The expression of MDM2, MDM4, p53 and p21 in myeloid neoplasms and the effect of MDM2/MDM4 dual inhibitor

References

• Arber DA, Orazi A, Hasserjian R, et al. The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia. Blood. 2016;127(20):2391–2405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spivak JL. Myeloproliferative neoplasms. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(22):2168–2181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ley TJ, Miller C, Ding L, Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, et al. Genomic and epigenomic landscapes of adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(22):2059–2074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane DP, Crawford LV. T antigen is bound to a host protein in SV40-transformed cells. Nature. 1979;278(5701):261–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jay G, Khoury G, DeLeo AB, et al. p53 transformation-related protein: detection of an associated phosphotransferase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci Usa. 1981;78(5):2932–2936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dippold WG, Jay G, DeLeo AB, et al. p53 transformation-related protein: detection by monoclonal antibody in mouse and human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1981;78(3):1695–1699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanov VS, Rudolph KL. p21 shapes cancer evolution. Nat Cell Biol. 2016;18(7):722–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otten AD, Firpo EJ, Gerber AN, et al. Inactivation of MyoD-mediated expression of p21 in tumor cell lines. Cell Growth Differ. 1997;8(11):1151–1160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abbas T, Dutta A. p21 in cancer: intricate networks and multiple activities. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009;9(6):400–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galanos P, Vougas K, Walter D, et al. Chronic p53-independent p21 expression causes genomic instability by deregulating replication licensing. Nat Cell Biol. 2016;18(7):777–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang XP, Liu F, Wang W. Two-phase dynamics of p53 in the DNA damage response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(22):8990–8995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr MI, Jones SN. Regulation of the Mdm2-p53 signaling axis in the DNA damage response and tumorigenesis. Transl Cancer Res. 2016;5(6):707–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu H, Zhang Z, Li M, et al. MDM2 promotes proteasomal degradation of p21Waf1 via a conformation change. J Biol Chem. 2010;285(24):18407–18414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang MF, Zhang ZY, Fu J, Yang YF, et al. Correlation between expression of p53, p21/WAF1, and MDM2 proteins and their prognostic significance in primary hepatocellular carcinoma. J Transl Med. 2009;7(1):110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jin Y, Zeng SX, Sun XX, et al. MDMX promotes proteasomal turnover of p21 at G1 and early S phases independently of, but in cooperation with, MDM2. Mol Cell Biol. 2008;28(4):1218–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shadfan M, Lopez-Pajares V, Yuan ZM. MDM2 and MDMX: Alone and together in regulation of p53. Transl Cancer Res. 2012;1(2):88–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvajal LA, Neriah DB, Senecal A, et al. Dual inhibition of MDMX and MDM2 as a therapeutic strategy in leukemia. Sci Transl Med. 2018;10(436):3003–3014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolgast LR, Cannizzarro LA, Ramesh KH, et al. Spectrin isoforms: differential expression in normal hematopoiesis and alterations in neoplastic bone marrow disorders. Am J Clin Pathol. 2011;136(2):300–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saft L, Karimi M, Ghaderi M, et al. p53 protein expression independently predicts outcome in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes with del(5q). Haematologica. 2014;99(6):1041–1049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentin-Vega YA, Barboza JA, Chau GP, et al. High levels of the p53 inhibitor MDM4 in head and neck squamous carcinomas. Hum Pathol. 2007;38(10):1553–1562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saultz JN, Garzon R. Acute myeloid leukemia: a concise review. J Clin Med. 2016;5(3):33–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgakilas AG, Martin OA, Bonner WM. p21: a two-faced genome guardian. Trends Mol Med. 2017;23(4):310–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGraw KL, Nguyen J, Komrokji RS, et al. Immunohistochemical pattern of p53 is a measure of TP53 mutation burden and adverse clinical outcome in myelodysplastic syndromes and secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica. 2016;101(8):e320–e323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, McGraw KL, Sallman DA, et al. The role of p53 in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia: molecular aspects and clinical implications. Leuk Lymphoma. 2017;58(8):1777–1790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel S, Hall J, Pradhan K, et al. High prevalence and allele burden-independent prognostic importance of p53 mutations in an inner-city MDS/AML cohort. Leukemia. 2016;30(8):1793–1795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karimian A, Ahmadi Y, Yousefi B. Multiple functions of p21 in cell cycle, apoptosis and transcriptional regulation after DNA damage. DNA Repair (Amst). 2016;42:63–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collavin L, Lunardi A, Del Sal G. p53-family proteins and their regulators: hubs and spokes in tumor suppression. Cell Death Differ. 2010;17(6):901–911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Wang H, Li M, et al. MDM2 is a negative regulator of p21WAF1/CIP1, independent of p53. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(16):16000–16006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giono LE, Manfredi JJ. Mdm2 is required for inhibition of Cdk2 activity by p21, thereby contributing to p53-dependent cell cycle arrest. Mol Cell Biol. 2007;27(11):4166–4178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nag S, Qin J, Srivenugopal KS, et al. The MDM2-p53 pathway revisited. J Biomed Res. 2013;27(4):254–271.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lenos K, Jochemsen AG. Functions of MDMX in the modulation of the p53-response. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2011;2011:876173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toledo F, Wahl GM. MDM2 and MDM4: p53 regulators as targets in anticancer therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007;39(7-8):1476–1482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marine JC, Francoz S, Maetens M, et al. Keeping p53 in check: essential and synergistic functions of Mdm2 and Mdm4. Cell Death Differ. 2006;13(6):927–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toledo F, Krummel KA, Lee CJ, et al. A mouse p53 mutant lacking the proline-rich domain rescues Mdm4 deficiency and provides insight into the Mdm2-Mdm4-p53 regulatory network. Cancer Cell. 2006;9(4):273–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg PL, Stone RM, Al-Kali A, et al. Myelodysplastic syndromes, version 2.2017, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2017;15(1):60–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesa R, Jamieson C, Bhatia R, et al. Myeloproliferative neoplasms, version 2.2017, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2016;14(12):1572–1611.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tallman MS, Wang ES, Altman JK, OCN, et al. Acute myeloid leukemia, version 3.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2019;17(6):721–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaturvedi A, Araujo Cruz MM, Jyotsana N, et al. Mutant IDH1 promotes leukemogenesis in vivo and can be specifically targeted in human AML. Blood. 2013;122(16):2877–2887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaturvedi A, Herbst L, Pusch S, et al. Pan-mutant-IDH1 inhibitor BAY1436032 is highly effective against human IDH1 mutant acute myeloid leukemia in vivo. Leukemia. 2017;31(10):2020–2028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Secchiero P, di Iasio MG, Gonelli A, et al. The MDM2 inhibitor nutlins as an innovative therapeutic tool for the treatment of haematological malignancies. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14(21):2100–2110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Liu L, Sun W, et al. Diastereomeric spirooxindoles as highly potent and efficacious MDM2 inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc. 2013;135(19):7223–7234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanjirband M, Rahgozar S. Targeting p53-MDM2 interaction using small molecule inhibitors and the challenges needed to be addressed. Curr Drug Targets. 2019;20(11):1091–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Lu H. 14-3-3Gamma inhibition of MDMX-mediated p21 turnover independent of p53. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(7):5136–5142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao G, Yang D, Ma L, et al. The development of piperidinones as potent MDM2-P53 protein-protein interaction inhibitors for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem. 2018;159:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar