Research on the Drug Treatment of Schizophrenia

References

• Abraham , J. 1995 . Science, politics, and the pharmaceutical industry: Controversy and bias in drug regulation , London : UCL Press .
   Google Scholar
• Agency for Health Care Policy and Research . 1999 . Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder , Rockville, MD : Author . (AHCPR Publication No. 99-E017).
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed , I. , Soares , K. , Seifas , R. and Adams , C. E. 1998 . Randomized controlled trials in Archives of General Psychiatry (1959–1995): A prevalence study . Archives of General Psychiatry , 55 : 754 – 755 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed , S. , Chengappa , K. N. , Naidu , V. R. , Baker , R. W. , Parepally , H. and Schooler , N. R. 1999 . Clozapine withdrawal-emergent dystonias and dyskinesias: A case series . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 59 : 472 – 477 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Waneen , R. 2000 . Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with quetiapine . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 45 : 764 – 765 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ananth , J. and Kenan , J. 1999 . Tardive dyskinesia associated with olanzapine monotherapy . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 60 : 870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonuccio , D. O. , Danton , W. G. , DeNelsky , G. Y. , Greenberg , R. P. and Gordon , J. S. 1999 . Raising questions about antidepressants . Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics , 68 ( 1 ) : 3 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austrian , S. G. 2000 . Mental disorders, medications, and clinical social work , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Awad , A. G. and Hogan , T. P. 1994 . Subjective response to neuroleptics and the quality of life: Implications for treatment outcome . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 89 ( 380 ) : 27 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Baldessarini , R. J. , Kando , J. C. and Centorrino , F. 1995 . Hospital use of antipsychotic agents in 1989 and 1993: Stable dosing with decreased length of stay . American Journal of Psychiatry , 141 : 748 – 752 .
   Google Scholar
• Baldessarini , R. J. and Viguera , A. C. 1995 . Neuroleptic withdrawal in schizophrenic patients . Archives of General Psychiatry , 52 : 189 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes , T. R. E , Milavic , G. , Curson , D. A. and Platt , S. D. 1983 . Use of the Social Behavior Assessment Schedule (SBAS) in a trial of maintenance antipsychotic therapy in schizophrenic outpatients: Pimozide versus fluphenazine . Social Psychiatry , 18 : 193 – 199 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bentley , K. J. 1998 . Psychopharmacological treatment of schizophrenia: What social workers need to know . Research on Social Work Practice , 8 : 384 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley , K. J. and Walsh , J. F. 2001 . The social worker and psychotropic medication: Toward effective collaboration with mental health clients, families, and providers , 2nd ed , Brooks/Cole : Brooks/Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Berecz , R. , Gaub , T. , Kellerman , M. , de la Rubia , A. , Llerena , A. and Degrell , I. 2000 . Clozapine withdrawal symptoms after change to sertindole in a schizophrenic patient . Pharmacopsychiatry , 33 ( 1 ) : 42 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodenheimer , T. 2000 . Uneasy alliance: Clinical investigators and the pharmaceutical industry . New England Journal of Medicine , 342 : 1539 – 1544 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boseley , S. 2002 . Scandal of scientists who take money for papers ghostwritten by drug companies . The Guardian , February 7 [Electronic version]. Retrieved February 8, 2002, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4351264,00.html
   Google Scholar
• Breggin , P. R. 1991 . Toxic psychiatry , New York : St. Martin's Press .
