrapods from the Lower Elliot Formation . Paläontologische Zeitschrift , 72 : 163 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Galton , P. M. and Upchurch , P. 2004 . “ Prosauropoda ” . In The Dinosauria—2nd edition , Edited by: Weishampel , D. , Dodson , P. and Osmólska , H. 232 – 258 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gand , G. , Vianey-Liaud , M. , Demathieu , G. and Garric , J. 2000 . Deux nouvelles traces de pas de Dinosaures du Trias supérieur de la bordure cévenole (La Grand-Comb, Sud-Est de la France) . Geobios , 33 : 599 – 624 .
   Google Scholar
• Gaston , R. , Lockley , M. G. , Lucas , S. G. and Hunt , A. P. 2003 . Grallator-Dominated Fossil Footprints Assemblages and Associated Enigmantic Footprints from the Chinle Group (Upper Triassic), Gateway Area, Colorado . Ichnos , 10 : 153 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Gierliński , G. 1997 . Sauropod tracks in the Early Jurassic of Poland . Acta Paleontologica Polonica , 42 : 533 – 538 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gierliński , G. 1999 . Tracks of a large thyreophoran dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of Poland . Acta Paleontologica Polonica , 44 : 231 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haubold , H. 1971 . “ Ichnia Amphibiorum et Reptiliorum fossilium ” . In Handbuch der Paleoherpetologie, Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology , Edited by: Kuhn , O. 124 Stuttgart : Teil 18, Gustav Fischer Veriag .
   Google Scholar
• Haubold , H. 1974 . Die fossilien Saurierfährten. A , 168 Wittenberg : Ziemsen .
   Google Scholar
• Haubold , H. 1984 . “ Saurierfährten ” . In Die Neue Brehm-Bucherei, A , 231 Wittenberg Lutherstadt : Ziemsen Verlagl .
   Google Scholar
• Haubold , H. 1986 . “ Archosaur footprints at the Terrestrial Triassic-Jurassic transition ” . Edited by: Padian , K. 189 – 201 . The beginning of the age of dinosaurs .
   Google Scholar
• Heerden , J. van . 1997 . “ Prosaropods ” . In The Complete Dinosaurs , Edited by: Farlow , J. O. and Brett-Surman , M. K. 243 – 263 . Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• ICZN . 1999 . “ International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ” . In The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature , 305 Fourth Edition .
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , F. A. , Shubin , N. H. , Amaral , W. W. , Gatesy , S. M. , Schaff , C. R. , Clemensen , L. B. , Downs , W. R. , Davidson , A. R. , Bonde , N. and Osbaek , F. 1994 . Late Triassic continental vertebrates and depositional environments of the Fleming Fjord Formation, Jameson Land, East Greenland . Meddelelser om Greenland Geoscience , 32 : 3 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Karl , C. and Haubold , H. 1998 . Brachychirotherium aus dem Coburger Sandstein (Mittlerer Keuper, Karn/Nor) in Nordbayern. Hallesches Jahrbuch Geowissenschaften, Vol. 20 , 33 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Karl , C. and Haubold , H. 2000 . Saurierfährten im Keuper (Obere Trias) Frankens, die Typen von Brachychirotherium . Bericht Naturwisseschaftliche Geselschaft Bayreuth , XXIV : 91 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• King , M. I. and Benton , M. J. 1996 . Dinosaurs in the Early and Middle Triassic?—The footprint evidence from Britain . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 122 : 213 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Knoll , F. 2004 . Review of the tetrapod fauna of the “Lower Stormberg Group” of the main Karoo Basin (southern Africa): implication for the age of the Lower Elliot Formation . Bulletin de la Société géologique de France , 1 : 73 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Langer , M. C. 2004 . “ Basal Saurischia ” . In The Dinosauria—2nd edition , Edited by: Weishampel , D. , Dodson , P. and Osmólska , H. 25 – 46 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Leonardi , G. 1981 . Novo icnogênero de tetrápode Mesozóico da Formação Botucatu, Araraquara, SP . Anais da Academia brasileira de Ciências , 53 : 793 – 805 .
   Google Scholar
• Lockley , M. G. and Hunt , A. P. 1993 . “ A new Late Triassic Tracksite from the Sloan Canyon Formation, Type Section, Cimarron Valley ” . In New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science Bulletin , Vol. 3 , 279 – 283 . The Nonmarine Triassic. . Lucas, S. G. and Morarels, M.
   Google Scholar
• Lockley , M. G. and Hunt , A. P. 1995 . Dinosaur tracks and other fossil footprint of the Western United States , 338 New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lockley , M. G. and Meyer , C. A. 2000 . Dinosaur Tracks and other fossil footprints of Europe , 323 New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lockley , M. G. , King , M. , Howe , S. and Sharp , T. 1996 . Dinosaur tracks and other archosaur footprints from the Triassic of South Wales . Ichnos , 5 : 23 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Lockley, M. G., Wright, J. L., Hunt, A. P., and Lucas, S. G. 2001. The late Triassic sauropod track record comes into focus: old legacies and new paradigms. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 52nd Field Conference, Geology of the Llano Estacado, 2001: 181–190.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas , S. G. and Hancox , P. J. 2001 . Tetrapod-Based Correlation of the Nonmarine Upper Triassic of Southern Africa . Albertiana , 25 : 5 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Manni , R. , Nicosia , U. and Nobili , G. 1999 . An unusual tetrapod trackway from Lower Jurassic marine sediments of central Italy. Accordiichnus natans n. ichnogen., n. ichnosp . Geologica Romana , 35 : 167 – 187 .
   Google Scholar
• Marsicano , C. A. and Barredo , S. P. 2004 . A Triassic tetrapod footprint assemblage from southern South America: palaeobiogeographical and evolutionary implications . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeocology , 203 : 313 – 335 .
   Google Scholar
• Nicosia , U. and Loi , M. 2003 . Triassic Footprints from Lerici (La Spezia, Northern Italy) . Ichnos , 10 : 127 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Nopcsa , F. 1923 . Die Familien der Reptilien . Fortschrift der Geologie und Paläntologie , 2 : 210
   Google Scholar
• Olsen , P. E. and Galton , P. M. 1984 . A review of the reptile and amphibian assemblages from the Stormberg of southern Africa, with special emphasis on the footprints and the age of the Stormberg . Paleontologica Africana , 25 : 87 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Olsen , P. E. and Huber , P . 1998 . The oldest Late Triassic footprint assemblage from North America (Pekin Formation, Deep River basin, North Carolina, USA) . Southeastern Geology , 38 : 77 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Piubelli , D. , Avanzini , M. and Mietto , P. 2005 . The Early Jurassic ichnogenus Kayentapus at Lavini di Marco (NE Italy). Global distribution and palaeogeographic implications . Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana , 124 : 259 – 267 .
   Google Scholar
• Rainforth , E. C. 2003 . Revision and re-evaluation of the Early Jurassic dinosaurian ichnogenus Otozoum . Palaeontology , 46 : 803 – 838 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainforth, E. C. and Lockley, M. G. 1996. Tracking life in a Lower Jurassic desert: vertebrate tracks and other traces from the Navajo Sandstone. In The Continental Jurassic, Morales, M. (ed.), Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, 60:285–289.
   Google Scholar
• Raath , M. A. 1996 . The earliest evidence of dinosaurs from central Gondwana . Memoirs of the Queensland Museum , 39 : 703 – 709 .
   Google Scholar
• Raath , M. A. , Kitching , J. W. , Shone , R. W. and Rossouw , G. J. 1990 . Dinosaur tracks in Triassic Molteno sediments: the earliest evidence of dinosaurs in South Africa? Palaeontologia Africana , 27 : 89 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Requirand, C. 2001. Catalogue des pistes du Stormberg (Lesotho). Collection Paul Ellenberger. Université Montpellier II. Institut de Sciences de l’Evolution, Laboratoire de Palèontologie.
   Google Scholar
• Rühle v. Lilienstern , H. 1938 . Fährten aus dem Blasensandstein (km 4) des Mittleren Keupers von Südthüringen . Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, (B) , 80 : 63 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Thulborn , R. A. 1990 . Dinosaur Tracks , 410 London : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Walter , L. R. 1986 . “ The limb posture of kannemeyeriid dicynodonts: functional and ecological consideration ” . In The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs , Edited by: Padian , K. 89 – 97 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weems , R. E. 2003 . “ Plateosaurus Foot Structure Suggests a Single Trackmaker for Eubrontes and Gigandipus Footprints ” . In Aspects of Triassic-Jurassic Geoscience , Edited by: LeTourneau , P. M. and Olsen , P. E. 293 – 313 . New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. A. and Sereno , P. C. 1998 . Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 5 . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, , 18—Supplement to Number 2:68p.
   Google Scholar
• Xu , X. , Zhao , X[xdot]-J. and Clark , J. M. 2001 . A new Therizinosaurs from the Lower Jurassic Lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 21 : 477 – 483 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates , A. M. 2003 . A new species of the primitive dinosaur Thecodontosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) and its implications for the systematics of early Dinosaurs . Journal of Systematic Palaeontology , 1 : 1 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhao , X[xdot]-J. and Xu , X. 1998 . The oldest coelurosaurian . Nature , 394 : 234 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar