The significant effect of K⁺ counterion in the enhancement of physicochemical and structural properties of amorphous aluminosilicates xerogels used as catalysts in the transesterification of waste frying oils

References

• Minju, N.; Nair, B. N.; Savithri, S. Sodium Silicate-Derived Aerogels: Effect of Processing Parameters on Their Applications. RSC Adv. 2021, 11, 15301–15322. DOI: 10.1039/D0RA09793D.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinker, J.; Scherer, G. W. Sol-Gel Science, the Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing; Academic press INC: Boston, USA, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Trinh, T. T.; Jansen, A. P.; van Santen, R. A.; VandeVondele, J.; Meijer, E. J. Effect of Counter Ions on the Silica Oligomerization Reaction. ChemPhysChem. 2009, 10, 1775–1782. DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duxson, P.; Provis, J. L.; Lukey, G. C.; Mallicoat, S. W.; Kriven, W. M.; Van Deventer, J. S. Understanding the Relationship between Geopolymer Composition, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2005, 269, 47–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.06.060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, H.; Van Deventer, J. The Geopolymerisation of Alumino-Silicate Minerals. Int. J. Miner. Process. 2000, 59, 247–266. DOI: 10.1016/S0301-7516(99)00074-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, M. C.; Yang, Y. X.; Ying, H. P.; Jia, X. C.; Chen, Y. R.; Tang, Y. Effect of Variant Counterions on Stability and Particle Size of Silica Sol. Chin. J. Chem. 2007, 25, 1514–1521. DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200790279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agliullin, M. R.; Talzi, V. P.; Filippova, N. A.; Bikbaeva, V. R.; Bubennov, S. V.; Prosochkina, T. R.; Grigorieva, N. G.; Narender, N.; Kutepov, B. I. Two-Step Sol–Gel Synthesis of Mesoporous Aluminosilicates: Highly Efficient Catalysts for the Preparation of 3, 5-Dialkylpyridines. Appl. Petrochem. Res. 2018, 8, 141–151. DOI: 10.1007/s13203-018-0202-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, M. K.; Lee, K. T.; Mohamed, A. R. Homogeneous, Heterogeneous and Enzymatic Catalysis for Transesterification of High Free Fatty Acid Oil (Waste Cooking Oil) to Biodiesel: A Review. Biotechnol. Adv. 2010, 28, 500–518. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.03.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Refaat, A. Different Techniques for the Production of Biodiesel from Waste Vegetable Oil. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 7, 183–213. DOI: 10.1007/BF03326130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simanjuntak, W.; Sembiring, S.; Manurung, P.; Situmeang, R.; Low, I. M. Characteristics of Aluminosilicates Prepared from Rice Husk Silica and Aluminum Metal. Ceram. Int. 2013, 39, 9369–9375. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.04.112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taghvaei, H.; Rahimpour, M. R.; Bruggeman, P. Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Anisole over Nickel Supported on Plasma Treated Alumina–Silica Mixed Oxides. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 30990–30998. DOI: 10.1039/C7RA02594G.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanchuey, T.; Autthanit, C.; Jongsomjit, B. Effect of Mo-Doped Mesoporous Al-SSP Catalysts for the Catalytic Dehydration of Ethanol to Ethylene. J. Chem. 2016, 2016, 1–8. DOI: 10.1155/2016/9672408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalaby, N. H.; Elsalamony, R. A.; El Naggar, A. M. Mesoporous Waste-Extracted SiO2–Al2O3-Supported Ni and Ni–H3PW12O40 Nano-Catalysts for Photo-Degradation of Methyl Orange Dye under UV Irradiation. New J. Chem. 2018, 42, 9177–9186. DOI: 10.1039/C8NJ01479E.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngo, D.; Liu, H.; Chen, Z.; Kaya, H.; Zimudzi, T. J.; Gin, S.; Mahadevan, T.; Du, J.; Kim, S. H. Hydrogen Bonding Interactions of H2O and SiOH on a Boroaluminosilicate Glass Corroded in Aqueous Solution. NPJ Mater. Degrad. 2020, 4, 1–14. DOI: 10.1038/s41529-019-0105-2.
   Google Scholar
• Lovell, E. C.; Scott, J.; Amal, R. Ni-SiO2 Catalysts for the Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane: Varying Support Properties by Flame Spray Pyrolysis. Molecules 2015, 20, 4594–4609. DOI: 10.3390/molecules20034594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Zapata, O.; Méndez-Vivar, J.; Bosch, P.; Lara, V. Synthesis and Characterization of Amorphous Aluminosilicates Prepared by Sol–Gel to Encapsulate Organic Dyes. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2011, 357, 3480–3485. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2011.06.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, K.-M.; Jiang, J.-G.; Tian, S.-C.; Chen, X.-J.; Yan, F. Influence of Silica Types on Synthesis and Performance of Amine–Silica Hybrid Materials Used for CO2 Capture. J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 2454–2462. DOI: 10.1021/jp408354r.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uma, T.; Hattori, K.; Nogami, M. Preparation of Sol-Gel Method P2O5-Al2O3-SiO2 Glasses and Their Characterization. Ionics 2005, 11, 202–207. DOI: 10.1007/BF02430377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leivo, J.; Lindén, M.; Rosenholm, J. M.; Ritola, M.; Teixeira, C. V.; Levänen, E.; Mäntylä, T. A. Evolution of Aluminosilicate Structure and Mullite Crystallization from Homogeneous Nanoparticulate Sol–Gel Precursor with Organic Additives. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2008, 28, 1749–1762. DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.12.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jara, A. A.; Goldberg, S.; Mora, M. Studies of the Surface Charge of Amorphous Aluminosilicates Using Surface Complexation Models. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2005, 292, 160–170. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.05.083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulandari, F.; Ramdhani, E. P.; Ni’mah, Y. L.; Dawam, A. A.; Prasetyoko, D. Synthesis of Amorphous Aluminosilicates from Bintan’s Red Mud as Alumina Source. Indones. J. Chem. 2018, 18, 580–586. DOI: 10.22146/ijc.25184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madani, A.; Nakhaei, M.; Karami, P.; Rajabzadeh, G.; Salehi, S.; Bagheri, H. Sol–Gel Dip Coating of Yttria-Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Dental Ceramic by Aluminosilicate Nanocomposite as a Novel Technique to Improve the Bonding of Veneering Porcelain. Int. J. Nanomed. 2016, 11, 3215–3223. DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S104885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokoro, C.; Suzuki, S.; Haraguchi, D.; Izawa, S. Silicate Removal in Aluminum Hydroxide co-Precipitation Process. Materials (Basel) 2014, 7, 1084–1096. DOI: 10.3390/ma7021084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinti, A.; Tugnoli, V.; Bonora, S.; Francioso, O. Recent Applications of Vibrational mid-Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy for Studying Soil Components: A Review. J. Cent. Eur. Agric. 2015, 16, 1–22. DOI: 10.5513/JCEA01/16.1.1535.
   Google Scholar
• Hartati, H.; Purwaningsih, A.; Tjahjandarie, T. S.; Saputri, N. H.; Puspitasari, I. S.; Lamanele, C. N.; Sa’adah, A. A.; Haque, A. S.; Mardho, D. Z. Synthesis of Amorphous Aluminosilicate from Impure Indonesian Kaolin. Open Chem. 2020, 18, 295–302. DOI: 10.1515/chem-2020-0033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalhor, M.; Zarnegar, Z. Fe3O4/SO3H@ zeolite-Y as a Novel Multi-Functional and Magnetic Nanocatalyst for Clean and Soft Synthesis of Imidazole and Perimidine Derivatives. RSC Adv. 2019, 9, 19333–19346. DOI: 10.1039/C9RA02910A.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, Z.; Baird, L.; Zimmerman, N.; Yeager, M. Heavy Metal Ion Removal by Thiol Functionalized Aluminum Oxide Hydroxide Nanowhiskers. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 416, 565–573. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.04.095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Zhu, H.; Zhang, Y.; Provis, J. L.; Wang, H. Effect of Drying Procedures on Pore Structure and Phase Evolution of Alkali-Activated Cements. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2019, 96, 194–203. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.12.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaya, G. G.; Yilmaz, E.; Deveci, H. Synthesis of Sustainable Silica Xerogels/Aerogels Using Inexpensive Steel Slag and Bean Pod Ash: A Comparison Study. Adv. Powder Technol. 2020, 31, 926–936. DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2019.12.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouquerol, J.; Rouquerol, F.; Llewellyn, P.; Maurin, G.; Sing, K. S. Adsorption by Powders and Porous Solids: Principles, Methodology and Applications, 2nd ed.; Academic Press: New York, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Gregg, S. J.; Sing, K. S. W. Adsorption, Surface Area, and Porosity, 2nd ed.; Academic Press: London, 1982. DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19820861019.
   Google Scholar
• Sing, K. S. Reporting Physisorption Data for Gas/Solid Systems with Special Reference to the Determination of Surface Area and Porosity (Recommendations 1984). Pure Appl. Chem. 1985, 57, 603–619. DOI: 10.1351/pac198557040603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, L.; Zhang, J.; Ding, J.; Liu, T.; Shi, G.; Li, X.; Dang, W.; Cheng, Y.; Guo, R. Pore Structure and Fractal Characteristics of Different Shale Lithofacies in the Dalong Formation in the Western Area of the Lower Yangtze Platform. Minerals 2020, 10, 72. DOI: 10.3390/min10010072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campanati, M.; Fornasari, G.; Vaccari, A. Fundamentals in the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts. Catal. Today 2003, 77, 299–314. DOI: 10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00375-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Parola, V.; Deganello, G.; Scirè, S.; Venezia, A. Effect of the Al/Si Atomic Ratio on Surface and Structural Properties of Sol–Gel Prepared Aluminosilicates. J. Solid. State Chem. 2003, 174, 482–488. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-4596(03)00321-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kertesz, C. Structure et Propriétés Amphotères de Gels de Dioxyde de Titane. Paris 6, 1991, 135-174.
   Google Scholar
• Smola, S.; Fadieiev, Y.; Rusakova, N.; Rusakova, M.; Efryushina, N. Sol-Gel Processed SIO2-AL2O3 Xerogels: Synthesis and Luminescent Properties. Ukr. Chem. J. 2020, 86, 3–13. DOI: 10.33609/2708-129X.86.9.2020.3-13.
   Google Scholar
• Zhuravlev, L. The Surface Chemistry of Amorphous Silica. Zhuravlev Model. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2000, 173, 1–38. DOI: 10.1016/S0927-7757(00)00556-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima, D. G.; Soares, V. C.; Ribeiro, E. B.; Carvalho, D. A.; Cardoso, É. C.; Rassi, F. C.; Mundim, K. C.; Rubim, J. C.; Suarez, P. A. Diesel-like Fuel Obtained by Pyrolysis of Vegetable Oils. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2004, 71, 987–996. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2003.12.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraiem, T.; Hassen, A. B.; Belayouni, H.; Jeguirim, M. Production and Characterization of Bio-Oil from the Pyrolysis of Waste Frying Oil. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2017, 24, 9951–9961. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7704-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupain, X.; Costa, D. J.; Schaverien, C. J.; Makkee, M.; Moulijn, J. A. Cracking of a Rapeseed Vegetable Oil under Realistic FCC Conditions. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2007, 72, 44–61. DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2006.10.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, C. H.; Asif, A. H.; Iqbal, T.; Qureshi, A. S.; Kazmi, M. A.; Yasin, S.; Danish, M.; Mu, B.-Z. Improved Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil into Biodiesel Using Calcined Goat Bone as a Catalyst. Energy Sources A: Recovery Util. Environ. Eff. 2018, 40, 1076–1083. DOI: 10.1080/15567036.2018.1469691.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Dréau, Y.; Dupuy, N.; Gaydou, V.; Joachim, J.; Kister, J. Study of Jojoba Oil Aging by FTIR. Anal. Chim. Acta 2009, 642, 163–170. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.12.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohman, A.; Man, Y. C. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy for Analysis of Extra Virgin Olive Oil Adulterated with Palm Oil. Food Res. Int. 2010, 43, 886–892. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.12.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkady, M.; Zaatout, A.; Balbaa, O. Production of Biodiesel from Waste Vegetable Oil via KM Micromixer. J. Chem. 2015, 2015, 1–9. DOI: 10.1155/2015/630168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pukale, D. D.; Maddikeri, G. L.; Gogate, P. R.; Pandit, A. B.; Pratap, A. P. Ultrasound Assisted Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using Heterogeneous Solid Catalyst. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2015, 22, 278–286. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.05.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, S.; Shamsuddin, M. R.; Farabi, M. A.; Saiman, M. I.; Zainal, Z.; Taufiq-Yap, Y. H. Production of Methyl Esters from Waste Cooking Oil and Chicken Fat Oil via Simultaneous Esterification and Transesterification Using Acid Catalyst. Energy Convers. Manag. 2020, 226, 113366. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad, S.; Chaudhary, S.; Pathak, V. V.; Kothari, R.; Tyagi, V. Optimization of Direct Transesterification of Chlorella Pyrenoidosa Catalyzed by Waste Egg Shell Based Heterogenous Nano–CaO Catalyst. Renew. Energy 2020, 160, 86–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.06.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steins, P. Influence Des Paramètres de Formulation Sur la Texturation et la Structuration Des Géopolymères. Limoges 2014, 32–33.
   Google Scholar
• Guemini, M.; Rezgui, Y.; Bouchemma, A.; Tighezza, A. Isomérisation du n‐Hexane Sur Des Catalyseurs Ni‐WOx/Al2O3‐SiO2. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 2008, 82, 184–189. DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450820123.
   Google Scholar
• Rezgui, Y.; Guemini, M. Hydroisomerization of n-Decane over Ni–Pt–W Supported on Amorphous Silica–Alumina Catalysts. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 2010, 374, 31–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2009.11.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AFNOR. Recueil de Normes Françaises. Corps Gras, Graines Oléagineuses, Produits Dérivés, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Anastopoulos, G.; Zannikou, Y.; Stournas, S.; Kalligeros, S. Transesterification of Vegetable Oils with Ethanol and Characterization of the Key Fuel Properties of Ethyl Esters. Energies 2009, 2, 362–376. DOI: 10.3390/en20200362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, A.; Narkhede, N. Biodiesel Synthesis via Esterification and Transesterification over a New Heterogeneous Catalyst Comprising Lacunary Silicotungstate and MCM-41. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2013, 3, 3317–3325. DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00591g.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astm, S. Standard D445-10. Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity); ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, 2010. DOI: 10.1520/D0445-10.
   Google Scholar
• Astm, S. Standard D4052. Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter; ASTM International: Philadelphia, PA, 2001. DOI: 10.1520/D4052-22.
   Google Scholar
• Astm, S. Standard D93. Standard Test Methods for Flash Point; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, 2010. DOI: 10.1520/D0093-10A.
   Google Scholar
• Yun, D.; Yun, Y. S.; Kim, T. Y.; Park, H.; Lee, J. M.; Han, J. W.; Yi, J. Mechanistic Study of Glycerol Dehydration on Brønsted Acidic Amorphous Aluminosilicate. J. Catal. 2016, 341, 33–43. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.06.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caillot, M.; Chaumonnot, A.; Digne, M.; Poleunis, C.; Debecker, D. P.; van Bokhoven, J. A. Synthesis of Amorphous Aluminosilicates by Grafting: Tuning the Building and Final Structure of the Deposit by Selecting the Appropriate Synthesis Conditions. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 2014, 185, 179–189. DOI: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.10.032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar