The impact of COVID-19 lockdown restrictions on missing person reports

References

• Ali, S.A., et al., 2020. The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – an emerging global health threat. Journal of infection and public health, 13 (4), 644–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alison, L.J., Snook, B., and Stein, K., 2001. Unobtrusive measurement: using police information for forensic research. Qualitative research, 1 (2), 241–254.
   Google Scholar
• Allsop, C., Shalev Greene, K., and O’Brien, F. 2020. Evidence base for reviewing Missing People APP. Report prepared by the University of South Wales, the University of Portsmouth, & the University of Liverpool, for the NPCC.
   Google Scholar
• Association of Chief Police Officers & National Policing Improvement Agency (ACPO). 2013. Interim guidance on the management, recording & investigation of missing persons. London: College of Policing. http://www.acpo.police.uk/documents/crime/2013/201303-cba-int-guid-missing- persons.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Barnados. 2020. Locked down and locked out – vulnerable children missing out on vital support due to COVID-19. Barnardo’s frontline workers speak up about the adverse effects the COVID-19 pandemic is having on the lives of vulnerable children | Barnardo’s. barnardos.org.uk.
   Google Scholar
• Baron, E.J., Goldstein, E.G. and Wallace, C.T., 2020. Suffering in silence: How COVID-19 school closures inhibit the reporting of child maltreatment. Journal of public economics. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3601399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomew, D., Duffy, D, and Figgins, N, 2009. Strategies to reduce missing patients: a practical workbook. London, UK: National Mental Health Development Unit.
   Google Scholar
• Biehal, N., Mitchell, F., and Wade, J., 2003. Lost from view: missing persons in the UK. Bristol: The Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bielicki, J.A., et al., 2020. Monitoring approaches for health-care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet infectious diseases, 20 (10), 261–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blundell, R., et al., 2020. COVID-19 and inequalities. Fiscal studies, 41 (2), 291–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradbury-Jones, C., and Isham, L., 2020. The pandemic paradox: the consequences of COVID-19 on domestic violence. Journal of clinical nursing, 29 (13-14), 2047–2049. doi:10.1111/jocn.15296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Care Quality Commission. 2020. Monitoring the mental health act in 2019/2020: the mental health act in the COVID-19 pandemic. https://www.cqc.org.uk/sites/default/files/20201127_mhareport1920_report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• The Children’s Society. 2018. Young carers of Black and minority ethnic families. young-carers-of-bame-families.pdf. childrenssociety.org.uk.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., 1977. Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. New York: Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., 1988. Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• College of Policing. 2020. Major investigation and public protection – risk assessment. https://www.app.college.police.uk/app-content/major-investigation-and-public-protection/missing-persons/risk-assessment/.
   Google Scholar
• Collie, C.J., 2019. Exploring the boundaries of missing persons: hidden interplay between policing and private entities in relation to cases on the periphery. Policing: a journal of policy and practice. doi:10.1093/police/paz061.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane, M.A.J., and Blud, L., 2012. The effectiveness of prisoners addressing substance related offending (P-ASRO) programme: evaluating pre and post treatment psychometric outcomes in an adult male category C prison. British journal of forensic practice, 14 (1), 49–59. doi:10.1108/14636641211204469.
   Google Scholar
• de Maio Nascimento, M., 2020. COVID-19: U3A students’ report on the impacts of social isolation on physical and mental health and access to information about the virus during the pandemic. Educational gerontology, 46 (9), 499–511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drakulich, K., and Rodriguez-Whitney, E., 2018. Intentional inequalities and compounding effects: The state of race and justice theory and research. In: M. Hollis, J.I. Stowell & R. Martinez, eds. The handbook of race, ethnicity, crime, and justice. Oxford: Wiley, 17–38.
   Google Scholar
• Ettman, C.K., et al., 2020. Do assets explain the relation between race/ethnicity and probable depression in US adults? Plos one, 15 (10), e0239618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrow, K., 2020. Policing the pandemic in the UK using the principles of procedural justice. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 14 (3), 587–592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein, M., et al., 2004. Youth who chronically AWOL from foster care: why they run, where they go, and what can be done. New York: Vera Institute of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, R.A., 1922. On the interpretation of χ² from contingency tables, and the calculation of P. Journal of the royal statistical society, 85 (1), 87–94.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick, K.M., Harris, C.T., and Drawve, G., 2020. Fear of COVID-19 and the mental health consequences in America. Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy. doi:10.1037/tra0000924.
   Google Scholar
• Fyfe, N.R., Stevenson, O., and Woolnough, P., 2015. Missing persons: the processes and challenges of police investigation. Policing and society, 25 (4), 409–425. doi:10.1080/10439463.2014.881812.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentithes, M., and Krent, H.J., 2020. Pandemic surveillance – the new predictive policing. ConLawNOW, 12, 57.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, A.L., et al., 2020. Commentary: COVID in care homes – challenges and dilemmas in healthcare delivery. Age and ageing, 49, 701–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groarke, J.M., et al., 2020. Loneliness in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional results from the COVID-19 Psychological wellbeing study. PLos one, 15, 9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239698.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnell, D., et al., 2020. Suicide risk and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet psychiatry, 7 (6), 468–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halvorsrud, K., et al., 2018. Ethnic inequalities and pathways to care in psychosis in England: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC medicine, 16. doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1201-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann, J. 2020, April 21. Several police departments say they’ve seen an uptick in domestic violence calls since start of COVID-19 pandemic. WPXI. https://www.wpxi.com/news/top-stories/several- police-departments-say-theyve-seen-an-uptick-domestic-violence-calls- since-start-COVID-19-pandemic/JJLDGXYPJVH3DALTQ3LOFVIODY/.
   Google Scholar
• Hayden, C., and Shalev Greene, K., 2016. The blue light social services? Responding to repeat reports to the police of people missing from institutional locations. Policing & society, 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, C.S., Chee, C.Y., and Ho, R.C., 2020. Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia and panic. Annals, academy of medicine, 49 (1), 1–3. http://www.anmm.org.mx/descargas/Ann-Acad-Med-Singapore.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Howard League. 2017. Ending the criminalisation of children in residential care. Briefing two: best practice in policing. Howard League for Penal Reform. https://howardleague.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Ending-the-criminalisation-of-children-in-residential-care-Briefing-two.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Huey, L., and Ferguson, L. 2020. ‘Going missing’ as a maladaptive coping behaviour for adults experiencing strain. Deviant behavior. https://doi-org.liverpool.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/01639625.2020.1773175.
   Google Scholar
• Humberside Police. n.d. The philomena protocol. https://www.humberside.police.uk/philomena-protocol.
   Google Scholar
• Humphrey, A., and Parr, H. 2020. Missing Black lives. https://blog.geographydirections.com/2020/07/09/missing-black-lives/.
   Google Scholar
• Jago, S., Arocha, L., Brodie, I., Melrose, M., Pearce, J. J., & Warrington, C. (2011). What’s going on to safeguard children and young people from sexual exploitation? How local partnerships respond to child sexual exploitation. https://uobrep.openrepository.com/handle/10547/315159.
   Google Scholar
• Kagi, J. 2020. Crime rate in WA plunges amid coronavirus social distancing lockdown measures. ABC News Australia. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-08/coronavirus-shutdown-sees-crime-ratedrop-in-wa/12132410.
   Google Scholar
• Labgold, K., et al. 2020. Measuring the missing: greater racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 burden after accounting for missing race/ethnicity data. Medrxiv, pre-print.
   Google Scholar
• Laido, Z., et al., 2017. Epidemiology of suicide among children and adolescents in Austria, 2001–2014. The central European journal of medicine, 129, 121–128.
   Google Scholar
• Laufs, J., and Waseem, Z., 2020. Policing in pandemics: a systematic review and best practices for police response to COVID-19. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 51. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J., 2020. Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19. Lancet child and adolescent health, doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30109-7.
   Google Scholar
• Leslie, E., and Wilson, R., 2020. Sheltering in place and domestic violence: evidence from calls for service during COVID-19. Journal for public economics, 189, doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipscombe, S., et al. 2019. Sexual and criminal exploitation of missing looked after children. House of Commons Library. www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library.
   Google Scholar
• Lumley, T., et al., 2002. The importance of the normality assumption in large public health data sets. Annual review of public health, 23, 151–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahase, E., 2020. COVID-19: EU states report 60% rise in emergency calls about domestic violence. BMJ, 369. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1872.
   Google Scholar
• Montserrat, C., et al., 2021. The views of children in residential care on the COVID-19 lockdown: implications for their well-being and psychosocial intervention. Child abuse & neglect, 120. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, T., Akehurst, H., and Mutimer, J., 2020. Impact of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic on the workload of the orthopaedic service in a busy UK district general hospital. Injury, 51 (10), 2142–2147. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2020.07.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Crime Agency. 2020. Missing persons data report 2018/2019. London: NCA. https://www.missingpersons.police.uk/en-gb/resources/downloads/missing-persons-statistical-bulletins.
   Google Scholar
• Newcombe, R.G., 2006. Confidence intervals for an effect size measure based on the Mann-Whitney statistic: part 1: general issues and tail-area-based methods. Statistics in medicine, 25, 543–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NHS England. 2020. Annual report and accounts 2019/2020. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/nhs-england-annual-report-2019-20-full.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Office for National Statistics. 2020. Coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by ethnic group, England and Wales: 2 March 2020 to 10 April 2020. Coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by ethnic group, England and Wales – Office for National Statistics. ons.gov.uk.
