The impact of COVID-19 on UK informant use and management

References

• Aaronson, T., 2013. The terror factory: inside the FBI’s manufactured War on terrorism. New York, NY: IG Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Alison, L. and Alison, E., 2017. Revenge versus rapport: interrogation, terrorism, and torture. American psychologist, 72 (3), 266–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balsdon, S., 1996. Improving the management of juvenile informants. London: Home Office Police Research Group.
   Google Scholar
• Bamford, B.W.C., 2005. The role and effectiveness of intelligence in Northern Ireland. Intelligence and National security, 20 (4), 581–607.
   Google Scholar
• Bean, P. and Billingsley, R., 2001. Drugs, crime and informers. In: R. Billingsley, T. Nemtiz, and P Bean, eds. Informers: policing, policy and practice. Cullompton: Willan, 25–37.
   Google Scholar
• Betts, R.K., 1978. Analysis, war, and decision: why intelligence failures are inevitable. World politics, 31 (1), 61–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V. and Clarke, V., 2012. Thematic analysis. In: H. Cooper, et al., eds. APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol. 2. Research designs: quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 57–71.
   Google Scholar
• Chakravarthy, B.S., 1982. Adaptation: a promising metaphor for strategic management. Academy of management review, 7, 35–44.
   Google Scholar
• Charters, D.A., 2013. ‘Have a Go’ British Army/MI5 agent running operations in Northern Ireland, 1970-72. Intelligence and national security, 28 (2), 202–229.
   Google Scholar
• Cherkashin, V. and Feifer, G., 2005. Spy handler: memoir of a KGB officer. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Commons Select Committee. 2020. Whole of Government response to COVID-19 [online]. Available from: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5801/cmselect/cmpubacc/404/40403.htm#_idTextAnchor000 [Accessed 5 September 2020].
   Google Scholar
• Coronavirus Act. 2020. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-act-2020-status [Accessed 5 September 2020].
   Google Scholar
• Dorn, N.K., Murji, K., and South, N., 1992. Traffickers: drug markets and law enforcement. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Drysdale, L. and Gurr, D., 2017. Leadership in uncertain times. International Studies in educational administration, 45 (2), 131–159.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, R., 2020. Adaptive leadership: leading through complexity. International studies in educational administration, 48 (1), 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ericson, R., and Haggerty, K., 1997. Policing the risk society. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Europol. 2020. Pandemic profiteering: how criminals exploit the COVID-19 crisis 27th March 2020 [online]. Available from: https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-documents/pandemic-profiteering-how-criminals-exploit-COVID-19-crisis [Accessed 12 May 2020].
   Google Scholar
• Evans, J.R., et al., 2013. Obtaining guilty knowledge in human intelligence interrogations: comparing accusatorial and information-gathering approaches with a novel experimental paradigm. Journal of applied research in memory and cognition, 2 (2), 83–88.
   Google Scholar
• Harfield, C. and Harfield, K., 2018. Covert investigation (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Health Protection (Coronavirus) Regulations. 2020. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2020/129/regulation/15/made [Accessed 15 September 2020].
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt, S., 2010. Snitch: a history of the modern intelligence informer. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• IPCO. 2019. Annual Report of the Investigatory Powers Commissioner 2017 – including pre-September 2017 oversight by the: Chief Surveillance Commissioner, Intelligence Services Commissioner, Interception of Communications Commissioner. HC 1780. SG/2019/28. APS Group: HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• James, A., 2013. Examining intelligence led-policing: developments in research, policy and practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillian.
   Google Scholar
• James, A., 2016. Understanding police intelligence work: key themes in policing. Bristol: Policy Press, University of Bristol.
   Google Scholar
• Kapucu, N., 2006. Interagency communication networks during emergencies: boundary spanners in multiagency coordination. The American review of public administration, 36 (2), 207–225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCA. 2020a. Coronavirus press conference – 25 April 2020: Director General Lynne Owen’s speech [online]. Available from: https://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/news/coronavirus-press-conference-25-april-2020-director-general-lynne-owen-s-speech [Accessed 12 May 2020].
   Google Scholar
• NCA. 2020b. Two charged after £1m cocaine recovered from port. NCA [Internet] 6th May. Available from: https://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/news/two-charged-after-1m-cocaine-recovered-from-port [Accessed 12 May 2020].
   Google Scholar
• Neyroud, P.W. and Beckley, A., 2001. Policing, ethics and human rights. Cullompton: Willan.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, J.J., 2019. Explaining the emergence of entrapment in post-9/11 terrorism investigations. Critical criminology, 27, 467–483. doi:10.1007/s10612-019-09438-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunan, J., et al., 2020a. Eliciting human intelligence: police source handlers’ perceptions and experiences of rapport during covert human intelligence sources (CHIS) interactions. Psychiatry, psychology and law, 27 (4), 511–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunan, J., et al., 2020b. The impact of rapport on intelligence yield: police source handler telephone interactions with covert human intelligence sources. Psychiatry, psychology, and law. doi:10.1080/13218719.2020.1784807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunan, J., et al., 2020c. Source handler telephone interactions with covert human intelligence sources: an exploration of question types and intelligence yield. Applied cognitive psychology, 34 (6), 1473–1484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office for National Statistics, 2020. Statistical bulletin Coronavirus and crime in england and wales: August 2020 impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on crime and people’s perceptions of crime during the April and May 2020 period of national lockdown. London: HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• Okken, V., Van Rompay, T., and Ad Pruyn, A., 2013. Room to move: on spatial constraints and self-disclosure during intimate conversations. Environmental and behavior, 45 (6), 737–760.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, M.Q., 1990. Qualitative evaluation and research methods. 2nd ed. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Pfeffer, J. and Salancik, G.R., 1978. The external control of organisations (Vol. 175). New York, NY: Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, T.C., 1992. Organizational alignment as competitive advantage. Strategic management journal, 13, 119–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (EW). Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/23/contents.
   Google Scholar
• Robson, C. and McCartan, K., 2016. Real world research. Chichester: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenbloom, R.S., 2000. Leadership, capabilities, and technological change: the transformation of NCR in the electronic era. Strategic management journal, 21, 1083–1103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarta, A., Durand, R., and Vergne, J., 2021. Organizational adaption. Journal of management, 1, 43–75.
   Google Scholar
• Serena, C.C., 2011. A revolution in military adaption: The US army in the Iraq War. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, G.W. and Ussher, J.M., 2001. Making sense of S&M: a discourse analytic account. Sexualities, 4 (3), 293–314.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, J.R. and Guess, L.L., 1981. The informant: a narcotics enforcement dilemma. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 13 (3), 235–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar