Publication Cover
Policing and Society
An International Journal of Research and Policy
Volume 31, 2021 - Issue 9
572
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Community policing’s extended military history: Brazilian pacification from the Global Cold War to the Global War on Terror

&
Pages 1017-1035 | Received 08 May 2019, Accepted 15 May 2020, Published online: 02 Jun 2020

References

  • Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (ACCD), 1968. Advisory commission on civil disorders, report. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
  • Arias, E.D., and Goldstein, D.M., 2010. Violent democracies in Latin America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Ascione, G., and Chambers, I., 2016. Global historical sociology: theoretical and methodological issues – an introduction. Cultural sociology, 10 (3), 301–316. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1749975516639086
  • Barber, W.F., and Ronning, C.N., 1966. Internal security and military power: counterinsurgency and civic action in Latin America. Ohio, CL: Ohio State University Press.
  • Beer, J.G., and Reese, T.L., 2014. Fostering nation-state stability resilience through stability policing best management practices. In: V. Stingo, M.J. Dziedzic, and B. Barbu, ed. Stability policing; a tool to project stability. Norfolk, VA: NATO, Allied Command Transformation, 159–184.
  • Bonner, M.D., et al., 2018. Introduction. In: M.D. Bonner, M. Kempa, M.R. Kubal, and G. Seri, ed. Police abuse in contemporary democracies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1–30.
  • Caldeira, T.C., 2002. The paradox of police violence in democratic Brazil. Ethnography, 3 (3), 235–263. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/146613802401092742
  • Canadian International Development Agency, 2005. Police - United Nations stabilization mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) - phase II, 27 October 2005. https://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/police-united-nations-stabilization-mission-haiti-minustah-phase-ii.
  • Centeno, M.A., 2002. Blood and debt: war and the nation-state in Latin America. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
  • Center for Research on Criminal Justice (CRCJ), 1977. The iron fist and the velvet glove. an analysis of the U.S. police. Berkeley, CA: CRCJ.
  • César Fernandes, R., 2018. Respect and honor for Haiti. In: E. Passarelli Hamann, and C.A. Ramires Teixeira, ed. Brazil’s participation in MINUSTAH (2004–2017): perceptions, lessons and practices for future missions. Rio de Janeiro: Igarapé Institute, 112–117.
  • Chiavenato, J.J., 1990. Cangaçao. a força do coronel. São Paulo: Editora Brasiliense.
  • Cockayne, J., 2014. The futility of force? strategic lessons for dealing with unconventional armed groups from the UN’s war on Haiti’s gangs. Journal of strategic studies, 37 (5), 736–769. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2014.901911
  • Colby, W., 1971. Title IX and Vietnam. 0440325002, William Colby Collection. Lubbock, TX: The Vietnam Center and Sam Johnson Vietnam Archive, Texas Tech University.
  • Dammert, L., and Malone, M.F.T., 2006. Does it take a village? Policing strategies and fear of crime in Latin America. Latin American politics & society, 48 (4), 27–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2006.tb00364.x
  • Davis, R., Henderson, N., and Merrick, C., 2003. Community policing: variations on the western model in the developing world. Police practice and research, 4 (3), 285–300. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1561426032000113870
  • Davis, S.H., 1977. Victims of the miracle: development and the Indians of Brazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • de Azevedo, C.V. 2016. Criminal insurgency in Brazil. the case of Rio de Janeiro: context, confrontation, issues and implications for Brazilian public security. Small wars journal, http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/criminal-insurgency-in-brazil#Nota_23.
  • Denyer Willis, G., and Mota Prado, M., 2014. Process and pattern in institutional reforms: a case study of the police pacifying units (UPPs) in Brazil. World development, 64, 232–242. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.06.006
  • Diacon, T., 1995. Bringing the countryside back in: a case study of military interventions as state building in the Brazilian republic. Journal of Latin American studies, 27, 569–592. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X00011615
  • Donais, T., 2010. Reforming the Haitian national police: from stabilization to consolidation. In: J. Heine, and A.S. Thompson, ed. Fixing Haiti: MINUSTAH and beyond. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 97–114.
  • Donais, T., and Burt, G., 2015. Peace-building in Haiti: the case for vertical integration. Conflict, security & development, 15 (1), 1–22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2015.1008217
  • Dorn, W.A., 2009. Intelligence-led peacekeeping: the United Nations stabilization mission in Haiti (MINSUTAH), 2006-2007. Intelligence and national security, 24 (6), 805–835. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02684520903320410
  • Escoto, R., 2016. Guerra irregular: a brigada de infantaria paraquedista do exército brasileiro na pacificação de favelas do Rio de Janeiro. Military review (Brazilian edition) Janeiro-Fevereiro, 3–16.
  • Frühling, H., 2004. Justicia en la calle: estudios sobre policía comunitaria en América Latina. Washington, DC: Interamerican Development Bank.
  • Frühling, H., 2007. The impact of international models of policing in Latin America: the case of community policing. Police practice and research, 8 (2), 125–144. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15614260701377638
  • Frühling, H., 2012. A realistic look at Latin American community policing programmes. Policing and society, 22 (1), 76–88. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2011.636816
  • Gelot, L., 2020. Deradicalization as soft counter-insurgency: distorted interactions between Somali traditional authorities and intervening organizations. Journal of intervention and statebuilding, 14 (2), 253–270. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2020.1734390
  • Gill, L., 2004. The school of the Americas: military training and political violence in the Americas. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Go, J., and Lawson, G., 2017. Introduction: for a global historical sociology. In: J. Go, and G. Lawson, eds. Global historical sociology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–34.
  • Guimãres, P.F., 2015. Assistindo a população, combatendo o comunismo: as ações cívico-sociais no contexto da ditadura militar brasileira. XXVIII Simpósio nacional de historia, 27–31. http://www.snh2015.anpuh.org/resources/anais/39/1434415319_ARQUIVO_TextoANPUH2015.ACISO.pdf.
  • Harig, C., 2019. Re-importing the ‘robust turn’ in UN peacekeeping: internal public security missions of Brazil’s military. International peacekeeping, 26 (2), 137–164. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2018.1554442
  • Hendee, T.A., 2013. The health of pacification: a review of the pacifying police unit program in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Stanford, CA: Center for Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law Stanford University.
  • Hodge, N., 2011. Armed humanitarians: the rise of the nation builders. New York: Bloomsbury.
  • Hönke, J., and Müller, M.-M., 2016. The global making of policing. In: J. Hönke, and M.-M. Müller, eds. The global making of policing: postcolonial perspectives. London: Routledge, 1–20.
  • Huggins, M.K., 1998. Political policing. the United States and Latin America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Huggins, M.K., 2000. Urban violence and police privatization in Brazil: blended invisibility. Social justice, 27 (2), 113–134.
  • Hunter, W., 2000. Assessing civil-military relations in postauthoritarian Brazil. In: P.R.T. Kingstone, and T.J. Power, eds. Democratic Brazil, actors, institutions and processes. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 101–125.
  • Husain, S. 2007. In war those who die are not innocent: human rights implementation, policing, and public security reform in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Dissertation, University of Utrecht.
  • Jones, D.M., and Smith, M.L.R., 2015. The political impossibility of modern counterinsurgency: strategic problems, puzzles, and paradoxes. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Journal of international affairs, 2012. Rio de Janeiro: a local response to a global challenge. an interview with Col. Robson Rodrigues da Silva, 66 (1), 177–181.
  • Kienscherf, M., 2017. A struggle for control and influence: western counterinsurgency and the problematic of autonomy. In: L.W. Moe, and M.-M. Müller, eds. Reconfiguring intervention: complexity, resilience and the ‘local turn’ in counterinsurgent warfare. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 29–50.
  • Kienscherf, M., 2019. Race, class and persistent coloniality: US policing as liberal pacification. Capital & class, 43 (3), 417–436. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309816818815246
  • Kilcullen, D., 2006. The accidental guerrilla: fighting small wars in the midst of a big one. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kilcullen, D., 2013. Out of the mountains: the coming age of the urban guerrilla. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kuzmarov, J., 2012. Modernizing repression: police training and nation-building in the American century. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
  • Lansdale, E.G. 1962. Lessons learned: the Philippines, 1946–1953. Washington, DC: Foreign Service Institute.
  • Lansdale, E.G. 1970. Oral history interview. John. F. Kennedy presidential library, Boston, MA, oral history collection, JFKOH-EL-01.
  • Lansdale, E.G. 1972. In the midst of wars. an American’s mission to Southeast Asia. Fordham, NY: Fordham University Press.
  • Lawrence, M.A., 2008. The Vietnam war. a concise international history. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Leeds, E., 1996. Cocaine and parallel polities in the Brazilian urban periphery: constraints on local-level democratization. Latin American research review, 31 (3), 47–83.
  • Leeds, E., 2007. Rio de Janeiro. In: K. Kooning, and D. Kruijt, eds. Fractured cities. social exclusion & contested spaces in Latin America. London: Zed Books, 23–35.
  • Light, J.S., 2003. From welfare to warfare. defense intellectuals and urban problems in cold war America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Magaloni, B., Franco, E., and Melo, V., 2015. Killing in the slums. an impact evaluation of police reform in Rio de Janeiro. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law.
  • Martin, C. 2018. Community oriented policing in a counter-insurgency environment. SOF News, April 26. http://www.sof.news/afghanistan/community-oriented-policing/.
  • Mitchell, T., 1999. State, economy, and the state effect. In: G. Steinmetz, ed. State/culture: state-formation after the cultural turn. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 76–97.
  • Moe, L.W., and Geis, A., 2020. From liberal interventionism to stabilization: towards a new consensus on norm-downsizing in interventions in Africa. Global Constitutionalism, 9, 2. (in press). doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S204538171900039X
  • Moe, L.W. and Müller, M.-M. ed., 2017. Reconfiguring intervention: complexity, resilience and the ‘local turn’ in counterinsurgent warfare. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Muggah, R., 2010. The effects of stabilisation on humanitarian action in Haiti. Disasters, 34 (3), 444–463. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01205.x
  • Muggah, R., and Souza Mulli, A., 2012. Rio tries counterinsurgency. Current history, 111, 62–66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2012.111.742.62
  • Muggah, R., and Souza Mulli, A., 2014. Paving the hills and levelling the streets: counter-insurgency in Rio de Janeiro. In: R. Muggah, ed. Stabilization operations, security and development. states of fragility. Abingdon: Routledge, 198–214.
  • Müller, M.-M., 2010. Community policing in Latin America: lessons from Mexico city. European review of Latin American and Caribbean studies, 88, 21–37. doi: https://doi.org/10.18352/erlacs.9594
  • Müller, M.-M., 2016. Entangled pacifications: peacekeeping, counterinsurgency and policing in Port-au-Prince and Rio de Janeiro. In: J. Hönke, and M.-M. Müller, eds. The global making of policing: postcolonial perspectives. London: Routledge, 77–95.
  • Müller, M.-M., 2018. Policing as pacification: postcolonial legacies, transnational connections and the militarization of urban security in democratic Brazil. In: M.D. Bonner, M. Kempa, M.R. Kubal, and G. Seri, eds. Police abuse in contemporary democracies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 221–247.
  • Müller, M.-M., 2020. Enter 9/11: Latin America and the Global War on Terror. Journal of Latin American studies (forthcoming).
  • Müller, F., and Steinke, A., 2018. Criminalising encounters: MINUSTAH as a laboratory for armed humanitarian pacification. Global crime, 19 (3-4), 228–249. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2018.1498336
  • Müller, M.-M., and Steinke, A., 2020. The geopolitics of Brazilian peacekeeping and the United Nations’ turn towards stabilization in Haiti. Peacebuilding, 8 (1), 54–77. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2018.1491277
  • Musa, S., Morgan, J., and Keegan, M., 2011. Policing and coin: lessons learned, strategies and future directions. Washington, DC: Center For Technology & National Security Policy The Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office.
  • Nagl, J.A., 2014. Knife fights; a memoir of modern war in theory and practice. London: Penguin.
  • Neild, R., 2010. Themes and debates in public security reform. Washington, DC: WOLA.
  • Noaves Miranda, A.L., 2018. A pacificação de Bel Air. In: Instituto Igarapé and Centro Conjunto de Operações de Paz do Brasil, eds. A participação do Brasil na MINUSTAH (2004–2017): percepções, lições e práticas relevantes para futuras missões. Rio de Janeiro: Igarapé Institute & Brazilian Peace Operations Joint Training Center Sergio Vieira de Mello, 51–57.
  • The New York Times. 1987. Edward Lansdale dies at 79, 24 February.
  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 2011. Allied joint publication; allied joint doctrine for counterinsurgency (COIN)-AJP-3.4.4. Brussels: NATO.
  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 2016. Stability policing framework concept for community policing in NATO stabilization and reconstruction operations. Brussels: NATO.
  • O’Reilly, C., 2017a. Branding Rio de Janeiro’s pacification model: a silver bullet for the planet of slums? In: C. O’Reilly, ed. Colonial policing and the transnational legacy; the global dynamics of policing across the Lusophone community. London: Routledge, 227–252.
  • O’Reilly, C., 2017b. Introduction: policing and the Lusophone community across time and space. In: C. O’Reilly, ed. Colonial policing and the transnational legacy; the global dynamics of policing across the Lusophone community. London: Routledge, 1–13.
  • Office of Civil Operations and Rural Support (CORDS), Rural Development Division. 1971. The Vietnam village handbook for advisors. 2160104008, Douglas Pike Collection: Unit 03 - Civil Operations, Revolutionary Development Support, The Vietnam Center and Sam Johnson Vietnam Archive, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX.
  • Oosterbaan, S., and van Wijk, J., 2015. Pacifying and integrating the favelas of Rio de Janeiro. An evaluation of the impact of the UPP program on favela residents. International journal of comparative and applied criminal justice, 39 (3), 179–198. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2014.973052
  • Parenti, C., 2008. Lockdown America; police and prisons in the age of crisis (New Edition). London: Verso.
  • Passarelli Hamann, E., and Ramires Teixeira, C.A., 2018. Introduction. In: E. Passarelli Hamann, and C.A. Ramires Teixeira, eds. Brazil’s participation in MINUSTAH (2004-2017): perceptions, lessons and practices for future missions. Rio de Janeiro: Igarapé Institute, 1–2.
  • Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute (PKSOI). 2017. Peace operations estimate – MINUSTAH and MINUJUSTH. http://pksoi.armywarcollege.edu/default/assets/File/(171025)%20Peacekeeping%20and%20Stability%20Operations%20Institute%20MINUJUSTH%20Estimate.pdf.
  • Perlman, J., 1976. The myth of marginality. urban poverty and politic in Rio de Janeiro. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Podur, J., 2012. Haiti’s new dictatorship. the coup, the earthquake and the UN occupation. London: Pluto Press.
  • Reuters. 2018. General behind deadly Haiti raid takes aim at Brazil’s gangs, 29 November.
  • Riddle, D.R.J., 2014. Community-policing in counterinsurgency operations. use it or lose it. North York: Canadian Forces College.
  • Rivard-Piché, G., 2017. Security sector reform in Haiti since 2004: limits and prospects for public order and stability. Canadian foreign policy journal, 23 (3), 292–306. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2017.1341844
  • Rose, R.S., 2005. The unpast. elite violence and social control in Brazil, 1954–2000. Athens, OH: University of Ohio Press.
  • Rosenau, W. 2013. When coin came home, The National Interest, June 27, 2013.
  • Rosenau, W., 2014. ‘Our ghettos, too, need a Lansdale’: American counter-insurgency abroad and at home in the Vietnam era. In: C. Ward Gventer, D.M. Jones, and M.L.R. Smith, eds. The new counterinsurgency era in critical perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 111–126.
  • Rostow, W.W., 1960. Stages of economic growth: a non-communist manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Salem, T. 2016. Taming the war machine. police, power and pacification in Rio de Janeiro. MA thesis. University of Bergen, Department of Anthropology.
  • Schrader, S., 2016. To secure the global great society. participation in pacification. Humanity, 7 (7), 225–253. doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/hum.2016.0017
  • Schuller, M., 2012. Is it time for MINUSTAH to leave? popular perceptions of the UN stabilization mission in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. York College: City University of New York and l’Université d’Etat d’Haïti. http://ijdh.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/MINUSTAH-Report.pdf.
  • Schuller, M., 2013. Cholera and the camps: reaping the republic of NGOs. In: M. Polyné, ed. The idea of Haiti. rethinking crisis and development. Minnesota. MN: University of Minnesota Press, 181–201.
  • Skogan, W.G., 2013. Introduction. Police practice and research, 14 (4), 276–279. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2013.816486
  • Skolnick, J.H., 1969. The politics of protest. violent aspects of protest and confrontation. a staff report to the national commission on the causes and prevention of violence. Washington, DC: National commission on the causes and prevention of violence.
  • Ungar, M., and Arias, E.D., 2012. Reassessing community oriented policing in Latin America. Policing and society, 22 (1), 1–13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2011.597856
  • United Nations (UN). 2015a. National approaches to public participation in strengthening crime prevention and criminal justice (A/ CONF.222/9).
  • United Nations (UN), 2015b. United nations peacekeeping missions military special forces manual. New York: UN.
  • United Nations (UN), 2018. Police operations in United Nations peacekeeping operations and special political missions. New York: UN.
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 2013. Training manual on policing urban space. Vienna: UNODC.
  • United Nations Security Council (UNSC). 2004. Resolution 1542.
  • United Nations Security Council (UNSC). 2006. Resolution 1702.
  • United Nations Security Council (UNSC). 2019. Letter dated 27 December 2019 from the secretary-general addressed to the president of the security council. S/2019/1004.
  • United States Army, 1963. FM 31-22 U.S. Army counterinsurgency forces. Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of Army.
  • United States Army, 1967. FM 31-73. Advisory handbook for stability operations. Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of Army.
  • United States Army, 1972. FM 31-23. Stability operations US army doctrine. Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of Army.
  • United States Army/Marine Corps, 2006. FM 3-24/MCWP 3-33.5. Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of Army.
  • United States Congress, 1971. Hearings before the subcommittee on international organizations and movement. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
  • United States Consulate (Rio de Janeiro), 2009. Counter-insurgency doctrine comes to Rio's favelas, September, 30. https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09RIODEJANEIRO329_a.html.
  • United States Embassy (Rio de Janeiro), 1966. Publicizing U.S.-supported civic action programs. Opening the Archives: Documenting U.S.-Brazil Relations, 1960s-80s. Brown Digital Repository. Brown University Library. https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:361508/.
  • Uricoechea, F. 1979. O minotauro imperial: a burocratização do estado patrimonial brasileiro no século XIX. Rio de Janeiro: Difel.
  • Werling, E., 2014. Rio’s pacification. paradigm shift or paradigm maintenance? Humanitarian actions in situations other than war discussion paper 11. London: HASOW.
  • Westad, O.A., 2011. The global cold war: third world interventions and the making of our times. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Yazdani, M.D., Bercovich, D., and Charles-Voltaire, J., 2014. Knowledge transfer on urban violence: from Brazil to Haiti. Environment & urbanization, 26 (2), 457–468. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247814544884
  • Zambri, J. 2014. Counterinsurgency and community policing: more alike than meets the eye. Small wars journal. https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/counterinsurgency-and-community-policing-more-alike-than-meets-the-eye.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.