References
- Bacon, M., Loftus, B., and Rowe, M., 2020. Ethnography and the Evocative World of Policing (Part I). Policing and Society, 30 (1), 1–10. doi:10.1080/10439463.2019.1701453.
- Ballucci, D., Gill, C., and Campbell, M.A., 2017. The power of attitude: the role of police culture and receptivity of risk assessment tools in IPV cases. Policing, 11 (3), 242–257. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pax018
- Bennett Moses, L., and Chan, J., 2018. Algorithmic prediction in policing: assumptions, evaluation, and accountability. Policing & society, 28 (7), 806–822. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2016.1253695
- Bowker, G. and Star, S. L., 2000. Sorting things out: classifications and its consequences. Cambridge: MIT Press.
- Brink, J., et al., 2011. A study of how people with mental illness perceive and interact with police. Calgary: Mental Health Commission of Canada.
- Carlile, P., 2006. Artifacts and knowledge negotiation across domains. In: A. Rafaeli, M. G. Pratt, eds. Artifacts and organizations: beyond mere symbolism. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 101–117.
- Carter, K., Cassidy, K., and Bhimani, M., 2012. Barriers to patient care in southwestern Ontario rural emergency departments: physician perceptions. Canadian Journal of Rural Medicine, 17 (3), 87–91.
- Chan, J., 2003. Police and new technologies. In: T. Newburn, ed. Handbook of policing. Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing, 665–669.
- Charmaz, K., 2006. Constructing grounded theory: a practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage Publications.
- Clarke, A., 1998. Disciplining reproduction: modernity, American life sciences, and “the problems of sex”. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Clarke, D.E., Dusome, D., and Hughes, L., 2007. Emergency department from the mental health client’s perspective. International Journal of mental health Nursing, 16 (2), 126–131. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0349.2007.00455.x
- Coleman, T., and Cotton, D. 2010. Police interactions with person with a mental illness: police learning in the environment of contemporary policing. Report prepared for the mental health and the law advisory committee, Mental Health Commission of Canada.
- Coleman, T., and Cotton, D., 2014. TEMPO: police interactions a report towards improving interactions between police and people living with mental health problems. Calgary: Mental health Commission of Canada. Available from: https://www.meantalhealthcommission.ca/Ensligh/system/files/private/document/TEMPO%20Police%20Interactions%20082014.pdf.
- Cope, N., 2004. Intelligence led policing or policing Led Intelligence?: integrating volume crime analysis into policing. British Journal of Criminology, 44, 188–203. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/44.2.188
- Cotton, D., 2004. The attitudes of Canadian police officers toward the mentally ill. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 27 (2), 135–146. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2004.01.004
- Cotton, D., and Coleman, T., 2013. Improving relationships between police and people with mental illness: Canadian developments. In: D. Chappell, ed. Policing and the mentally ill: international perspectives. New York, NY: CRC Press, 19–38.
- Dubé, P. 2016. A matter of life and death: investigation into the direction provided by the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services to Ontario's police services for de-escalation of conflict situations. Ombudsman Ontario Report. Available from https://www.ombuds man.on.ca/Files/sitemedia/Documents/OntarioOmbudsman DeescalationEN_1.pdf.
- Forchuk, C., et al., 2010. Psychiatric crisis services in three communities. Canadian Journal of community mental health, 29 (S5), 73–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2010-0035
- Fujimura, J., 1992. Crafting science: standardized packages, boundary objects, and “translation”. In: A. Pickering, ed. Science as practice and culture. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 168–211.
- Green, T., 1997. Police as frontline mental health workers: The decision to arrest or refer to mental health agencies. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 20 (4), 469–486. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2527(97)00011-3
- Hammersley, M., and Atkinson, P., 2007. Ethnography: principles in practice. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge.
- Hoffman, R., et al., 2016. The use of a brief mental health scanner to enhance the ability of police officers to identify persons with serious mental disorders. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.02.03.
- Hollander, Y., et al., 2012. Challenges relating to the interface between crisis mental health clinicians and police when engaging with peple with a mental illness. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 19 (3), 402–411. doi:10.1080/13218719.2011.585132 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2011.585131
- Human Services and Justice Coordinating Committee Ontario (HSJCC). 2013. Ontario police-emergency department protocols: reducing emergency room wait-times for police officers accompanying individuals experiencing a mental health crisis. Available from http://www.hsjcc.on.ca/Resource20Library/Policing/Ontario20Police20Emergency20Department20Protocols20-%202013.pdf [Accessed 8 September 2016].
- Iacobucci, F. 2014. Police encounters with people in crisis. Available from http://www.torontopolice.on.ca/publications/files/reports/police_encounters_with_people_in_crisis_2014.pdf.
- Kelly, B., 2017. The social psychology of compromised negotiations: the emergence of asymmetrical boundary objects between science and industry. In: B. Brewster, and A. Puddephatt, ed. Microsociological perspectives in environmental sociology. London, UK: Routledge, 192–205.
- Kelly, B., and Farahbakhsh, K., 2008. Innovative knowledge translation in urban water management: an attempt at democratizing science. International Journal of technology, knowledge and society, 4 (3), 73–83. doi: https://doi.org/10.18848/1832-3669/CGP/v04i03/55880
- Livingston, J., 2016. Contact between police and people with mental disorders: a review of rates. Psychiatric services, 67 (8), 850–857. doi: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201500312
- Lum, C., et al., 2019. The research on body-worn cameras: what we know, what we need to know. Criminology and public Policy, 18 (1), 93–118. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12412
- McKenna, B., et al., 2015a. Police and clinician diversion of people in mental health crisis from the emergency department: a trend analysis and cross comparison study. BMC emergency Medicine, 15 (4), 1–6. doi:10.1186/s12873-015-0040-7.
- McKenna, B., et al., 2015b. Police and mental health clinician partnership in response to mental health crisis: a qualitative study. International Journal of mental health Nursing, 24, 386–393. doi:10.1111/inm.12140.
- Orlikowski, W.J., and Gash, D., 1994. Technological frames: making sense of technology in organizations. ACM Transactions on information systems, 12 (2), 174–207. doi: https://doi.org/10.1145/196734.196745
- Oudshoorn, N., and Pinch, T., eds. 2005. How users matter: the co-construction of users and technology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Pasqualone, G.A., 2015. The relationship between the forensic nurse in the emergency department and law enforcement officials. Critical care Nursing Quarterly, 38 (1), 36–48. doi:10.1097/CNQ.0000000000000047.
- Poland, B., et al., 2005. Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. ‘working at the margins’ or ‘leading from behind’?: a Canadian study of hospital−community collaboration. Health and social care in the community, 13 (2), 125–135. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2005.00542.x.
- Sanders, C.B., 2006. Have you been identified? boundary work and emergency services classifications. Information, communication and society, 9 (6), 714–736. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180601064048
- Sanders, C.B., and Condon, C., 2017. Crime analysis and cognitive effects: the practice of policing through flows of data. Global crime, 18 (3), 237–255. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2017.1323637
- Sanders, C. B. and Cuneo, C., 2010. Social Reliability in Qualitative Team Research. Sociology, 44 (2), 1–19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038509357194
- Sapers, H. and Zinger, I., 2012. Annual report of the Office of the Correctional Investigator 2011–2012. Ottawa, ON: The Correctional Investigator of Canada. https://www.oci-bec.gc.ca/cnt/rpt/annrpt/annrpt20112012-eng.aspx.
- Schulenberg, J.L., 2014. Systematic social observation of police behaviour: the process, logistics, and challenges in a Canadian context. Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, 48, 297–315. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-012-9769-1
- Shore, K., and Lavoie, J.A.A., 2019. Exploring mental health-related calls for police service: a Canadian study of police officers as “frontline mental health workers”. Policing: A Journal of Policy and practice, 13, 157–171. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pay017
- Smith, R., and Greene, K., 2015. . Recognizing risk: the attitudes of police supervisors to the risk assessment process in missing person investigations. Policing, 22 (4), 352–361. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pav016
- Standing Committee on Public Safety and National Security, 2014. Economics of Policing: Report of the Standing Committee on Public Safety and National Security. Ottawa, ON: House of Commons Canada. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014/parl/xc76-1/XC76-1-1-412-4-eng.pdf.
- Star, S., and Griesemer, J., 1989. Institutional ecology, “translations” and boundary objects: amateurs and professionals in Berkeley’s museum of vertebrate zoology, 1907-39. Social studies of science, 19 (3), 387–420. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/030631289019003001
- Watson, A. C., Angell, B., Vidalon, T., et al., 2010. Measuring perceived procedural justice and coercion among persons with mental illness in police encounters: The Police Contact Experience Scale. . Journal of Community Psychology, 38 (2), 206–226. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20360
- Willis, J.J., and Mastrofski, S.D., 2016. Understanding the culture of craft: lessons from two police agencies. Journal of crime and justice, doi:10.1080/0735648X.2016.1174497.
- Wilson-Bates, F. 2008. Lost in translation: how a lack of capacity in the mental health system is failing Vancouver’s mentally ill and draining police resources. Report for the Vancouver Police Board and Chief Constable Jim Chu. Available from https://vancouver.ca/police/assets/pdf/reports-policies/vpd-lost-in-transition.pdf.
- Winters, S., Magalhaes, L., and Kinsella, E.A., 2015. Interprofessional collaboration in mental health crisis response systems: a scoping review. Disability and rehabilitation, 37 (23), 2212–2224. doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2014.1002576
- Wolff, N., 2002. “New” public management of mentally disordered offenders: Part I. A cautionary tale. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 25 (5), 15–28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2527(01)00098-X