   Google Scholar
• Ofsted. 2020. COVID-19 series: briefing on children’s social care providers. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/924352/COVID-briefing-childrens-homes-Sept-2020.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Parr, H., and Stevenson, O., 2013. Missing people, missing voices: stories of missing experience. Glasgow: University of Glasgow.
   Google Scholar
• Parry, S., Williams, T., and Oldfield, J., 2021. Reflections from the forgotten frontline: ‘The reality for children and staff in residential care’ during COVID-19. Health & social care in the community, 00, 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partonen, T., et al., 2004. Analysis of the seasonal pattern in suicide. Journal of affective disorders, 81 (2), 133–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perl, L., et al., 2021. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on transgender and gender non-conforming adolescents’ mental health. Psychiatry research, 302, doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterman, A., et al. 2020. Pandemics and violence against women and children. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development Working Paper 528. https://www.cgdev.org/publication/pandemics-and-violence-against-women-and-children.
   Google Scholar
• Piquero, A.R., et al., 2020. Staying home, staying safe? A short-term analysis of COVID-19 on Dallas domestic violence. American Journal of criminal justice, 45, 601–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramírez-Ortiz, J., et al., 2020. Mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic associated with social isolation. Columbian journal of anesthesiology, 48, 4. doi:10.5554/22562087.e930.
   Google Scholar
• Rehm, J., et al., 2020. Alcohol use in the times of the COVID-19: implications for monitoring and policy. Drug and alcohol review, 39, 301–304. doi:10.1111/dar.13074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanou, E., and Belton, E. 2020. Isolated and struggling. Social isolation and the risk of child maltreatment, in lockdown and beyond. NSPCC Evidence Team. Isolated and struggling: social isolation and the risk of child maltreatment, in lockdown and beyond. nspcc.org.uk.
   Google Scholar
• Shalev Greene, K., Hayler, L., and Pritchard, D., 2019. A house divided against itself cannot stand: evaluating police perception of UK missing person definition. European journal on criminal policy and research, 1–17. doi:10.1007/s10610-019-09428-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalev Greene, K., and Pakes, F., 2013. The cost of missing person investigations: implications for current debates. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 8 (1), 27–34. doi:10.1093/police/pat036.
   Google Scholar
• Sheskin, D.J., 1997. Handbook of parametric and nonparametric statistical procedures. London: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
   Google Scholar
• Sidebottom, A., et al., 2019. Missing children: risks, repeats and responses. Policing and society, 30 (10), 1–14. doi:10.1080/10439463.2019.1666129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson, O., et al. 2013. Geographies of missing people; processes, experiences, responses. The University of Glasgow. ISBN: 978-0-85261-936-0.
   Google Scholar
• Streiner, D.L., and Norman, G.R., 2011. Correction for multiple testing: is there a resolution? Chest, 140, 16–18. doi:10.1378/chest.11-0523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarling, R., and Burrows, J., 2004. The nature and outcome of going missing: the challenge of developing effective risk assessment procedures. International journal of police science & management, 6 (1), 16–26.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J., et al., 2013. Young people’s experiences of going missing from care: a qualitative investigation using peer researchers. Child abuse review, 23 (6), 387–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, C., Woolnough, P., and Dickens, G.L., 2019. Adult missing persons: a concept analysis. Psychology, crime, & law, 396–419. doi:10.1080/1068316X.2018.1529230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolan, C. 2020, April 4. Some cities see jumps in domestic violence during the pandemic. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/04/us/domestic-violence-coronavirus-calls-cases-increase-invs/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• UK Department for Education. 2020. Adopted and looked-after children. Adopted and looked-after children – GOV.UK Ethnicity facts and figures. ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2020. Adverse consequences of school closures. https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/consequences.
   Google Scholar
• Vallejo-Slocker, L., Fresneda, J., and Vallejo, M.A., 2020. Psychological wellbeing of vulnerable children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psicothema, 32 (4), 501–507. doi:10.7334/psicothema2020.218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waring, S., & Giles, S. (2021). Rapid evidence assessment of mental health outcomes of pandemics for health care workers: implications for the covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in public health, 9:629236. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.629236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, R.G., and van Der Boor, C., 2020. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and initial period of lockdown on the mental health and well-being of adults in the UK. BJPsych open, 6, 1–4. doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. 2020. COVID-19: Interim guidance, 7 March 2020 (No. WHO/2019-nCoV/Community_Actions/2020.3). https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331422/WHO-COVID-19-Community_Actions-2020.1-eng.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Young Minds. 2020a. Coronavirus: Impact on young people with mental health needs. YoungMinds.https://youngminds.org.uk/about-us/reports/coronavirus-impact-on-young-people-with-mental-health-needs/.
   Google Scholar