Publication Cover
Policing and Society
An International Journal of Research and Policy
Volume 32, 2022 - Issue 8
4,300
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

‘FREEZE?’ An analysis of police officers accounts of self-enclosing experiences

ORCID Icon
Pages 981-996 | Received 05 May 2021, Accepted 02 Nov 2021, Published online: 22 Nov 2021

References

  • Acquadro Maran, D., et al., 2015. Occupational stress, anxiety and coping strategies In police officers. Occupational medicine, 65 (6), 466–473. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqv060.
  • Alpert, G., et al., 2020. Authority maintenance theory of police-citizen interactions. In: R.G. Dunham, G.P. Alpert, and K.D. McLean, eds. Critical issues in policing: contemporary readings. Long Grove: Waveland Press, 8th ed., 376–397.
  • Bittner, E., 1970. The functions of the police In modern society. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health, Center for Studies of Crime and Delinquency.
  • Black, A., & Lumsden, K. (2020). Emotional labour in policing. In: Jake Phillipset al., eds. Emotional labour in criminal justice and criminology. Routledge, 1st ed.
  • Cockcroft, T. (2013). Police culture: themes and concepts. London: Routledge.
  • Collins, R. (2008). Violence: a micro-sociological theory. Princeton University Press.
  • Collins, R., 2012. Entering and leaving the tunnel of violence: micro-sociological dynamics of emotional entrainment in violent interactions. Current sociology, 61 (2), 132–151. doi:10.1177/0011392112456500.
  • de Jager, A., et al., 2016. Embodied ways of storying the self: a systematic review of body-mapping. Forum qualitative social research, 17, 2. doi:10.17169/fqs-17.2.2526.
  • Ellrich, K., and Baier, D., 2017. Post-traumatic stress symptoms in police officers following violent assaults: a study on general and police-specific risk and protective factors. Journal of interpersonal violence, 32 (3), 331–356. doi:10.1177/0886260515586358.
  • Emirbayer, M., and Maynard, D.W., 2011. Pragmatism and ethnomethodology. Qualitative sociology, 34 (1), 221–261. doi:10.1007/s11133-010-9183-8.
  • Englert, C., and Oudejans, R.R.D., 2014. Is choking under pressure a consequence of skill-focus or increased distractibility? Results from a tennis serve task. Psychology, 5, 1035–1043. doi:10.4236/psych.2014.59116.
  • Erickson, S.K., 2010. Blaming the brain. Minnesota journal of law, science and technology, 11 (1), 27–77.
  • Fourcade, M., 2010. The problem of embodiment in the sociology of knowledge: afterword to the special issue on knowledge in practice. Qualitative sociology, 33, 569–574. doi:10.1007/s11133-010-9173-x.
  • Hashemi, M.M., et al., 2019. Neural dynamics of shooting decisions and the switch from freeze to fight. Scientific reports, 9 (1), 1–10. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40917-8.
  • Heidegger, M. (1962). Being-in-the-world as being-with and being-one’s self. The “they” being and time. Oxford: Blackwell. doi:10.1353/mln.1998.0037.
  • Hine, K.A., et al., 2018a. The understated ugly side of police–citizen encounters: situation, suspect, officer, decision-making, and force predictors of officer injuries. Policing and society, 28 (6), 665–683. doi:10.1080/10439463.2016.1251430.
  • Hine, K.A., et al., 2018b. Exploring police use of force decision-making processes and impairments using a naturalistic decision-making approach. Criminal justice and behavior, 45 (11), 1782–1801. doi:10.1177/0093854818789726.
  • Husserl, E., 1970. The crisis of European sciences and transcendental phenomenology (1954). Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
  • Ingram, J.R., Terrill, W., and Paoline III, E.A., 2018. Police culture and officer behavior: application of a multilevel framework. Criminology, 56 (4), 780–811. doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12192.
  • Johnson, R.R., 2015. Perceptions of interpersonal social cues predictive of violence among police officers who have been assaulted. Journal of police and criminal psychology, 30, 87–93. doi:10.1007/s11896-014-9145-2.
  • Karaffa, K.M., and Koch, J.M., 2016. Stigma, pluralistic ignorance, and attitudes toward seeking mental health services among police officers. Criminal justice and behavior, 43 (6), 759–777. doi:10.1177/0093854815613103.
  • Katz, J. (1999). How emotions work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Keesman, L. D. (2021). Action accounts of police-civilian interactions: using video elicitation to explore police officers’ how-to knowledge. Poetics. doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2021.101561.
  • Keesman, L.D., and Weenink, D., 2020. Bodies and emotions in tense and threatening situations. Journal of social work, 20 (2), 173–192. doi:10.1177/1468017318795726.
  • Kirschman, E., Kamena, M., and Fay, J., 2013. Counseling cops: what clinicians need to know. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Klinger, D., 2004. Into the kill zone: a cop’s eye view of deadly force. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Konopka, A., 2009. The role of Umwelt in Husserl’s Aufbau and Abbau of the Natur/Geist distinction. Human studies, 32 (3), 313–333. doi:10.1007/s10746-009-9122-4.
  • Lande, B., 2007. Breathing like a soldier: culture incarnate. Sociological review, 55 (Suppl. 1), 95–108. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2007.00695.x.
  • Landman, A., Nieuwenhuys, A., and Oudejans, R.R.D., 2016. The impact of personality traits and professional experience on police officers’ shooting performance under pressure. Ergonomics, 59 (7), 950–961. doi:10.1080/00140139.2015.1107625.
  • Leach, J., 2004. Why people “freeze” in an emergency: temporal and cognitive constraints on survival responses. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 75, 6.
  • Leder, D., 1990. The absent body. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Loftus, B., 2010. Police occupational culture: classic themes, altered times. Policing and society, 20 (1), 1–20.doi:10.1080/10439460903281547.
  • Marx, B.P., et al., 2008. Tonic immobility as an evolved predator defense: implications for sexual assault survivors. Clinical psychology: science and practice, 15 (1), 74–90. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00112.x.
  • Merleau-Ponty, M., 1962. Phenomenology of perception. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Padyab, M., Backteman-Erlanson, S., and Brulin, C., 2016. Burnout, coping, stress of conscience and psychosocial work environment among patrolling police officers. Journal of police and criminal psychology, 31 (4), 229–237. doi:10.1007/s11896-015-9189-y.
  • Power, N., and Alison, L., 2017. Redundant deliberation about negative consequences: decision inertia in emergency responders. Psychology, public policy, and law, 23 (2), 243–258. doi:10.1037/law0000114.
  • Prentice, D.A., and Miller, D.T., 1996. Pluralistic ignorance and perpetuation of social norms by unwitting actors. In: M. P. Zanna, ed. Advances in experimental social psychology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 28th ed., 161–209.
  • Roelofs, K. (2017). Freeze for action: neurobiological mechanisms in animal and human freezing. Philosophical transactions of the royal society B: biological sciences. doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0206
  • Roelofs, K., Hagenaars, M.A., and Stins, J., 2010. Facing freeze: social threat induces bodily freeze in humans. Psychological science, 21 (11), 1575–1581. doi:10.1177/0956797610384746.
  • Schatzki, T. (1996). Social practices: a Wittgensteinian approach to human activity and the social. Cambridge University Press, 1st ed.
  • Schütz, A. (1962). On multiple realities. In: M. Natanson, ed. Collected papers, Vol. I: the problem of social reality The Hague: Nijhoff, 207–259.
  • Shilling, C. (2012). The body and social theory (third). Los Angeles: Sage.
  • Terrill, W., and Mastrofski, S.D., 2002. Situational, and officer-based determinants of police coercion. Justice quarterly, 19 (2), 215–248. doi:10.1080/07418820200095221.
  • Timmermans, S., and Tavory, I., 2012. Theory construction in qualitative research: from grounded theory to abductive analysis. Sociological theory, 30 (3), 167–186.
  • Tinbergen, N., and Van Iersel, J.J.A., 1947. “Displacement reactions” in the three-spined stickleback. Behaviour, 1 (1), 56–63.
  • van der Kolk, B.A., 2014. The body keeps the score; brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. New York: Viking.
  • Van Maanen, J., 1974. Working the street: a developmental view of police behavior. In: H. Jacob, ed. The potential for reform of criminal justice. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 83–130.
  • Verhage, A., and Noppe, J., 2018. Force, stress, and decision-making within the Belgian police: the impact of stressful situations on police decision-making. Journal of police and criminal psychology, 33, 345–357. doi:10.1007/s11896-018-9262-4.
  • Waddington, P.A.J., 1999. Police (canteen) sub-culture an appreciation. British journal of criminology, 39 (2), 287–310. doi:10.1093/bjc/39.2.287.
  • Webster, V., Brough, P., and Daly, K., 2016. Fight, flight or freeze: common responses for follower coping with toxic leadership. Stress and health, 32 (4), 346–354. doi:10.1002/smi.2626.
  • Weenink, D., et al., 2020. Taking social ontology seriously: an interview with Jack Katz. Ethnography, 21, 2.198–219. doi:10.1177/1466138120907333.