A critical reappraisal of the WHO classification of the chronic myeloproliferative disorders

References

• Vardiman J W. Myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myeloproliferative diseases, and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases. Semin Diagn Pathol 2003; 20: 154–179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardiman J W, Pierre R, Thiele J, Imbert M, Brunning R D, Flandrin G. Chronic myeloproliferative disease. WHO Classification of Tumours: Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, E S Jaffe, N L Harris, H Stein, J W Vardiman. Springer, Berlin 2001; 9–38
   Google Scholar
• Laszlo J. Myeloproliferative disorders (MPD): myelofibrosis, myelosclerosis, extramedullary hematopoiesis, undifferentiated MPD, and hemorrhagic thrombocythemia. Semin Hematol 1975; 12: 409–432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson T C. Diagnosis and classification of erythrocytoses and thrombocytoses. Baillieres Clin Haematol 1998; 11: 695–720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlin N I. Diagnosis and classification of the polycythemias. Semin Hematol 1975; 12: 339–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy S, Peterson P, Iland H, Laszlo J. Experience of the Polycythemia Vera Study Group with essential thrombocythemia: a final report on diagnostic criteria, survival, and leukemic transition by treatment. Semin Hematol 1997; 34: 29–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy S, Iland H, Rosenthal D, Laszlo J. Essential thrombocythemia: an interim report from the Polycythemia Vera Study Group. Semin Hematol 1986; 23: 177–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M. Prefibrotic chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis – a diagnostic enigma. Acta Haematol 2004; 111: 155–159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhr T, Buesche G, Choritz H, Langer F, Kreipe H. Evolution of myelofibrosis in chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis as evidenced in sequential bone marrow biopsy specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 2003; 119: 152–158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Imbert M, Pierre R, Vardiman J W, Brunning R D, Flandrin G. Chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis. WHO Classification of Tumours: Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, E S Jaffe, N L Harris, H Stein, J W Vardiman. IARC Press, Lyon 2001; 35–38
   Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Boeltken B, Zankovich R, Diehl V, Fischer R. Initial (prefibrotic) stages of idiopathic (primary) myelofibrosis (IMF) – a clinicopathological study. Leukemia 1999; 13: 1741–1748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Zankovich R, Steinberg T, Fischer R, Diehl V. Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) – correlation of bone marrow lesions with laboratory data: a longitudinal clinicopathological study on 114 patients. Hematol Oncol 1989; 7: 327–343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barosi G. Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. diagnostic definition and prognostic classification for clinical studies and treatment guidelines. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 2954–2970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tefferi A. Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1255–1265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barosi G, Ambrosetti A, Finelli C, Grossi A, Leoni P, Liberato N L, et al. The Italian Consensus Conference on diagnostic criteria for myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Br J Haematol 1999; 104: 730–737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervantes F, Alvarez-Larran A, Talarn C, Gomez M, Montserrat E. Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia following essential thrombocythaemia: actuarial probability, presenting characteristics and evolution in a series of 195 patients. Br J Haematol 2002; 118: 786–790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dingli D, Mesa R A, Tefferi A. Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: new developments in pathogenesis and treatment. Intern Med 2004; 43: 540–547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervantes F. Modern management of myelofibrosis. Br J Haematol 2005; 128: 583–592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervantes F, Barosi G, Demory J L, Reilly J, Guarnone R, Dupriez B, et al. Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia in young individuals: disease characteristics, prognostic factors and identification of risk groups. Br J Haematol 1998; 102: 684–690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervantes F, Pereira A, Esteve J, Cobo F, Rozman C, Montserrat E. The changing profile of idiopathic myelofibrosis: a comparison of the presenting features of patients diagnosed in two different decades. Eur J Haematol 1998; 60: 101–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michiels J J, Thiele J. Clinical and pathological criteria for the diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and idiopathic myelofibrosis (agnogenic myeloid metaplasia). Int J Hematol 2002; 76: 133–145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Zankovich R, Diehl V. Relevance of bone marrow features in the differential diagnosis between essential thrombocythemia and early stage idiopathic myelofibrosis. Haematologica 2000; 85: 1126–1134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imbert M, Pierre R, Thiele J, Vardiman J W, Brunning R D, Flandrin G. Essential thrombocythaemia. WHO Classification of Tumours: Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, E S Jaffe, N L Harris, H Stein, J W Vardiman. IARC Press, Lyon 2001; 39–41
   Google Scholar
