The evolution of innovation networks: the case of a publicly funded German automotive network

References

• Araujo, L., and D. Harrison. 2002. “Path Dependence, Agency and Technological Evolution.” Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 14 (1): 5–19. doi: 10.1080/09537320220125856
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora, A., A. Gambardella, and E. Rullani. 1997. “Division of Labour and the Locus of Inventive Activity.” Journal of Management and Governance 1 (1): 123–140. doi: 10.1023/A:1009993430964
   Google Scholar
• Arrow, K. J. 1973. “Information and Economic Behavior.” In Collected Papers of Kenneth J. Arrow, Vol. 4, edited by K. J. Arrow, 136–152. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.
   Google Scholar
• Audretsch, D. B., and M. P. Feldman. 1996. “Innovative Clusters and the Industry Life Cycle.” Review of Industrial Organization 11 (2): 253–273. doi: 10.1007/BF00157670
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, C. Y., and K. B. Clark. 2000. Design Rules: The Power of Modularity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Balland, P. A. 2012. “Proximity and the Evolution of Collaboration Networks: Evidence from Research and Development Projects within the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Industry.” Regional Studies 46 (6): 741–756. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2010.529121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balland, P. A., M. De Vaan, and R. Boschma. 2012. “The Dynamics of Interfirm Networks along the Industry Life Cycle: The Case of the Global Video Game Industry, 1987–2007.” Journal of Economic Geography 13 (5): 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Barabasi, A. L., and R. Albert. 2002. “Statistical Mechanics of Complex Networks.” Reviews of Modern Physics 74 (1): 47–97. doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.74.47
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum, J. A. C., A. V. Shipilov, and T. J. Rowley. 2003. “Where do Small Worlds Come from?” Industrial and Corporate Change 12 (4): 697–725. doi: 10.1093/icc/12.4.697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benner, M., and J. Waldfogel. 2008. “Close to You? Bias and Precision in Patent-Based Measures of Technological Proximity.” Research Policy 37 (9): 1556–1567. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2008.05.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianconi, G., and A. L. Barabási. 2001. “Competition and Multiscaling in Evolving Networks.” Europhysics Letters 54 (4): 436–442. doi: 10.1209/epl/i2001-00260-6
   Google Scholar
• BMBF. 2008. “Merkblatt für Antragsteller/Zuwendungsempfänger zur Zusammenarbeit der Partner von Verbundprojekten.” Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF-Vordruck 0110/10.08.
   Google Scholar
• Boschma, R. 2005. “Proximity and Innovation: A Critical Assessment.” Regional Studies 39 (1): 61–74. doi: 10.1080/0034340052000320887
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broekel, T., and H. Graf. 2010. “Structural Properties of Cooperation Networks in Germany: From Basic to Applied Research.” Jena Economic Research/Discussion Papers, No. 2010, 78.
   Google Scholar
• Brusoni, S., and A. Prencipe. 2001. “Unpacking the Black Box of Modularity: Technologies, Products and Organizations.” Industrial and Corporate Change 10 (1): 179–205. doi: 10.1093/icc/10.1.179
   Google Scholar
• Buchmann, T., and A. Pyka. 2012a. “Innovation Networks.” In Economics and Theory of the Firm, edited by M. Dietrich and J. Krafft, 466–484. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Buchmann, T., and A. Pyka. 2012b. “Netzwerkindikatoren zur Bewertung der innovativen Leistungsfähigkeit.” Zeitschrift für Controlling und Management 56 (Sonderheft 1): 22–28.
   Google Scholar
• Buskens, V., and W. Raub. 2002. “Embedded Trust: Control and Learning.” In Group Cohesion, Trust and Solidarity, edited by E. Lawler and S. Thye, 167–202. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, W. M., and D. A. Levinthal. 1989. “Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R&D.” The Economic Journal 99 (397): 569–596. doi: 10.2307/2233763
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, W. M., and D. A. Levinthal. 1990. “Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation.” Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (1): 128–152. doi: 10.2307/2393553
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo, M. G. 2003. “Alliance Form: A Test of the Contractual and Competence Perspectives.” Strategic Management Journal 24 (12): 1209–1229. doi: 10.1002/smj.353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan, R., and N. Jonard. 2003. “The Dynamics of Collective Invention.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 52 (4): 513–532. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2681(03)00091-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czarnitzki, D., T. Doherr, A. Fier, G. Licht, and C. Rammer. 2003. “Öffentliche Förderung der Forschungs- und Innovationsaktivitäten von Unternehmen in Deutschland.” Studien zum deutschen Innovationssystem Nr. 17–2003, Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW).