   Google Scholar
• Breggin , P. R. 2000 . A critical analysis of the NIMH Multimodal Treatment Study for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (the MTA study) . Ethical Human Sciences and Services , 2 ( 1 ) : 63 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Breggin , P. R. and Cohen , D. 2000 . Your drug may be your problem: How and why to stop taking psychiatric medication , Cambridge, MA : Perseus Books .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , P. and Funk , S. C. 1986 . Tardive dyskinesia: Professional barriers to the recognition of an iatrogenic disease . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 27 : 116 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canales , P. L. , Olsen , J. , Miller , A. L. and Crismon , M. L. 1999 . Role of antipsychotic polypharmacy in the treatment of schizophrenia . CNS Drugs , 12 : 179 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter , W. T. , Buchanan , R. W. , Kirkpatrick , B. and Breier , A. F. 1999 . Diazepam treatment of early signs of exacerbation in schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 299 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalmers , I. 1990 . Underreporting research is scientific misconduct . JAMA , 263 : 1405 – 1408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhry , N. K. , Stelfox , H. T. and Detsky , A. S. 2002 . Relationships between authors of clinical practice guidelines and the pharmaceutical industry . JAMA , 287 : 612 – 617 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , B. M. , Herschel , M. , Miller , E. , Mayberg , H. and Baldessarini , R. J. 1980 . Radioreceptor assay of haloperidol tissue levels in the rat . Neuropharmacology , 19 : 663 – 668 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. 1994 . Neuroleptic drug treatment of schizophrenia: The state of the confusion . Journal of Mind and Behavior , 15 : 139 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. 1997a . “ A critique of the use of neuroleptic drugs in psychiatry ” . In From placebo to panacea: Putting psychiatric drugs to the test , Edited by: Fisher , S. and Greenberg , R. G. 173 – 228 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. 1997b . Psychiatrogenics: Introducing chlorpromazine in psychiatry . Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry , 23 : 206 – 233 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. 2001 . Medication-free minors with schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 158 ( 2 ) : 324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. and McCubbin , M. 1990 . The political economy of tardive dyskinesia: Asymmetries in power and responsibility . Journal of Mind and Behavior , 11 : 455 – 474 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. , McCubbin , M. , Collin , J. and Perodeau , G. 2001 . Medications as social phenomena . Health , 5 : 441 – 469 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deniker , P. 1986 . “ Are the anti-psychotic drugs to be withdrawn? ” . In Biological psychiatry , Edited by: Shagass , C. , Josiassen , R. and Bridger , W. 1 – 9 . New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Diamond , R. 1985 . Drugs and the quality of life: The patient's point of view . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 46 : 29 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drug treatments for schizophrenia . 1999 . Effective Health Care , 5 ( 6 ) : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Durst , R. , Teitelbaum , A. , Katz , G. and Knobler , H. Y. 1999 . Withdrawal from clozapine: The “rebound phenomenon.” . Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences , 36 : 122 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dziegielewski , S. F. 1998 . Psychopharmacology and social work practice: Introduction . Research on Social Work Practice , 8 : 371 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekblom , B. , Eriksson , K. and Lindstrom , L. H. 1984 . Supersensitivity psychosis in schizophrenic patients after sudden clozapine withdrawal . Psychopharmacology , 83 : 293 – 294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elwood , M. 1998 . Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , S. and Greenberg , R. P. 1993 . How sound is the double-blind design for evaluating psychotropic drugs? . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 181 : 345 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , S. and Greenberg , R. P. 1997 . From placebo to panacea: Putting psychiatric drugs to the test , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Fleming , S. T. 2000 . “ Randomized clinical trials ” . In Managerial epidemiology , Edited by: Fleming , S. T. , Scutchfield , F. D. and Tucker , T. C. 97 – 120 . Chicago : Health Administration Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fourrier , A. , Gasquet , I. , Allicar , M. P. , Bouhassira , M. , Lepine , J. P. and Begaud , B. 2000 . Patterns of neuroleptic drug prescription: A national cross-sectional survey of a random sample of French psychiatrists . British Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology , 49 ( 1 ) : 80 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier , J. A. , Giedd , J. N. , Kaysen , D. , Albus , K. Hamburger , S. 1996 . Childhood-onset schizophrenia: Brain MRI rescan after 2 years of clozapine maintenance treatment . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 : 564 – 566 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddes , J. , Freemantle , N. , Harrison , P. and Bebbington , P. 2000 . A typical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: Systematic overview and meta-regression analysis . British Medical Journal , 32 : 1371 – 1376 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelman , S. 1999 . Medicating schizophrenia: A history , New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gerlach , J. and Larsen , E. B. 1999 . Subjective experience and mental side-effects of antipsychotic treatment . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 395 : 113 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert , P. L. , Harris , M. J. , McAdams , L. A. and Jeste , D. V. 1995 . Neuroleptic withdrawal in schizophrenic patients: A review of the literature . Archives of General Psychiatry , 52 : 173 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomory , T. 1999 . Programs of assertive community treatment (PACT): A critical review . Ethical Human Sciences and Services , 1 : 147 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin , G. M. 1994 . Recurrence of mania after lithium withdrawal: Implications for the use of lithium in the treatment of bipolar affective disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry , 164 : 149 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosden , R. 2001 . Punishing the patient: How psychiatrists misunderstand and mistreat schizophrenia , Melbourne : Scribe .
   Google Scholar
• Gosden , R. and Beder , S. 2001 . Pharmaceutical industry agenda setting in mental health policies . Ethical Human Sciences and Services , 3 : 147 – 159 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gur , R. E. , Maany , V. , Mozley , P. D. , Swanson , C. , Bilker , W. and Gur , R. C. 1998 . Subcortical MRI volumes of neuroleptic-naive and treated patients with schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 155 : 1711 – 1717 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliday , G. M. , Pond , S. M. , Cartwright , H. , McRitchie , D. A. , Castagnoli , N. Jr. and Van der Schyf , C. J. 1999 . Clinical and neuropathological abnormalities in baboons treated with HPTP, the tetrahydropyrine analog of haloperidol . Experimental Neurology , 158 : 155 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison , P. J. 1999 . The neuropathological effects of antipsychotic drugs . Schizophrenia Research , 40 ( 2 ) : 87 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healy , D. February 2002 . Problems with antide-pressants , February , London : Paper presented at the Institute of Psychiatry .
   Google Scholar
• Healy , D. and Farquhar , G. 1998 . Immediate effects of droperidol . Human Psychopharmacology , 13 : 113 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegarty , J. , Baldessarini , R. J. , Tohen , M. , Waternaux , C. and Oepen , G. 1994 . One hundred years of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of the outcome literature . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 1409 – 1416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hensley , S. and Burton , T. M. 2001 . Mind games: Pfizer, Eli Lilly spar for schizophrenia market . The Wall Street Journal , May 8 : B4
   Google Scholar
• Hird , S. 2000 . “ Psychotropic medications ” . In Mental disorders, medications, and clinical social work , Edited by: Austrian , S. G. 272 – 290 . New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hogarty , G. E. and Ulrich , R. F. 1998 . The limitations of antipsychotic medication on schizophrenia relapse and adjustment and the contributions of psychosocial treatment . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 32 : 243 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huston , P. and Moher , D. 1996 . Redundancy, disaggregation, and the integrity of medical research . Lancet , 347 : 1024 – 1026 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwin , P. and Singer , J. 1988 . A guide for clinical studies with potential antipsychotic or antidepressant medications . Clinical Research Practices & Drug Regulatory Affairs , 6 : 293 – 411 .
   Google Scholar
• Chalmers , I. 1990 . Underreporting research is scientific misconduct . JAMA , 263 : 1405 – 1408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhry , N. K. , Stelfox , H. T. and Detsky , A. S. 2002 . Relationships between authors of clinical practice guidelines and the pharmaceutical industry . JAMA , 287 : 612 – 617 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , B. M. , Herschel , M. , Miller , E. , Mayberg , H. and Baldessarini , R. J. 1980 . Radioreceptor assay of haloperidol tissue levels in the rat . Neuropharmacology , 19 : 663 – 668 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. 1994 . Neuroleptic drug treatment of schizophrenia: The state of the confusion . Journal of Mind and Behavior , 15 : 139 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. 1997a . “ A critique of the use of neuroleptic drugs in psychiatry ” . In From placebo to panacea: Putting psychiatric drugs to the test , Edited by: Fisher , S. and Greenberg , R.G. 173 – 228 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. 1997b . Psychiatrogenics: Introducing chlorpromazine in psychiatry . Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry , 23 : 206 – 233 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. 2001 . Medication-free minors with schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 158 ( 2 ) : 324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. and McCubbin , M. 1990 . The political economy of tardive dyskinesia: Asymmetries in power and responsibility . Journal of Mind and Behavior , 11 : 455 – 474 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. , McCubbin , M. , Collin , J. and Perodeau , G. 2001 . Medications as social phenomena . Health , 5 : 441 – 469 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deniker , P. 1986 . “ Are the anti-psychotic drugs to be withdrawn? ” . In Biological psychiatry , Edited by: Shagass , C. , Josiassen , R. Bridger , W. 1 – 9 . New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Diamond , R. 1985 . Drugs and the quality of life: The patient's point of view . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 46 : 29 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drug treatments for schizophrenia . 1999 . Effective Health Care , 5 ( 6 ) : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Durst , R. , Teitelbaum , A. , Katz , G. and Knobler , H. Y. 1999 . Withdrawal from clozapine: The “rebound phenomenon.” . Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences , 36 : 122 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dziegielewski , S. F. 1998 . Psychopharmacology and social work practice: Introduction . Research on Social Work Practice , 8 : 371 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekblom , B. , Eriksson , K. and Lindstrom , L. H. 1984 . Supersensitivity psychosis in schizophrenic patients after sudden clozapine withdrawal . Psychopharmacology , 83 : 293 – 294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elwood , M. 1998 . Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , S. and Greenberg , R. P. 1993 . How sound is the double-blind design for evaluating psychotropic drugs? . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 181 : 345 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , S. Greenberg , R. P. 1997 . From placebo to panacea: Putting psychiatric drugs to the test , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Fleming , S. T. 2000 . “ Randomized clinical trials ” . In Managerial epidemiology , Edited by: Fleming , S. T. , Scutchfield , F. D. Tucker , T. C. 97 – 120 . Chicago : Health Administration Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fourrier , A. , Gasquet , I. , Allicar , M. P. , Bouhassira , M. , Lepine , J. P. and Begaud , B. 2000 . Patterns of neuroleptic drug prescription: A national cross-sectional survey of a random sample of French psychiatrists . British Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology , 49 ( 1 ) : 80 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier , J. A. , Giedd , J. N. , Kaysen , D. , Albus , K. Hamburger , S. 1996 . Childhoodonset schizophrenia: Brain MRI rescan after 2 years of clozapine maintenance treatment . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 : 564 – 566 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddes , J. , Freemantle , N. , Harrison , P. and Bebbington , P. 2000 . Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: Systematic overview and meta-regression analysis . British Medical Journal , 32 : 1371 – 1376 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelman , S. 1999 . Medicating schizophrenia: A history , New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gerlach , J. and Larsen , E. B. 1999 . Subjective experience and mental side-effects of antipsychotic treatment . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 395 : 113 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert , P. L. , Harris , M. J. , McAdams , L. A. and Jeste , D. V. 1995 . Neuroleptic withdrawal in schizophrenic patients: A review of the literature . Archives of General Psychiatry , 52 : 173 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomory , T. 1999 . Programs of assertive community treatment (PACT): A critical review . Ethical Human Sciences and Services , 1 : 147 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin , G. M. 1994 . Recurrence of mania after lithium withdrawal: Implications for the use of lithium in the treatment of bipolar affective disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry , 164 : 149 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosden , R. 2001 . Punishing the patient: How psychiatrists misunderstand and mistreat schizophrenia , Melbourne : Scribe .
   Google Scholar
• Gosden , R. and Beder , S. 2001 . Pharmaceutical industry agenda setting in mental health policies . Ethical Human Sciences and Services , 3 : 147 – 159 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gur , R. E. , Maany , V. , Mozley , P. D. , Swanson , C. , Bilker , W. and Gur , R. C. 1998 . Subcortical MRI volumes of neuroleptic-naive and treated patients with schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 155 : 1711 – 1717 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliday , G. M. , Pond , S. M. , Cartwright , H. , McRitchie , D. A. , Castagnoli , N. Jr. and Van der Schyf , C. J. 1999 . Clinical and neuropathological abnormalities in baboons treated with HPTP, the tetrahydropyrine analog of haloperidol . Experimental Neurology , 158 : 155 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison , P. J. 1999 . The neuropathological effects of antipsychotic drugs . Schizophrenia Research , 40 ( 2 ) : 87 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healy , D. February 2002 . Problems with antide-pressants , February , London : Paper presented at the Institute of Psychiatry .
   Google Scholar
• Healy , D. and Farquhar , G. 1998 . Immediate effects of droperidol . Human Psychopharmacology , 13 : 113 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegarty , J. , Baldessarini , R. J. , Tohen , M. , Waternaux , C. and Oepen , G. 1994 . One hundred years of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of the outcome literature . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 1409 – 1416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hensley , S. and Burton , T. M. 2001 . Mind games: Pfizer, Eli Lilly spar for schizophrenia market . The Wall Street Journal , May 8 : B4
   Google Scholar
• Hird , S. 2000 . “ Psychotropic medications ” . In Mental disorders, medications, and clinical social work , Edited by: Austrian , S. G. 272 – 290 . New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hogarty , G. E. and Ulrich , R. F. 1998 . The limitations of antipsychotic medication on schizophrenia relapse and adjustment and the contributions of psychosocial treatment . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 32 : 243 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huston , P. and Moher , D. 1996 . Redundancy, disaggregation, and the integrity of medical research . Lancet , 347 : 1024 – 1026 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwin , P. and Singer , J. 1988 . A guide for clinical studies with potential antipsychotic or antidepressant medications . Clinical Research Practices & Drug Regulatory Affairs , 6 : 293 – 411 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , D. H. and Cohen , D. 1999 . What is really known about psychological alterations produced by psychiatric drugs? . International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine , 12 : 37 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Jauss , M. , Schroder , J. , Pantel , J. , Bachmann , S. , Gerdsen , I. and Mundt , C. 1998 . Severe akathisia during olanzapine treatment of acute schizophrenia . Pharmacopsychiatry , 31 ( 4 ) : 146 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeste , D. V. , Lohr , J. B. , Eastman , J. H. , Rockwell , E. and Caligiuri , M. P. 1999 . Adverse neurobiological effects of long-term use of neuroleptics: Human and animal studies . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 32 : 201 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karagianis , J. L. , Phillips , L. C. , Hogan , K. P. and LeDrew , K. K. 1999 . Clozapine-associated neuroleptic malignant syndrome: Two new cases and a review of the literature . Annals of Pharmacotherapy , 33 : 623 – 630 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keen , E. 1998 . Drugs, therapy, and professional power: Problems and pills , Westport, CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , C. and McCreadie , R. G. 1999 . Smoking habits, current symptoms, and premorbid characteristics of schizophrenic patients in Nithsdale, Scotland . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 1751 – 1757 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendrick , T. 1999 . The newer, 'atypical' antipsychotic drugs: Their development and current therapeutic use . British Journal of General Practice , 49 : 745 – 749 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk , S. A. and Kutchins , H. 1992 . The selling of DSM: The rhetoric of science in psychiatry , Chicago : Aldine .
   Google Scholar
• Kornhuber , J. , Schultz , A. , Wiltfang , J. , Meineke , I. , Gleiter , C. H. Zochling , R. 1999 . Persistence of haloperidol in human brain tissue . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 885 – 890 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koshino , Y. 1999 . Algorithm for treatmentrefractory schizophrenia . Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences , 53 : S9 – S13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberman , R. P. , Van Putten , T. , Marshall , B. D. , Mintz , J. , Bowen , L. Kuehnel , T. G. 1994 . Optimal drug and behavior therapy for treatment-refractory schizophrenic patients . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 756 – 759 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llorca , P. M. , Vaiva , G. and Lancon , C. 2001 . Supersensitivity psychosis in patients with schizophrenia after sudden olanzapine withdrawal . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 46 : 87 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohr , J. B. , Caligiuri , M. P. , Manley , M. S. and Browning , J. A. 2000 . Neuroleptic-induced striatal damage in rats: A study of antioxidant treatment using acceleretromic and immunocytochemical methods . Psychopharmacology , 148 : 171 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , S. E. , Bermanzohn , P. C. and Siris , S. G. 1998 . Clinical trials and tribulations: Implementation processes in schizophrenia research outcome . Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes , 61 : 288 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modestin , J. , Stephan , P. L. , Erni , T. and Umari , T. 2000 . Prevalence of extrapyramidal symptoms in psychiatric patients and the relationship of clozapine treatment to tardivedyskinesia . Schizophrenia Research , 42 : 223 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moncrieff , J. 2001 . Are antidepressants overrated? A review of methodological problems in antidepressant trials . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 189 : 288 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Citizen . July 2001 . The other drug war: Big pharma's 625 Washington lobbyists , July , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Ramaekers , J. G. , Louwerens , J. W. , Muntjewerff , N. D. , Milius , H. , de Bie , A. Rosenzweig , P. 1999 . Psychomotor, cognitive, extrapyramidal, and affective functions of healthy volunteers during treatment with an atypical (amisulpiride) and a classic (haloperidol) antipsychotic . Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology , 19 : 209 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , C. A. and Pam , A. 1995 . Pseudoscience in biological psychiatry: Blaming the body , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Sands , R. G. 2001 . Clinical social work practice in behavioral mental health: A postmodern approach to practice with adults , 2nd ed , Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Schachter , H. M. , Pham , B. , King , J. , Langford , S. and Moher , D. 2001 . How efficacious and safe is short-acting methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in children and adolescents? A meta-analysis . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 165 : 1475 – 1488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatzberg , A. F. , Haddad , P. , Kaplan , E. , Lejoyeux , M. , Rosenbaum , J. F. Young , A. H. 1997 . Serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation syndrome: A hypothetical definition . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 58 ( 7 ) : 5 – 10 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Selemon , L. D. , Lidow , M. S. and Goldman-Rakic , P. S. 1999 . Increased volume and glial density in primate prefrontal cortex associated with chronic antipsychotic drug exposure . Biological Psychiatry , 46 ( 2 ) : 161 – 172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebert , A. 1999 . Brain disease hypothesis of schizophrenia disconfirmed by all evidence . Ethical Human Sciences and Services , 1 : 179 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Silverstein , K. 1999 . Prozac.org: An influential mental health nonprofit finds its “grassroots” watered by pharmaceutical millions . Mother Jones , [Electronic version]. Retrieved February 8, 2002 from www.motherjones.com/mother_jones/ND99/nami.html
   Google Scholar
• Smith , E. B. 1989 . Effect of investigator bias in clinical trials . Archives of Dermatology , 125 : 216 – 218 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spivak , M. and Smart , M. 2000 . Tardive dyskinesia from low-dose risperidone . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 45 : 202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanfield , S. C. and Privette , T. 2000 . Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with olanzapine therapy: A case report . Journal of Emergency Medicine , 19 : 355 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suppes , T. , Baldessarini , R. J , Faedda , G. L. , Tondo , L. and Tohen , M. 1993 . Discontinuation of maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder: Risks and implications . Harvard Review of Psychiatry , 1 ( 3 ) : 131 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thapa , P. B. , Meador , K. G. , Gideon , P. , Fought , R. L. and Ray , W. A. 1994 . Effects of antipsychotic drug withdrawal in elderly nursing home residents . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 42 : 280 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The tightening grip of big pharma [Editorial] . 2001 . The Lancet , 357 : 1141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornley , B. and Adams , C. 1998 . Content and quality of 2000 controlled trials in schizophrenia over 50 years . British Medical Journal , 317 : 1181 – 1184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmerman , L. 1999 . FDA headache: Balancing safety and drug approval . The Seattle Times , February 19 [Electronic version]. Retrieved February 19, 2002 from http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com [Keyword: Food and Drug Administration]
   Google Scholar
• Tognoni , G. 1999 . Pharmacoepidemiology of psychotropic drugs in patients with severe mental disorders in Italy . European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , 55 : 685 – 690 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tollefson , G. D. , Dellva , M. A. , Mattler , C. A. , Kane , J. M. , Wirshing , D. A. and Kinon , B. J. 1999 . Controlled, double-blind investigation of the clozapine discontinuation symptoms with conversion to either olanzapine or placebo . Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology , 19 : 435 – 443 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tranter , R. and Healy , D. 1998 . Neuroleptic discontinuation syndromes . Journal of Psychopharmacology , 12 : 401 – 406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenstein , E. S. 1998 . Blaming the brain: The truth about drugs and mental health , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vergano , D. 2001 . Drug companies send unfavorable research to the nether regions . USA Today , May 17 : D8
   Google Scholar
• Wahlbeck , K. , Cheine , M. , Essali , A. and Adams , C. 1999 . Evidence of clozapine's effectiveness in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 990 – 999 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace , M. 1994 . Schizophrenia—A national emergency: Preliminary observations on SANELINE . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, , 89 ( 380 ) : 33 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker , R. 2001 . Mad in America: Bad science, bad medicine, and the enduring mistreatment of the mentally ill , Cambridge, MA : Perseus .
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , M. , Mattia , J. I. and Posternak , M. A. 2002 . Are subjects in pharmacological treatment trials of depression representative of patients in routine clinical practice? . American Journal of Psychiatry , 159 : 469 – 473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zumbrunnen , T. L. and Jann , M. W. 1998 . Drug interactions with antipsychotic agents: Incidence and therapeutic implications . CNS Drugs , 9 : 381 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar