Publication Cover
Policing and Society
An International Journal of Research and Policy
Volume 29, 2019 - Issue 7
646
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

What came first: the police or the incident? Bidirectional relationships between police actions and police incidents

&
Pages 783-801 | Received 25 May 2017, Accepted 12 Nov 2017, Published online: 30 Nov 2017

References

  • Andresen, M.A. and Lau, K.C., 2014. An evaluation of police foot patrol in Lower Lonsdale, British Columbia. Police practice and research, 15, 476–489. doi: 10.1080/15614263.2013.805870
  • Berkley, B.J. and Thayer, J.R., 2000. Policing entertainment districts. Policing: an international journal of police strategies & management, 23, 466–491. doi: 10.1108/13639510010355468
  • Boggess, L.N. and Maskaly, J., 2014. The spatial context of the disorder-crime relationship in a study of Reno neighborhoods. Social science research, 43, 168–183. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.10.002
  • Bowers, W.J. and Hirsch, J.H., 1987. The impact of foot patrol staffing on crime and disorder in Boston: an unmet promise. American journal of police, 6, 17–44.
  • Braga, A.A. and Bond, B.J., 2008. Policing crime and disorder hot spots: a randomized controlled trial. Criminology, 46, 577–607. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2008.00124.x
  • Braga, A.A., et al., 1999. Problem-orientated policing in violent crime places: a randomized controlled experiment. Criminology, 37, 541–580. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00496.x
  • Carr, A.F., Schnelle, J.F., and Kirchner Jr, R.E., 1980. Police crackdowns and slowdowns: a naturalistic evaluation of changes in police traffic enforcement. Behavioral assessment, 2, 33–41.
  • Cohen, L.E. and Felson, M., 1979. Social change and crime rate trends: a routine activity approach. American sociological review, 44, 588–608. doi: 10.2307/2094589
  • Decker, S.H. and Kohfeld, C.W., 1985. Crimes, crime rates, arrests, and arrest ratios: implications for deterrence theory. Criminology, 23, 437–450. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00349.x
  • Esbensen, F.-A., 1987. Foot patrols: of what value?. American journal of police, 6, 45–65.
  • Felson, M., 1995. Those who discourage crime. Crime and place, 4, 53–66.
  • Garrett, T.A. and Ott, L.S., 2011. Crime and arrests: deterrence or resource reallocation? Applied economics letters, 18, 1171–1175. doi: 10.1080/13504851.2010.528354
  • Groff, E.R., et al., 2015. Does what police do at hot spots matter? The Philadelphia policing tactics experiment. Criminology, 53, 23–53. doi: 10.1111/1745-9125.12055
  • Higgins, G.E., Wilson, A.L., and Fell, B.D., 2005. An application of deterrence theory to software piracy. Journal of criminal justice and popular culture, 12, 166–184.
  • Hipp, J.R., 2007. Block, tract, and levels of aggregation: neighborhood structure and crime and disorder as a case in point. American sociological review, 72, 659–680. doi: 10.1177/000312240707200501
  • Jacob, H. and Rich, M.J., 1980. The effects of the police on crime: a second look. Law and society review, 15, 109–122. doi: 10.2307/3053224
  • Jones, B. and Tilley, N., 2004. The impact of high visibility patrols on personal robbery. London: Home Office.
  • Kelling, G.L., et al., 1974. The Kansas City preventative patrol experiment: a summary report. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
  • Kubrin, C.E., et al., 2010. Proactive policing and robbery rates across U.S. cities. Criminology, 48, 57–97. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00180.x
  • Kurtz, E.M., Koons, B.A., and Taylor, R.B., 1998. Land use, physical deterioration, resident-based control, and calls for service on urban streetblocks. Justice quarterly, 15, 121–149. doi: 10.1080/07418829800093661
  • McGarrell, E.F., et al., 2001. Reducing firearms violence through directed police patrol. Criminology & public policy, 1, 119–148. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9133.2001.tb00079.x
  • Nagin, D.S., 2013. Deterrence: a review of the evidence by a criminologist for economists. Annual review of economics, 5, 83–105. doi: 10.1146/annurev-economics-072412-131310
  • Nagin, D.S. and Pogarsky, G., 2003. An experimental investigation of deterrence: cheating, self-serving bias, and impulsivity. Criminology, 41, 167–194. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00985.x
  • Paternoster, R., 2010. How much do we really know about criminal deterrence? The journal of criminal law & criminology, 100, 765–824.
  • Piza, E.L. and O’Hara, B.A., 2014. Saturation foot-patrol in a high-violence area: a quasi-experimental evaluation. Justice quarterly, 31, 693–718. doi: 10.1080/07418825.2012.668923
  • Pogarsky, G. and Piquero, A.R., 2004. Studying the reach of deterrence: can deterrence theory help explain police misconduct?. Journal of criminal justice, 32, 371–386. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.04.007
  • Police Foundation, 1981. The Newark foot patrol experiment. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
  • Ratcliffe, J.H., et al., 2011. The Philadelphia foot patrol experiment: a randomized controlled trial of police patrol effectiveness in violent crime hotspots. Criminology, 49, 795–831. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00240.x
  • Reynald, D.M., 2010. Guardians on guardianship: factors affecting the willingness to supervise, the ability to detect potential offenders, and the willingness to intervene. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 47, 358–390. doi: 10.1177/0022427810365904
  • Sampson, R.J. and Cohen, J., 1988. Deterrent effects of the police on crime: a replication and theoretical extension. Law & society review, 22, 163–190. doi: 10.2307/3053565
  • Santa Monica Police Department, 2015. Biennial review 2013 & 2014 [online]. Available from: http://www.santamonicapd.org.
  • Sherman, L.W., 1990. Police crackdowns: initial and residual deterrence. Crime and justice, 12, 1–48. doi: 10.1086/449163
  • Sherman, L.W. and Weisburd, D., 1995. General deterrent effects of police patrol in crime ‘hot spots’: a randomized controlled trial. Justice quarterly, 12, 625–648. doi: 10.1080/07418829500096221
  • Taylor, B., Koper, C.S., and Woods, D.J., 2011. A randomized controlled trial of different policing strategies at hot spots of violent crime. Journal of experimental criminology, 7, 149–181. doi: 10.1007/s11292-010-9120-6
  • US Census Bureau, 2015. State & county quickfacts: Santa Monica, California [online]. Available from: http://quickfacts.census.gov/ [Accessed 21 October 2015].
  • Wallace, D., Hedberg, E.C., and Katz, C.M., 2012. The impact of foreclosures on neighborhood disorder before and during the housing crisis: testing the spiral of decay. Social science quarterly, 93, 625–647. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00886.x
  • Weisburd, D., et al., 2016. Do stop, question, and frisk practices deter crime? Evidence at microunits of space and time. Criminology & public policy, 15, 31–56. doi: 10.1111/1745-9133.12172
  • Wilson, J.Q. and Boland, B., 1978. The effect of the police on crime. Law & society review, 12, 367–390. doi: 10.2307/3053285
  • Wood, J., et al., 2014. Cops as treatment providers: realities and ironies of police work in a foot patrol experiment. Policing and society, 24, 362–379. doi: 10.1080/10439463.2013.784292
  • Wooditch, A. and Weisburd, D., 2016. Using space-time analysis to evaluate criminal justice programs: an application to stop-question-frisk practices. Journal of quantitative criminology, 32, 191–213. doi: 10.1007/s10940-015-9259-4
  • Wu, X. and Lum, C., 2016. Measuring the spatial and temporal patterns of police proactivity. Journal of quantitative criminology. doi: 10.1007/s10940-016-9318-5

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.