   Google Scholar
• Czarnitzki, D., B. Ebersberger, and A. Fier. 2007. “The Relationship Between R&D Collaboration, Subsidies, and R&D Performance.” Journal of Applied Econometrics 22 (7): 1347–1366. doi: 10.1002/jae.992
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, T. K., and B. S. Teng. 2000. “A Resource-Based Theory of Strategic Alliances.” Journal of Management 26 (1): 31–61. doi: 10.1016/S0149-2063(99)00037-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J. A. 1970. “Clustering and Hierarchy in Interpersonal Relations: Testing Two Graph Theoretical Models on 742 Sociomatrices.” American Sociological Review 35 (5): 843–851. doi: 10.2307/2093295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, G. F., M. Yoo, and W. E. Baker. 2003. “The Small World of the American Corporate Elite, 1982–2001.” Strategic Organization 1 (3): 301–326. doi: 10.1177/14761270030013002
   Google Scholar
• Dilk, C., R. Gleich, A. Wald, and J. Motwani. 2008. “Innovation Networks in the Automotive Industry: An Empirical Study in Germany.” International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management 8 (3) 317–330. doi: 10.1504/IJATM.2008.020215
   Google Scholar
• Dorogovtsev, S. N., J. F. F. Mendes, and A. N. Samukhin. 2000. “Structure of Growing Networks with Preferential Linking.” Physical Review Letters 85 (21): 4633–4636. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.4633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliasson, G. 1991. “Modeling the Experimentally Organized Economy: Complex Dynamics in an Empirical Micro-Macro Model of Endogenous Economic Growth.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 16 (1): 153–182. doi: 10.1016/0167-2681(91)90047-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ethiraj, S. K., and D. Levinthal. 2004. “Modularity and Innovation in Complex Systems.” Management Science 50 (2): 159–173. doi: 10.1287/mnsc.1030.0145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming, L., C. King, and A. I. Juda. 2007. “Small Worlds and Regional Innovation.” Organization Science 18 (6): 938–954. doi: 10.1287/orsc.1070.0289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming, L., and O. Sorenson. 2001. “Technology as a Complex Adaptive System: Evidence from Patent Data.” Research Policy 30 (7): 1019–1039. doi: 10.1016/S0048-7333(00)00135-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornahl, D., T. Broekel, and R. Boschma. 2011. “What Drives Patent Performance of German Biotech Firms? The Impact of R&D Subsidies, Knowledge Networks and their Location.” Papers in Regional Science 90 (2): 395–418. doi: 10.1111/j.1435-5957.2011.00361.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geroski, P. 1995. “Markets for Technology: Knowledge, Innovation and Appropriability.” In Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change, edited by P. Stoneman, 90–131. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Giuliani, E. 2010. “Network Dynamics in Regional Clusters: The Perspective of an Emerging Economy.” Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography (PEEG), No. 1014, working paper, Utrecht University.
   Google Scholar
• Glückler, J. 2007. “Economic Geography and the Evolution of Networks.” Journal of Economic Geography 7 (5): 619–634. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbm023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, R. M. 1996. “Toward a Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm.” Strategic Management Journal 17 (Winter Special Issue): 109–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulati, R. 1995. “Does Familiarity Breed Trust? The Implications of Repeated Ties for Contractual Choice in Alliances.” Academy of Management Journal 38 (1): 85–112. doi: 10.2307/256729
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulati, R., and M. Gargiulo. 1999. “Where Do Interorganizational Networks Come From?” American Journal of Sociology 104 (5): 1398–1438. doi: 10.1086/210179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiner, R. A. 1983. “The Origin of Predictable Behavior.” The American Economic Review 73 (4): 560–595.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hite, J. 2008. “The Evolution of Strategic Dyadic Network Ties: Strategically Navigating Bounded Agency within Multidimensional and Dynamic Dyadic Relationships.” In Network Strategy: Advances in Strategic Management, edited by J. A. C. Baum and T. J. Rowley, 133–170. Bingley: JAI/Emerald Group.
   Google Scholar
• Hoekman, J., K. Frenken, and F. Van Oort. 2009. “The Geography of Collaborative Knowledge Production in Europe.” The Annals of Regional Science 43 (3): 721–738. doi: 10.1007/s00168-008-0252-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland, P. W., and S. Leinhardt. 1971. “Transitivity in Structural Models of Small Groups.” Comparative Group Studies 2 (2): 107–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howells, J. R. L. 2002. “Tacit Knowledge, Innovation and Economic Geography.” Urban Studies 39 (5–6): 871–884. doi: 10.1080/00420980220128354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huggins, R. 1997. “Competitiveness and the Global Region: The Role of Networking.” In Innovation, Networks, and Learning Regions?, edited by J. Simmie, 97–119. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, M. O., and A. Watts. 2002. “The Evolution of Social and Economic Networks.” Journal of Economic Theory 106 (2): 265–295. doi: 10.1006/jeth.2001.2903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kale, P., J. H. Dyer, and H. Singh. 2002. “Alliance Capability, Stock Market Response, and Long-Term Alliance Success: The Role of the Alliance Function.” Strategic Management Journal 23 (8): 747–767. doi: 10.1002/smj.248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, F. H. 1921. Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Boston, MA: Hart, Schaffner & Marx.
   Google Scholar
• Knoben, J., and L. A. G. Oerlemans. 2006. “Proximity and Inter-Organizational Collaboration: A Literature Review.” International Journal of Management Reviews 8 (2): 71–89. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2370.2006.00121.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudic, M., A. Pyka, and J. Günther. 2012. “Determinants of Evolutionary Change Processes in Innovation Networks: Empirical Evidence from the German Laser Industry.” IWH-Diskussionspapiere, No. 2012, 7, IWH.
   Google Scholar
• Lane, P. J., and M. Lubatkin. 1998. “Relative Absorptive Capacity and Interorganizational Learning.” Strategic Management Journal 19 (5): 461–477. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199805)19:5<461::AID-SMJ953>3.0.CO;2-L
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leamer, E. E., and M. Storper. 2001. “The Economic Geography of the Internet Age.” NBER Working Paper, No. 8450, NBER.
   Google Scholar
• Makadok, R. 2001. “Toward a Synthesis of the Resource-Based and Dynamic-Capability Views of Rent Creation.” Strategic Management Journal 22 (5): 387–401. doi: 10.1002/smj.158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, A. 1920. Principles of Economics: An Introductory Volume. 8th ed. London: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• McPherson, M., L. Smith-Lovin, and J. M. Cook. 2001. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology 27: 415–444. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, M. E. J. 2001. “The Structure of Scientific Collaboration Networks.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 (2): 404–409. doi: 10.1073/pnas.98.2.404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, W. W., K. W. Koput, and L. Smith-Doerr. 1996. “Interorganizational Collaboration and the Locus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology.” Administrative Science Quarterly 41 (1): 116–145. doi: 10.2307/2393988
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyka, A. 2000. “Informal Networks and Industry Life Cycles.” Technovation 20 (1): 25–35. doi: 10.1016/S0166-4972(99)00083-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyka, A. 2002. “Innovation Networks in Economics: From the Incentive-Based to the Knowledge-Based Approaches.” European Journal of Innovation Management 5 (3): 152–163. doi: 10.1108/14601060210436727
   Google Scholar
• Pyka, A., N. Gilbert, and P. Ahrweiler. 2007. “Simulating Knowledge-Generation and Distribution Processes in Innovation Collaborations and Networks.” Cybernetics and Systems: An International Journal 38 (7): 667–693. doi: 10.1080/01969720701534059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyka, A., N. Gilbert, and P. Ahrweiler. 2009. “Agent-Based Modelling of Innovation Networks – The Fairytale of Spillovers.” In Innovation Networks: New Approaches in Modelling and Analyzing, edited by A. Pyka and A. Scharnhorst, 101–126. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Reagans, R., and B. McEvily. 2003. “Network Structure and Knowledge Transfer: The Effects of Cohesion and Range.” Administrative Science Quarterly 48 (2): 240–267. doi: 10.2307/3556658
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripley, R. M., T. A. Snijders, and P. Preciado. 2010. “Manual for SIENA Version 4.0.” Department of Statistics & Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez, R., and J. T. Mahoney. 1996. “Modularity, Flexibility, and Knowledge Management in Product and Organization Design.” Strategic Management Journal 17 (Winter Special Issue): 63–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saviotti, P. 2009. “Knowledge Networks: Structure and Dynamics.” In Innovation Networks: Understanding Complex Systems, edited by A. Pyka and A. Scharnhorst, 19–41. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Schilling, M. A. 2000. “Toward a General Modular Systems Theory and its Application to Interfirm Product Modularity.” Academy of Management Review 25 (2): 312–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schön, B., and A. Pyka. 2012. “A Taxonomy of Innovation Networks.” FZID discussion papers, No. 42–2012, University of Hohenheim.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, A. J. 1996. “Regional Motors of the Global Economy.” Futures 28 (5): 391–411. doi: 10.1016/0016-3287(96)00016-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, H. A. 1962. “The Architecture of Complexity.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 106 (6): 467–482.
   Google Scholar
• Skvoretz, J., and D. Willer. 1991. “Power in Exchange Networks: Setting and Structural Variations.” Social Psychology Quarterly 54 (3): 224–238. doi: 10.2307/2786652
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snijders, T. A. B. 1996. “Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models for Network Change.” Journal of Mathematical Sociology 21 (1–2): 149–172. doi: 10.1080/0022250X.1996.9990178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snijders, T. A. B. 2001. “The Statistical Evaluation of Social Network Dynamics.” Sociological Methodology 31 (1): 361–395. doi: 10.1111/0081-1750.00099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snijders, T. A. B. 2005. “Models for Longitudinal Network Data.” In Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis, edited by P. J. Carrington, J. Scott, and S. Wasserman, 215–247. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Snijders, T. A. B., G. G. Van de Bunt, and C. E. G. Steglich. 2010. “Introduction to Stochastic Actor-Based Models for Network Dynamics.” Social Networks 32 (1): 44–60. doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2009.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staiger, T. J., and R. Gleich. 2006. “Innovationsnetzwerke in der Automobilindustrie – eine empirische Bestandsaufnahme.” Performance Excellence – Zeitschrift für Controlling und Innovationsmanagement (ZfCI) 1 (3): 34–39.
   Google Scholar
• Steglich, C., T. A. B. Snijders, and P. West. 2006. “Applying SIENA: An Illustrative Analysis of the Coevolution of Adolescents’ Friendship Networks, Taste in Music, and Alcohol Consumption.” Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences 2 (1): 48–56.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens, C. 1996. “The Knowledge-Driven Economy.” OECD Observer 200 (1): 6–10.
   Google Scholar
• Stokman, F. N., and P. Doreian. 1997. “Evolution of Social Networks: Processes and Principles.” In Evolution of Social Networks, edited by P. Doreian and F. N. Stokman, 233–250. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Takeishi, A. 2002. “Knowledge Partitioning in the Interfirm Division of Labor: The Case of Automotive Product Development.” Organization Science 13 (3): 321–338. doi: 10.1287/orsc.13.3.321.2779
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teece, D. J. 1992. “Competition, Cooperation, and Innovation: Organizational Arrangements for Regimes of Rapid Technological Progress.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 18 (1): 1–25. doi: 10.1016/0167-2681(92)90050-L
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ter Wal, A. L. J. 2009. The Spatial Dynamics of the Inventor Network in German Biotechnology. Geographical Proximity Versus Triadic Closure. Utrecht: Department of Economic Geography.
   Google Scholar
• Ter Wal, A. L. J., and R. A. Boschma. 2009. “Applying Social Network Analysis in Economic Geography: Framing Some Key Analytic Issues.” The Annals of Regional Science 43 (3): 739–756. doi: 10.1007/s00168-008-0258-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang, E. W. K. 2000. “Transaction Cost and Resource-Based Explanations of Joint Ventures: A Comparison and Synthesis.” Organization Studies 21 (1): 215–242. doi: 10.1177/0170840600211004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utterback, J. M. 1995. “Dominant Designs and the Survival of Firms.” Strategic Management Journal 16 (6): 415–430. doi: 10.1002/smj.4250160602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uzzi, B. 1997. “Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness.” Administrative Science Quarterly 42 (1): 35–67. doi: 10.2307/2393808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uzzi, B., and J. Spiro. 2005. “Collaboration and Creativity: The Small World Problem.” American Journal of Sociology 111 (2): 447–504. doi: 10.1086/432782
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Bunt, G. G., and P. Groenewegen. 2007. “An Actor-Oriented Dynamic Network Approach.” Organizational Research Methods 10 (3): 463–482. doi: 10.1177/1094428107300203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, G., B. Kogut, and W. Shan. 1997. “Social Capital, Structural Holes and the Formation of an Industry Network.” Organization Science 8 (2): 109–125. doi: 10.1287/orsc.8.2.109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman, S., and K. Faust. 1994. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Watts, D. J., and S. H. Strogatz. 1998. “Collective Dynamics of ‘Small-World’ Networks.” Nature 393: 440–442. doi: 10.1038/30918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weterings, A. B. R. 2006. “Do Firms Benefit from Spatial Proximity? Testing the Relation Between Spatial Proximity and the Performance of Small Software Firms in the Netherlands”, Dissertation, Utrecht University.
   Google Scholar
• Winter, S. G. 1988. “On Coase, Competence, and the Corporation.” Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 4 (1): 163–180.
   Google Scholar
• Wyman, Oliver. 2012. FAST 2025 – Future Automotive Industry Structure. München.
   Google Scholar
• Yayavaram, S., and G. Ahuja. 2008. “Decomposability in Knowledge Structures and its Impact on the Usefulness of Inventions and Knowledge-Base Malleability.” Administrative Science Quarterly 53 (2): 333–362. doi: 10.2189/asqu.53.2.333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaheer, A., and G. G. Bell. 2005. “Benefiting from Network Position: Firm Capabilities, Structural Holes, and Performance.” Strategic Management Journal 26 (9): 809–825. doi: 10.1002/smj.482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeller, C. 2004. “North Atlantic Innovative Relations of Swiss Pharmaceuticals and the Proximities with Regional Biotech Arenas.” Economic Geography 80 (1): 83–111. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2004.tb00230.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar