Nematode trails from the late triassic of Pennsylvania

References

• Aceñolaza , F. G. and Buatois , L. A. 1993 . Nonmarine perigondwanic trace fossils from the late Paleozoic of Argentina. . Ichnos , 2 : 183 – 201 .
   Google Scholar
• Archer , A. W. and Maples , C. G. 1984 . Trace‐fossil distribution across a marine to nonma rine gradient in the Pennsylvanian of southwestern Indiana. . Journal of Paleontology , 58 : 448 – 466 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromley , R. G. and Asgaard , U. 1972 . Notes on Greenland trace fossils 1. Freshwater Cruziana from the Upper Triassic of Jameson Land, East Greenland. . Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse , 49 : 7 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Buatois , L. A. and Mángano , M. G. 1993 . Trace fossils from a Carboniferous turbiditic lake: Implications for the recognition of additional nonmarine ichnofacies. . Ichnos , 2 : 237 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• Buatois , L. A. and Mángano , M. G. 1995 . The paleoenviron‐mental and paleoecological significance of the lacustrine Mermia ichnofacies: an archetypical subaqueous non‐marine trace fossil assemblage. . Ichnos , 4 : 151 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlain , C. K. 1975 . “ Recent lebensspuren in nonmarine aquatic environments ” . In The Study of Trace Fossils , Edited by: Frey , R. W. 431 – 458 . New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Eagar , R. M. C. , Baines , J. G. , Collinson , J. D. , Hardy , P. G. , Okolo , S. A. and Pollard , J. E. 1985 . Trace fossil assemblages and their occurrence in Silesian (Mid‐Carboniferous) deltaic sediments of the Central Pennine Basin, England In Curran. H. A. Biogenic Structures: Their Use in Interpreting Depositional Environments. . Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication , 35 : 99 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Ekdale , A. A. , Bromley , R. G. and Pemberton , S. G. 1984 . “ Ichnology ” . In The use of trace fossils in sedimentology and stratigraphy , Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Short Course 15 317
   Google Scholar
• Elliot , R. E. 1985 . An interpretation of the trace fossil Cochlichnus kochi (Ludwig) from the East Pennine Coalfield of Britain. . Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society , 45 : 183 – 187 .
   Google Scholar
• Evenhuis , N. L. 1994 . Catalogue of the fossil flies of the world (Insecta: Diptera) , 600 Leiden : Backhuys Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Fillion , D. and Pickerill , R. K. 1990 . Ichnology of the Upper Cambrian? to Lower Ordovician Bell Island and Wabana groups of eastern Newfoundland, Canada. . Palaeonto‐graphica Canadiana , 7 : 1 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Frey , R. W. and Pemberton , S. G. 1987 . The Psilonichnus ich‐nocoenose, and its relationship to adjacent marine and nonmarine ichnocoenoses along the Georgia coast. . Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology , 35 : 333 – 357 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey , R. W. , Pemberton , S. G. and Fagerstrom , J. A. 1984 . Morphological, ethological, and environmental significance of the ichnogenera Scoyenia and Ancorichus. . Journal of Paleontology , 58 : 511 – 528 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gluszek , A. 1995 . Invertebrate trace fossils in the continental deposits of an Upper Carboniferous coal‐bearing succession, Upper Silesia, Poland. . Studia Geologica Polonica , 108 : 171 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J. 1951 . Undulatory propulsion in small organisms. . Nature , 168 : 929 – 930 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gray , J. and Lissmann , H. W. 1964 . The locomotion of nema‐todes. . Journal of Experimental Biology , 41 : 135 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakes , W. G. 1976 . Trace fossils and depositional environment of four clastic units, Upper Pennsylvanian megacy‐clothems, northeast Kansas. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions . Article , 63 : 1 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Hanley , J. H. , Steidtman , J. R. and Toots , H. 1971 . Trace fossils from the Casper Sandstone (Permian) southern Laramie Basin, Wyoming and Colorado. . Journal of Sedimentary Petrology , 41 : 1065 – 1068 .
   Google Scholar
• Häntzschel , W. 1962 . “ Trace fossils and problematica ” . In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part W, Miscellanea , Edited by: Moore , R. C. W177 – W245 . New York and Lawrence, Kansas : Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Häntzschel , W. 1975 . “ Trace fossils and problematica ” . In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part W, Miscellanea, Supplement 1 , Edited by: Teichert , C. W269 Boulder, Colorado and Lawrence, Kansas : Geological Society of America and Universitv of Kansas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hitchcock , E. 1858 . “ Ichnology of New England ” . In A report on the sandstone of the Connecticut Valley, especially its footprints , 220 Boston : W. White .
   Google Scholar
• Mángano , M. G. , Buatois , L. A. and Claps , G. L. 1996 . Grazing trails formed by soldier fly larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) and their paleoenvironmental and paleoecological implications for the fossil record. . Ichnos , 4 : 163 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Metz , R. 1981 . Why not raindrop impressions?. . Journal of Sedimentary Petrology , 51 : 265 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Metz , R. 1987a . Insect traces from nonmarine ephemeral puddles. . Boreas , 16 : 189 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metz , R. 1987b . Insect traces by invertebrates in aquatic nonmarine environments . Bulletin New Jersey Academy of Science , 32 : 19 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Metz , R. 1987c . Sinusoidal trail formed by a recent biting midge (Family Ceratopogonidae): trace fossil implications. . Journal of Paleontology , 61 : 312 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metz , R. 1992 . Trace fossils from the Lower Jurassic nonmarine Towaco Formation, New Jersey. . Northeastern Geology , 14 : 29 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Metz , R. 1995 . Ichnologic study of the Lockatong Formation (Late Triassic), Newark Basin, southeastern Pennsylvania. . Ichnos , 4 : 43 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Metz , R. in press . Nonmarine trace fossils from the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic of New Jersey . Bulletin New Jersey Academy of Science ,
   Google Scholar
• Michaelis , H. 1972 . Die Lebensspur einer Dipterenlarve im Dünensand. . Natur und Museum , 102 : 421 – 424 .
   Google Scholar
• Michelau , P. 1955 . Belorhaphe kochi (Ludwig 1869), eine Wurmspur im europaischen Karbon. . Geologie Jahrbuch , 71 : 299 – 330 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , G. D. 1986 . The sediments and trace fossils of the Rough Rock Group on Cracken Edge, Derbyshire. . Mercian Geologist , 10 : 189 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Moussa , M. T. 1966 . Insect tracks? . Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America , 12 : 377
   Google Scholar
• Moussa , M. T. 1968 . Fossil tracks from the Green River Formation (Eocene) near Soldier Summit, Utah. . Journal of Paleontology , 42 : 1433 – 1438 .
   Google Scholar
• Moussa , M. T. 1970 . Nematode fossil trails from the Green River Formation (Eocene) in the Uinta Basin, Utah. . Journal of Paleontology , 44 : 304 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Olsen , P. E. 1980 . The latest Triassic and early Jurassic formations of the Newark basin (eastern North America, Newark Supergroup): stratigraphy, structure, and correlation. . Bulletin New Jersey Academy of Science , 25 : 25 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Olsen , P. E. 1986 . A. 40 million year lake record of early Mesozoic orbital climatic forcing . Science , 234 : 842 – 848 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen , P. E. , Kent , D. V. , Cornet , B. , Witte , W. K. and Schlische , R. W. 1996 . High‐resolution stratigraphy of the Newark rift basin (early Mesozoic, eastern North America) . Geological Society of America Bulletin , 108 : 40 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickerill , R. K. 1981 . Trace fossils in a Lower Paleozoic submarine canyon sequence‐the Siegas Formation of northwestern New Brunswick, Canada. . Maritime Sediments and Atlantic Geology , 17 : 36 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Pickerill , R. K. 1990 . Nonmarine Paleodictyon from the Carboniferous Albert Formation of southern New Brunswick. . Maritime Sediments and Atlantic Geology , 26 : 157 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickerill , R. K. 1992 . Carboniferous nonmarine invertebrate ichnocoenoses from southern New Brunswick, eastern Canada. . Ichnos , 2 : 21 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Poinar , G. O. Jr. 1983 . The Natural History of Nematodes , 322 New York : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Poinar , G. O. Jr. , Acra , A. and Acra , F. 1994 . Earliest Fossil nematode (Mermithidae) in Cretaceous Lebanese amber. . Fundamentals of Applied Nematology , 17 : 475 – 477 .
   Google Scholar
• Pollard , J. E. 1988 . Trace fossils in coal‐bearing sequences . Journal of the Geological Society, London , 145 : 339 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratcliffe , B. C. and Fagerstrom , J. A. 1980 . Invertebrate lebensspuren of Holocene floodplains: their morphology; origin and paleoecological significance. . Journal of Paleontology , 54 : 614 – 630 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , A. J. and Jarzembowski , E. A. 1993 . “ Arthropoda Hexa‐poda (Insecta) ” . In The Fossil Record 2 , Edited by: Benton , M. J. 366 – 426 . London : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Sarkur , S. and Chaudhuri , A. K. 1992 . Trace fossils in Middle to Late Triassic fluvial redbeds, Pranhita‐Godavari Valley, south India. . Ichnos , 2 : 7 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Seilacher , A. 1963 . Lebensspuren und Salinitats‐facies. . Portschritte in der Geologie Rheinland und Westfalen , 10 : 81 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Smoot , J. P. and Olsen , P. E. 1988 . “ Massive mudstones in basin analysis and paleoclimatic interpretation of the Newark Supergroup ” . In Trias‐sic‐Jurassic Rifting, Continental Breakup and the Origin of the Atlantic Ocean and Passive Margins , Edited by: Manspeizer , W. 250 – 274 . New York : Elsevier . Parts A and B
   Google Scholar
• Stanley , K. O. and Fagerstrom , J. A. 1974 . Miocene invertebrate trace fossils from a braided river environment, western Nebraska, U.S. A. . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 15 : 63 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szajna , M. J. and Hartline , B. W. 1995 . New vertebrate footprint assemblages from the Rhaetian interval of the Pas‐saic Formation in Berks County, Pennsylvania . Geological Society of America , 27 : 86 Abstracts of papers
   Google Scholar
• Tevesz , M. J. S. and McCall , P. L. 1982 . “ Geological significance of aquatic nonmarine trace fossils ” . In Animal‐Sediment Relations , Edited by: McCall , P. L. and Tevesz , M. J. S. 257 – 285 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Van Houten , F. B. 1964 . Cyclic lacustrine sedimentation, Upper Triassic Lockatong Formation, central New Jersey and adjacent Pennsylvania. . Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin , 169 : 497 – 531 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Houten , F. B. 1969 . “ Late Triassic Newark Group, north central New Jersey and adjacent Pennsylvania and New York ” . In Geology of Selected Areas in New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania , Edited by: Subitzky , S. 314 – 347 . New Brunswick, New Jersey : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wallace , H. R. 1958 . Movement of eelworms. 1. The influence or pore size and moisture content of the soil on the migration of larvae of the beet eelworm, Heterodera sch‐achtii Schmidt. . Annuals of Applied Biology , 46 : 74 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace , H. R. 1959 . The movement of eelworms in water films. . Annuals of Applied Biology , 47 : 366 – 370 .
   Google Scholar
• Wallace , H. R. 1963 . The Biology of Plant Parasitic Nematodes , 280 London : Edward Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Webby , B. D. 1970 . Late Precambrian trace fossils from New South Wales. . Lethaia , 3 : 79 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells , R. F. 1977 . Freshwater invertebrate living traces of the Mississippi alluvial valley near Baton Rouge, Louisiana , 253 Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University . M.S. thesis
   Google Scholar