• Barbui T, Barosi G, Grossi A, Gugliotta L, Liberato L N, Marchetti M, et al. Practice guidelines for the therapy of essential thrombocythemia. A statement from the Italian Society of Hematology, the Italian Society of Experimental Hematology and the Italian Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation. Haematologica 2004; 89: 215–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fruchtman S M. Treatment paradigms in the management of myeloproliferative disorders. Semin Hematol 2004; 41: 18–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finazzi G, Barbui T. Treatment of essential thrombocythemia with special emphasis on leukemogenic risk. Ann Hematol 1999; 78: 389–392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison C N, Green A R. Essential thrombocythemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2003; 17: 1175–1190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tefferi A, Murphy S. Current opinion in essential thrombocythemia: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Blood Rev 2001; 15: 121–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M. Chronic myeloproliferative disorders with thrombocythemia. a comparative study of two classification systems (PVSG, WHO) on 839 patients. Ann Hematol 2003; 82: 148–152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michiels J J, Juvonen E. Proposal for revised diagnostic criteria of essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera by the Thrombocythemia Vera Study Group. Semin Thromb Hemost 1997; 23: 339–347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lengfelder E, Hochhaus A, Kronawitter U, Hoche D, Queisser W, Jahn-Eder M, et al. Should a platelet limit of 600 × 109/1 be used as a diagnostic criterion in essential thrombocythaemia? An analysis of the natural course including early stages. Br J Haematol 1998; 100: 15–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacchi S, Vinci G, Gugliotta L, Rupoli S, Gargantini L, Martinelli V, et al. Diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia at platelet counts between 400 and 600 × 109/l. Gruppo Italiano Malattie Mieloproliferative Croniche (GIMMC). Haematologica 2000; 85: 492–495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regev A, Stark P, Blickstein D, Lahav M. Thrombotic complications in essential thrombocythemia with relatively low platelet counts. Am J Hematol 1997; 56: 168–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierre R, Imbert M, Thiele J, Vardiman J W, Brunning R D, Flandrin G. Polycythaemia vera. WHO Classification of Tumours: Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, E S Jaffe, N L Harris, H Stein, J W Vardiman. IARC Press, Lyon 2001; 32–38
   Google Scholar
• Vardiman J W, Pierre R, Thiele J, Bain B, Brunning R D, Harris N L, . Chronic myelogenous leukemia. WHO Classification of Tumours: Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, E S Jaffe, N L Harris, H Stein, J W Vardiman, et al. IARC Press, Lyon 2001; 20–26
   Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Facchetti F, Franco V, Van der Walt J, Orazi A. European consensus for grading of bone marrow fibrosis and assessment of cellularity. Haematologica 2005; 90: 1128–1132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Diehl V. Standardization of bone marrow features – does it work in hematopathology for histological discrimination of different disease patterns. Histol Histopathol 2005; 20: 633–644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Benelux CML Study Group. Randomized study on hydroxyurea alone versus hydroxyurea combined with low-dose interferon-alpha 2b for chronic myeloid leukemia. The Benelux CML Study Group. Blood 1998; 91: 2713–2721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Italian Cooperative Study Group on Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia. Long-term follow-up of the italian trial of interferon-alpha versus conventional chemotherapy in chronic myeloid leukemia. The Italian Cooperative Study Group on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Blood 1998; 92: 1541–1548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Italian Cooperative Study Group on Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia. Confirmation and improvement of Sokal's prognostic classification of Ph1+ chronic myeloid leukemia: the value of early evaluation of the course of the disease. The Italian Cooperative Study Group on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Ann Hematol 1991; 63: 307–314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarjian H M, Giles F J, O'Brien S, Giralt S, Talpaz M. Therapeutic choices in younger patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Cancer 2000; 89: 1647–1658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohnishi K, Tomonaga M, Kamada N, Onozawa K, Kuramoto A, Dohy H, et al. A long term follow-up of a randomized trial comparing interferon-alpha with busulfan for chronic myelogenous leukemia. The Kouseisho Leukemia Study Group. Leuk Res 1998; 22: 779–786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilhot F, Chastang C, Michallet M, Guerci A, Harousseau J L, Maloisel F, et al. Interferon alfa-2b combined with cytarabine versus interferon alone in chronic myelogenous leukemia. French Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 223–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan N C, Richards S M, Shepherd P C. UK Medical Research Council randomised, multicentre trial of interferon - alpha n1 for chronic myeloid leukaemia: improved survival irrespective of cytogenetic response. The UK Medical Research Council's Working Parties for Therapeutic Trials in Adult Leukaemia. Lancet 1995; 345: 1392–1397
   Google Scholar
• Silver R T, Woolf S H, Hehlmann R, Appelbaum F R, Anderson J, Bennett C, et al. An evidence-based analysis of the effect of busulfan, hydroxyurea, interferon, and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in treating the chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia: developed for the American Society of Hematology. Blood 1999; 94: 1517–1536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver R T, Peterson B L, Szatrowski T P, Powell B L, Stock W, Carroll A J, et al. Treatment of the chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia with an intermittent schedule of recombinant interferon alfa-2b and cytarabine: results from CALGB study 9013. Leuk Lymphoma 2003; 44: 39–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervantes F, Hernandez-Boluda J C, Steegmann J L, Conde E, Alvarez-Larran A, Lopez-Jimenez J, et al. Imatinib mesylate therapy of chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia resistant or intolerant to interferon. results and prognostic factors for response and progression-free survival in 150 patients. Haematologica 2003; 88: 1117–1122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien S G, Guilhot F, Larson R A, Gathmann I, Baccarani M, Cervantes F, et al. Imatinib compared with interferon and low-dose cytarabine for newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 994–1004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortes J, Giles F, O'Brien S, Thomas D, Albitar M, Rios M B, et al. Results of imatinib mesylate therapy in patients with refractory or recurrent acute myeloid leukemia, high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome, and myeloproliferative disorders. Cancer 2003; 97: 2760–2766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarjian H, Talpaz M, O'Brien S, Giles F, Rios M B, White K, et al. Prediction of initial cytogenetic response for subsequent major and complete cytogenetic response to imatinib mesylate therapy in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia. Cancer 2003; 97: 2225–2228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarjian H, O'Brien S, Cortes J, Giles F, Shan J, Rios M B, et al. Survival advantage with imatinib mesylate therapy in chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML-CP) after IFN-alpha failure and in late CML-CP, comparison with historical controls. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 68–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarjian H M, O'Brien S, Cortes J, Giles F J, Rios M B, Shan J, et al. Imatinib mesylate therapy improves survival in patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia in the chronic phase: comparison with historic data. Cancer 2003; 98: 2636–2642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorand-Metze I, Vassallo J, Souza C A. Histological and cytological heterogeneity of bone marrow in Philadelphia-positive chronic myelogenous leukaemia at diagnosis. Br J Haematol 1987; 67: 45–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartl R, Frisch B, Wilmanns W. Potential of bone marrow biopsy in chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). Eur J Haematol 1993; 50: 41–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgii A, Vykoupil K F, Buhr T, Choritz H, Dohler U, Kaloutsi V, et al. Chronic myeloproliferative disorders in bone marrow biopsies. Pathol Res Pract 1990; 186: 3–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgii A, Buesche G, Kreft A. The histopathology of chronic myeloproliferative diseases. Baillieres Clin Haematol 1998; 11: 721–749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickstein J I, Vardiman J W. Issues in the pathology and diagnosis of the chronic myeloproliferative disorders and the myelodysplastic syndromes. Am J Clin Pathol 1993; 99: 513–525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzarino M, Morra E, Castello A, Inverardi D, Coci A, Pagnucco G, et al. Myelofibrosis in chronic granulocytic leukaemia: clinicopathologic correlations and prognostic significance. Br J Haematol 1986; 64: 227–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Schmitt-Graeff A, Zirbes T K, Birnbaum F, Kressmann C, et al. Bone marrow features and clinical findings in chronic myeloid leukemia-a comparative, multicenter, immunohistological and morphometric study on 614 patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 36: 295–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Fischer R. Bone marrow histopathology in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) – evaluation of distinctive features with clinical impact. Histol Histopathol 1999; 14: 1241–1256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Thienel C, Zankovich R, Fischer R. Prognostic features at diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukaemia with special emphasis on histological parameters. Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 1988; 5: 49–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Schmitt-Graeff A, Leder L D, Schaefer H E. Changing patterns of histological subgroups during therapy of Ph1+ chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Histopathology 2000; 37: 355–362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Wienhold S, Zankovich R, Fischer R. A histomorphometric analysis of trephine biopsies of bone marrow from 65 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Classification of patients into subgroups with different survival patterns. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1990; 12: 103–116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayhoe F G, Flemans R J, Cowling D C. Acquired lipidosis of marrow macrophages. birefringent blue crystals and Gaucher-like cells, sea-blue histiocytes, and grey-green crystals. J Clin Pathol 1979; 32: 420–428
   Google Scholar
• Kelsey P R, Geary C G. Sea-blue histiocytes and Gaucher cells in bone marrow of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. J Clin Pathol 1988; 41: 960–962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buesche G, Majewski H, Schlue J, Delventhal S, Baer-Henney S, Vykoupil K F, et al. Frequency of pseudo-Gaucher cells in diagnostic bone marrow biopsies from patients with Ph-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia. Virchows Arch 1997; 430: 139–148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Titius B R, Parpert U, Nebel R, Zankovich R, et al. Histological features of prognostic significance in CML-an immunohistochemical and morphometric study (multivariate regression analysis) on trephine biopsies of the bone marrow. Ann Hematol 1993; 66: 291–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Beelen D W, Wenzel P, Koepke M L, Leder L D, et al. Macrophages and their subpopulations following allogenic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia. Virchows Arch 2000; 437: 160–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhr T, Choritz H, Georgii A. The impact of megakaryocyte proliferation of the evolution of myelofibrosis. Histological follow-up study in 186 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1992; 420: 473–478
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Fischer R, Diehl V. Clinicopathological impact of the interaction between megakaryocytes and myeloid stroma in chronic myeloproliferative disorders: a concise update. Leuk Lymphoma 1997; 24: 463–481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvasnicka H M, Thiele J, Schmitt-Graeff A, Diehl V, Zankovich R, Niederle N, et al. Bone marrow features improve prognostic efficiency in multivariate risk classification of chronic-phase Ph(1+) chronic myelogenous leukemia: a multicenter trial. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 2994–3009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvasnicka H M, Thiele J, Schmitt-Graeff A, Diehl V, Zankovich R, Niederle N, et al. Prognostic impact of bone marrow erythropoietic precursor cells and myelofibrosis at diagnosis of Ph1+ chronic myelogenous leukaemia – a multicentre study on 495 patients. Br J Haematol 2001; 112: 727–739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Zirbes T K, Flucke U, Niederle N, Leder L D, et al. Impact of clinical and morphological variables in classification and regression tree-based survival (CART) analysis of CML with special emphasis on dynamic features. Eur J Haematol 1998; 60: 35–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Fischer R. Histochemistry and morphometry on bone marrow biopsies in chronic myeloproliferative disorders – aids to diagnosis and classification. Ann Hematol 1999; 78: 495–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buesche G, Georgii A, Duensing A, Schmeil A, Schlue J, Kreipe H H. Evaluating the Volume ratio of bone marrow affected by fibrosis. a parameter crucial for the prognostic significance of marrow fibrosis in chronic myeloid leukemia. Hum Pathol 2003; 34: 391–401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhr T, Georgii A, Choritz H. Myelofibrosis in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Incidence among subtypes according to the Hannover Classification. Pathol Res Pract 1993; 189: 121–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gralnick H R, Harbor J, Vogel C. Myelofibrosis in chronic granulocytic leukemia. Blood 1971; 37: 152–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekmezian R, Kantarjian H M, Keating M J, Talpaz M, McCredie K B, Freireich E J. The relevance of reticulin stain-measured fibrosis at diagnosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Cancer 1987; 59: 1739–1743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clough V, Geary C G, Hashmi K, Davson J, Knowlson T. Myelofibrosis in chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1979; 42: 515–526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buesche G, Hehlmann R, Hecker H, Heimpel H, Heinze B, Schmeil A, et al. Marrow fibrosis, indicator of therapy failure in chronic myeloid leukemia–prospective long-term results from a randomized-controlled trial. Leukemia 2003; 17: 2444–2453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Hoefer M, Kvasnicka H M, Bertsch H P, Zankovich R, Fischer R. Erythropoiesis in CML-immunomorphometric quantification, PCNA-reactivity, and influence on survival. Hematol Pathol 1993; 7: 239–249
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hasford J, Pfirrmann M, Hehlmann R, Allan N C, Baccarani M, Kluin-Nelemans J C, et al. A new prognostic score for survival of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with interferon alfa. Writing Committee for the Collaborative CML Prognostic Factors Project Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 850–858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarjian H M, Keating M J, Smith T L, Talpaz M, McCredie K B. Proposal for a simple synthesis prognostic staging system in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Am J Med 1990; 88: 1–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lugli A, Ebnoether M, Cogliatti S B, Gratwohl A, Passweg J, Hess U, et al. Proposal of a morphologic bone marrow response score for imatinib mesylate treatment in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Hum Pathol 2005; 36: 91–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarjian H M, Bueso-Ramos C E, Talpaz M, O'Brien S, Giles F, Rios M B, et al. The degree of bone marrow fibrosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia is not a prognostic factor with imatinib mesylate therapy. Leuk Lymphoma 2005; 46: 993–997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Beelen D W, Zirbes T K, Jung F, Reske D, et al. Relevance and dynamics of myelofibrosis regarding hematopoietic reconstitution after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in chronic myelogenous leukemia – a single center experience on 160 patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000; 26: 275–281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Beelen D W, Flucke U, Spoer C, Paperno S, et al. Megakaryopoiesis and myelofibrosis in chronic myeloid leukemia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: an immunohistochemical study of 127 patients. Mod Pathol 2001; 14: 129–138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Beelen D W, Leder L D, Schaefer U W. Bone marrow engraftment: histopathology of hematopoietic reconstitution following allogeneic transplantation in CML patients. Histol Histopathol 2001; 16: 213–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Fischer R. Megakaryocytopoiesis in haematological disorders: diagnostic features of bone marrow biopsies. An overview. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1991; 418: 87–97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thiele J, Titius B R, Kopsidis C, Fischer R. Atypical micromegakaryocytes, promegakaryoblasts and megakaryoblasts. a critical evaluation by immunohistochemistry, cytochemistry and morphometry of bone marrow trephines in chronic myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 1992; 62: 275–282
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nafe R, Georgii A, Kaloutsi V, Fritsch R S, Choritz H. Planimetric analysis of megakaryocytes in the four main groups of chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 1991; 61: 111–116
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Schmitt-Graeff A, Diehl V, Niederle N, Schaefer H E. Bone marrow histopathology predicting blast crisis in chronic myeloid leukemia. Acta Haematol 2001; 105: 244–246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacher U, Kern W, Schnittger S, Hiddemann W, Schoch C, Haferlach T. Blast count and cytogenetics correlate and are useful parameters for the evaluation of different phases in chronic myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2005; 46: 357–366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spivak J L. Polycythemia vera: myths, mechanisms, and management. Blood 2002; 100: 4272–4290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tefferi A. A contemporary approach to the diagnosis and management of polycythemia vera. Curr Hematol Rep 2003; 2: 237–241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bilgrami S, Greenberg B R. Polycythemia rubra vera. Semin Oncol 1995; 22: 307–326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy S. Diagnostic criteria and prognosis in polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Semin Hematol 1999; 36: 9–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMullin M F, Bareford D, Campbell P, Green A R, Harrison C, Hunt B, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis, investigation and management of polycythaemia/erythrocytosis. Br J Haematol 2005; 130: 174–195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streiff M B, Smith B, Spivak J L. The diagnosis and management of polycythemia vera in the era since the Polycythemia Vera Study Group: a survey of American Society of Hematology members' practice patterns. Blood 2002; 99: 1144–1149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis J T, Silver R T, Coleman M, Geller S A. The bone marrow in polycythemia vera. Semin Hematol 1975; 12: 433–444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis J T, Peterson P, Geller S A, Rappaport H. Studies of the bone marrow in polycythemia vera and the evolution of myelofibrosis and second hematologic malignancies. Semin Hematol 1986; 23: 144–155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis J T, Peterson P. The bone marrow in polycythemia vera. Pathol Annu 1979; 1: 383–403
   Google Scholar
• Iland H J, Laszlo J, Case D C, Jr, Murphy S, Reichert T A, Tso C Y, et al. Differentiation between essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera with marked thrombocytosis. Am J Hematol 1987; 25: 191–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgii A, Buhr T, Buesche G, Kreft A, Choritz H. Classification and staging of Ph-negative myeloproliferative disorders by histopathology from bone marrow biopsies. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 22(Suppl 1)15–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Diehl V. Initial (latent) polycythemia vera with thrombocytosis mimicking essential thrombocythemia. Acta Haematol 2005; 113: 213–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Muehlhausen K, Walter S, Zankovich R, Diehl V. Polycythemia rubra vera vs. secondary polycythemias. A clinicopathological evaluation of distinctive features in 199 patients. Pathol Res Pract 2001; 197: 77–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Zankovich R, Diehl V. The value of bone marrow histology in differentiating between early stage polycythemia vera and secondary (reactive) polycythemias. Haematologica 2001; 86: 368–374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Diehl V. Bone marrow features of diagnostic impact in erythrocytosis. Ann Hematol 2005; 84: 362–367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu E, Jelinek J, Pastore Y D, Guan Y, Prchal J F, Prchal J T. Discrimination of polycythemias and thrombocytoses by novel, simple, accurate clonality assays and comparison with PRV-1 expression and BFU-E response to erythropoietin. Blood 2003; 101: 3294–3301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messinezy M, Pearson T C. The classification and diagnostic criteria of the erythrocytoses (polycythaemias). Clin Lab Haematol 1999; 21: 309–316
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kralovics R, Buser A S, Teo S S, Coers J, Tichelli A, van der Maas A P, et al. Comparison of molecular markers in a cohort of patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Blood 2003; 102: 1869–1871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birgegard G, Wide L. Serum erythropoietin in the diagnosis of polycythaemia and after phlebotomy treatment. Br J Haematol 1992; 81: 603–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messinezy M, Westwood N B, Woodcock S P, Strong R M, Pearson T C. Low serum erythropoietin – a strong diagnostic criterion of primary polycythaemia even at normal haemoglobin levels. Clin Lab Haematol 1995; 17: 217–220
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carneskog J, Kutti J, Wadenvik H, Lundberg P A, Lindstedt G. Plasma erythropoietin by high-detectability immunoradiometric assay in untreated and treated patients with polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocythaemia. Eur J Haematol 1998; 60: 278–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossuz P, Girodon F, Donnard M, Latger-Cannard V, Dobo I, Boiret N, et al. Diagnostic value of serum erythropoietin level in patients with absolute erythrocytosis. Haematologica 2004; 89: 1194–1198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messinezy M, Westwood N B, El-Hemaidi I, Marsden J T, Sherwood R S, Pearson T C. Serum erythropoietin values in erythrocytoses and in primary thrombocythaemia. Br J Haematol 2002; 117: 47–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasson B, Carneskog J, Lindstedt G, Lundberg P A, Swolin B, Wadenvik H, et al. Plasma erythropoietin concentrations in polycythaemia vera with special reference to myelosuppressive therapy. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 37: 189–195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girodon F, Hermouet S, Dobo I, Mossuz P. Serum erythropoietin values and endogenous erythroid colony growth in erythrocytoses and essential thrombocythaemia. Br J Haematol 2003; 120: 171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih L Y, Lee C T, See L C, Ou Y C, Dunn P, Wang P N, et al. In vitro culture growth of erythroid progenitors and serum erythropoietin assay in the differential diagnosis of polycythaemia. Eur J Clin Invest 1998; 28: 569–576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eridani S, Sawyer B, Pearson T C. Patterns of in vitro BFU-E proliferation in different forms of polycythaemia and in thrombocythaemia. Eur J Haematol 1987; 38: 363–369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemoine F, Najman A, Baillou C, Stachowiak J, Boffa G, Aegerter P, et al. A prospective study of the value of bone marrow erythroid progenitor cultures in polycythemia. Blood 1986; 68: 996–1002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partanen S, Juvonen E, Ikkala E, Ruutu T. Spontaneous erythroid colony formation in the differential diagnosis of erythrocytosis. Eur J Haematol 1989; 42: 327–330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westwood N, Dudley J M, Sawyer B, Messinezy M, Pearson T C. Primary polycythaemia: diagnosis by non-conventional positive criteria. Eur J Haematol 1993; 51: 228–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobo I, Donnard M, Girodon F, Mossuz P, Boiret N, Boukhari R, et al. Standardization and comparison of endogenous erythroid colony assays performed with bone marrow or blood progenitors for the diagnosis of polycythemia vera. Hematol J 2004; 5: 161–167
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weinberg R S, Worsley A, Gilbert H S, Cuttner J, Berk P D, Alter B P. Comparison of erythroid progenitor cell growth in vitro in polycythemia vera and chronic myelogenous leukemia: only polycythemia vera has endogenous colonies. Leuk Res 1989; 13: 331–338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M. Diagnostic impact of bone marrow histopathology in polycythemia vera (PV). Histol Histopathol 2005; 20: 317–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruppo Italiano Studio Policitemia. Polycythemia vera: the natural history of 1213 patients followed for 20 years. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123: 656–664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najean Y, Triebel F, Dresch C. Pure erythrocytosis. reappraisal of a study of 51 cases. Am J Hematol 1981; 10: 129–136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson T C, Wetherley-Mein G. The course and complications of idiopathic erythrocytosis. Clin Lab Haematol 1979; 1: 189–196
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruggeri M, Tosetto A, Frezzato M, Rodeghiero F. The rate of progression to polycythemia vera or essential thrombocythemia in patients with erythrocytosis or thrombocytosis. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 470–475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michiels J J, Barbui T, Finazzi G, Fuchtman S M, Kutti J, Rain J D, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of polycythemia vera and possible future study designs of the PVSG. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 36: 239–253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jantunen R, Juvonen E, Ikkala E, Oksanen K, Anttila P, Ruutu T. Development of erythrocytosis in the course of essential thrombocythemia. Ann Hematol 1999; 78: 219–222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih L Y, Lee C T. Identification of masked polycythemia vera from patients with idiopathic marked thrombocytosis by endogenous erythroid colony assay. Blood 1994; 83: 744–748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griesshammer M, Klippel S, Strunck E, Temerinac S, Mohr U, Heimpel H, et al. PRV-1 mRNA expression discriminates two types of essential thrombocythemia. Ann Hematol 2004; 83: 364–370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griesshammer M, Kubanek B, Beneke H, Heimpel H, Bangerter M, Bergmann L, et al. Serum erythropoietin and thrombopoietin levels in patients with essential thrombocythaemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 36: 533–538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter E J, Scott L M, Campbell P J, East C, Fourouclas N, Swanton S, et al. Acquired mutation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in human myeloproliferative disorders. Lancet 2005; 365: 1054–1061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kralovics R, Passamonti F, Buser A S, Teo S S, Tiedt R, Passweg J R, et al. A gain-of-function mutation of JAK2 in myeloproliferative disorders. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1779–1790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James C, Ugo V, Le Couedic J P, Staerk J, Delhommeau F, Lacout C, et al. A unique clonal JAK2 mutation leading to constitutive signalling causes polycythaemia vera. Nature 2005; 434: 1144–1148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones A V, Kreil S, Zoi K, Waghorn K, Curtis C, Zhang L, Score J, et al. Widespread occurrence of the JAK2 V617F mutation in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Blood 2005; 106: 2162–2168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao R, Xing S, Li Z, Fu X, Li Q, Krantz S B, et al. Identification of an acquired JAK2 mutation in polycythemia vera. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 22788–22792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine R L, Wadleigh M, Cools J, Ebert B L, Wernig G, Huntly B J, et al. Activating mutation in the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis. Cancer Cell 2005; 7: 387–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goerttler P S, Steimle C, Marz E, Johansson P L, Andreasson B, Griesshammer M, et al. The Jak2V617F, mutation PRV-1 overexpression and EEC formation define a similar cohort of MPD patients. Blood 2005; 106: 2862–2864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugo V, Marzac C, Teyssandier I, Larbret F, Lecluse Y, Debili N, et al. Multiple signaling pathways are involved in erythropoietin-independent differentiation of erythroid progenitors in polycythemia vera. Exp Hematol 2005; 32: 179–187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arcasoy M O, Harris K W, Forget B G. A human erythropoietin receptor gene mutant causing familial erythrocytosis is associated with deregulation of the rates of Jak2 and Stat5 inactivation. Exp Hematol 1999; 27: 63–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juvonen E, Ikkala E, Oksanen K, Ruutu T. Megakaryocyte and erythroid colony formation in essential thrombocythaemia and reactive thrombocytosis: diagnostic value and correlation to complications. Br J Haematol 1993; 83: 192–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jantunen R, Juvonen E, Ikkala E, Oksanen K, Anttila P, Hormila P, et al. Essential thrombocythemia at diagnosis: causes of diagnostic evaluation and presence of positive diagnostic findings. Ann Hematol 1998; 77: 101–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steensma D P, Dewald G W, Lasho T L, Powell H L, McClure R F, Levine R L, et al. The JAK2 V617F activating tyrosine kinase mutation is an infrequent event in both ‘atypical’ myeloproliferative disorders and the myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood 2005; 106: 1207–1209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Zankovich R, Diehl V. Clinical and morphological criteria for the diagnosis of prefibrotic idiopathic (primary) myelofibrosis. Ann Hematol 2001; 80: 160–165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Zankovich R, Diehl V. Early stage idiopathic (primary) myelofibrosis – current issues of diagnostic features. Leuk Lymphoma 2002; 43: 1035–1041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M. Hematopathological findings in chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis (CIMF). Semin Oncol 2005; 32: 380–394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf B C, Neiman R S. Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: pathophysiologic implications of the correlation between bone marrow changes and progression of splenomegaly. Blood 1985; 65: 803–809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupoli S, Da Lio L, Sisti S, Campanati G, Salvi A, Brianzoni M F, et al. Primary myelofibrosis: a detailed statistical analysis of the clinicopathological variables influencing survival. Ann Hematol 1994; 68: 205–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupriez B, Morel P, Demory J L, Lai J L, Simon M, Plantier I, et al. Prognostic factors in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia: a report on 195 cases with a new scoring system. Blood 1996; 88: 1013–1018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly J T. Idiopathic myelofibrosis. pathogenesis, natural history and management. Blood Rev 1997; 11: 233–242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visani G, Finelli C, Castelli U, Petti M C, Ricci P, Vianelli N, et al. Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: clinical and haematological parameters predicting survival in a series of 133 patients. Br J Haematol 1990; 75: 4–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesa R A, Hanson C A, Rajkumar S V, Schroeder G, Tefferi A. Evaluation and clinical correlations of bone marrow angiogenesis in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blood 2000; 96: 3374–3380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Hoeppner B, Zankovich R, Fischer R. Histomorphometry of bone marrow biopsies in primary osteomyelofibrosis/-sclerosis (agnogenic myeloid metaplasia) – correlations between clinical and morphological features. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1989; 415: 191–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Schmitt-Graeff A, Diehl V. Dynamics of fibrosis in chronic idiopathic (primary) myelofibrosis during therapy: a follow-up study on 309 patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2003; 44: 949–953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Chen Y S, Kvasnicka H M, Diehl V, Fischer R. Evolution of fibro-osteosclerotic bone marrow lesions in primary (idiopathic) osteomyelofibrosis – a histomorphometric study on sequential trephine biopsies. Leuk Lymphoma 1994; 14: 163–169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreft A, Buche G, Ghalibafian M, Buhr T, Fischer T, Kirkpatrick C J. The incidence of myelofibrosis in essential thrombocythaemia, polycythaemia vera and chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis: a retrospective evaluation of sequential bone marrow biopsies. Acta Haematol 2005; 113: 137–143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison C N. Essential thrombocythaemia: challenges and evidence-based management. Br J Haematol 2005; 130: 153–165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Werden C, Zankovich R, Diehl V, Fischer R. Idiopathic primary osteo-myelofibrosis: a clinico-pathological study on 208 patients with special emphasis on evolution of disease features, differentiation from essential thrombocythemia and variables of prognostic impact. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 22: 303–317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Diehl V, Fischer R, Michiels J. Clinicopathological diagnosis and differential criteria of thrombocythemias in various myeloproliferative disorders by histopathology, histochemistry and immunostaining from bone marrow biopsies. Leuk Lymphoma 1999; 33: 207–218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M. Diagnostic differentiation of essential thrombocythaemia from thrombocythaemias associated with chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis by discriminate analysis of bone marrow features – a clinicopathological study on 272 patients. Histol Histopathol 2003; 18: 93–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Schneider G, Hoeppner B, Wienhold S, Zankovich R, Fischer R. Histomorphometry of bone marrow biopsies in chronic myeloproliferative disorders with associated thrombocytosis – features of significance for the diagnosis of primary (essential) thrombocythaemia. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1988; 413: 407–417
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griesshammer M, Bangerter M, Sauer T, Wennauer R, Bergmann L, Heimpel H. Aetiology and clinical significance of thrombocytosis: analysis of 732 patients with an elevated platelet count. J Intern Med 1999; 245: 295–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santhosh-Kumar C R, Yohannan M D, Higgy K E, al-Mashhadani S A. Thrombocytosis in adults. analysis of 777 patients. J Intern Med 1991; 229: 493–495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutti J, Wadenvik H. Diagnostic and differential criteria of essential thrombocythemia and reactive thrombocytosis. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 22(Suppl 1)41–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer A I. Thrombocytosis and thrombocythemia. Blood Rev 2001; 15: 159–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer A I. Thrombocytosis. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1211–1219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chait Y, Condat B, Cazals-Hatem D, Rufat P, Atmani S, Chaoui D, et al. Relevance of the criteria commonly used to diagnose myeloproliferative disorder in patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis. Br J Haematol 2005; 129: 553–560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florena A M, Tripodo C, Iannitto E, Porcasi R, Ingrao S, Franco V. Value of bone marrow biopsy in the diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia. Haematologica 2004; 89: 911–919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauermeister D E. Quantitation of bone marrow reticulin – a normal range. Am J Clin Pathol 1971; 56: 24–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manoharan A, Horsley R, Pitney W R. The reticulin content of bone marrow in acute leukaemia in adults. Br J Haematol 1979; 43: 185–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckman E N, Brown A W, Jr. Normal reticulin level in iliac bone marrow. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990; 114: 1241–1243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison C N, Campbell P J, Buck G, Wheatley K, East C L, Bareford D, et al. Hydroxyurea compared with anagrelide in high-risk essential thrombocythemia. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 33–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele J, Kvasnicka H M, Schmitt-Graeff A, Zankovich R, Diehl V. Follow-up examinations including sequential bone marrow biopsies in essential thrombocythemia (ET): a retrospective clinicopathological study of 120 patients. Am J Hematol 2002; 70: 283–291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervantes F, Tassies D, Salgado C, Rovira M, Pereira A, Rozman C. Acute transformation in nonleukemic chronic myeloproliferative disorders. actuarial probability and main characteristics in a series of 218 patients. Acta Haematol 1991; 85: 124–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emilia G, Sacchi S, Temperani P, Longo R, Vecchi A. Progression of essential thrombocythemia to blastic crisis via idiopathic myelofibrosis. Leuk Lymphoma 1993; 9: 423–426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frei-Lahr D, Barton J C, Hoffman R, Burkett L L, Prchal J T. Blastic transformation of essential thrombocythemia: dual expression of myelomonoblastic/megakaryoblastic phenotypes. Blood 1984; 63: 866–872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radaelli F, Mazza R, Curioni E, Ciani A, Pomati M, Maiolo A T. Acute megakaryocytic leukemia in essential thrombocythemia: an unusual evolution. Eur J Haematol 2002; 69: 108–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar