Unpacking the Blue Box: structure, control and education in policing

References

• Abbott, A., 1988. The system of professions: an essay on the division of expert labor. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• All Party Parliamentary Group on Democracy and the Constitution. 2021. Police power and the right to peaceful protest: an inquiry into police conduct at the Clapham Vigil and Bristol protests and the implications for the police crime sentencing and courts bill. Available from: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6033d6547502c200670fd98c/t/60dcb2dbca4d9050ca9fe09d/1625076444200/Clapham+and+Bristol+Inquiry+Report+-+APPROVED.pdf [Accessed 10 Aug 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Astley, J., 2006. Professionalism and practice: culture, values and service. London: The Company of Writers.
   Google Scholar
• Barton, H., and Beynon, M.J., 2015. Do the citizens of Europe trust their police? International journal of emergency services, 4 (1), 65–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittner, E., 1974. Florence nightingale in pursuit of Willie Sutton: a theory of the police. In: T. Newburn, ed. Policing: key readings. Cullompton: Willan, 150–172.
   Google Scholar
• Bowling, B., Reiner, R., and Sheptycki, J., 2019. The politics of the police. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., and Clark, V., 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 32, 77–101.
   Google Scholar
• Brogden, M., 1991. On the Mersey beat: an oral history of policing Liverpool between the wars. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bronitt, S.H., and Stenning, P., 2011. Understanding discretion in modern policing. Criminal law journal, 356, 319–332.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J., 2018. Do graduate police officers make a difference to policing? Results of an integrative literature review. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, policing, 1–22. doi:10.1093/police/pay075.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant, R., et al., 2013. Police training and education: past, present and future. In: J. Brown, ed. The future of policing. Abingdon: Routledge, 383–397.
   Google Scholar
• Cain, M., 1972. Police professionalism: Its meaning and consequences. Anglo-American law review, 12, 217–231.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, J., Devery, C., and Doran, S., 2003. Fair cop: learning the art of policing. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Charman, S., 2020. Making sense of policing identities: the ‘deserving’ and the ‘undeserving’ in policing accounts of victimization. Policing and society, 30 (1), 81–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, C., 2005. The deprofessionalisation thesis, accountability and professional character. Social work & society, 32, 182–190.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, J., and Newman, J., 1997. The managerial state: power, politics and ideology in the remaking of social welfare. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Cockcroft, T., 2014. Police culture and transformational leadership: outlining the contours of a troubled relationship. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 8 (1), 5–18.
   Google Scholar
• Cockcroft, T., 2019. Institutional hybridity and cultural isomorphism in contemporary policing. International journal of police science and management, 21 (4), 218–229.
   Google Scholar
• Cockcroft, T., 2020. Police culture: research and practice. Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• College of Policing. 2020a. Policing education qualifications framework. Available from: https://www.college.police.uk/career-learning/learning/PEQF [Accessed 3 Mar 2021].
   Google Scholar
• College of Policing. 2020b. Evaluation of the police constable degree apprenticeship PCDA: first interim report. Ryton-on-Dunsmore: College of Policing. Available from: https://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/PCDA_evaluation.pdf [Accessed 28 Apr 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Collins, R., 1979. The credential society: an historical study of education and stratification. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, R., 1988. Theoretical sociology. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
   Google Scholar
• Dean, G., Fahsing, I.A., and Gottschalk, P., 2007. Creativity as a determinant of thinking style in police investigations. International journal of police science & management, 92, 112–121.
   Google Scholar
• Densten, I.L., 1999. Senior Australian law enforcement leadership under examination. Policing: an international journal of police strategies and managementt, 221, 45–57.
   Google Scholar
• DiMaggio, P.J., and Powell, W.W., 1983. The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American sociological review, 482, 147–160.
   Google Scholar
• Dunne, G., 2015. Beyond critical thinking to critical being: criticality in higher education and life. International journal of educational research, 71, 86–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, P., 1972. The sociology of professions. London: MacMillan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eraut, M., 2000. Non-formal learning and tacit knowledge in professional work. British journal of educational psychology, 701, 113–136.
   Google Scholar
• Evetts, J., 2013. Professionalism: value and ideology. Current sociology, 61, 778–796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fournier, V., 1999. The appeal to ‘professionalism’ as a disciplinary mechanism. The sociological review, 472, 280–307.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, J., 2008. Do we value research. Science and justice, 48, 163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freire, P., 2000. Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser, B.G., and Strauss, A.L., 1967. The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Glisczinski, D.J., 2007. Transformative higher education: a meaningful degree of understanding. Journal of transformative education, 54, 317–328.
   Google Scholar
• Goode, J., and Lumsden, K., 2018. The McDonaldisation of police–academic partnerships: organisational and cultural barriers encountered in moving from research on police to research with police. Policing and society, 28, 75–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunig, J.E., and Grunig, L.A., 2011. Characteristics of excellent communications. In: T. Gillis, ed. The IABC handbook of organizational communication. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 3–14.
   Google Scholar
• Hallenberg, K.M. 2012. Scholarly detectives: police professionalisation via academic education. Thesis (PhD). University of Manchester. Available from: https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:161328 [Accessed 28 Apr 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Hallenberg, K., and Cockcroft, T., 2017. From indifference to hostility: police officers, organisational responses and the symbolic value of ‘in-service’ higher education in policing. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 11 (3), 273–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Her Majesty's Inspectorate for Constabulary and the Fire and Rescue Services and BMG Research. 2019. Public perceptions of policing in England and Wales 2018. Available from: https://www.bmgresearch.co.uk//wp-content/uploads/2019/01/1578-HMICFRS-Public-Perceptions-of-Policing-2018_FINAL.pdf [Accessed 10 Aug 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Heslop, R., 2011a. Community engagement and learning as ‘becoming’: findings from a study of British police recruit training. Policing and society, 213, 327–342.
   Google Scholar
• Heslop, R., 2011b. The British police service: professionalisation or ‘McDonaldization’? International journal of police science & management, 13 (4), 312–321.
   Google Scholar
• Hohl, K., Bradford, B., and Stanko, E.A., 2010. Influencing trust and confidence in the London metropolitan police. British journal of criminology, 50 (3), 491–513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, J., 1981. Professionalisation – a misleading myth? Leicester: N.Y.B.
   Google Scholar
• Hough, M., et al., 2010. Procedural justice, trust and institutional legitimacy. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 4/3, 203–210.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, J., et al., 2011. Developing European indicators of trust in justice. European journal of criminology, 8 (4), 267–285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, E.J., and Roodt, G., 2011. The mediating effect of knowledge sharing between organisational culture and turnover intentions of professional nurses. South African journal of information management, 13 (1), 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Jarausch, K., 1983. Higher education and social change: some comparative perspectives. In: K. Jarausch, ed. The transformation of higher learning 1860–1930: expansion, diversification, social opening and professionalization in England, Germany, Russia and the United States. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 9–36.
   Google Scholar
• Kalmar, D.A., and Sternberg, R.J., 1988. Theory knitting: an integrative approach to theory development. Philosophical psychology, 12, 153–170.
   Google Scholar
• Kang, M., and Sung, M., 2017. How symmetrical employee communication leads to employee engagement and positive employee communication behaviors. Journal of communication management, 21 (1), 82–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd, V., and Braziel, R., 1999. Cop talk: essential communication skills for community policing. San Francisco: Acada Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kunneman, H., 2005. Social work as laboratory for normative professionalisation. Social work & society, 32, 191–200.
   Google Scholar
• Liberty. 2021. Liberty’s briefing on the police, crime, sentencing and courts bill for report stage in the House of Commons. Available from: https://www.libertyhumanrights.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Libertys-briefing-on-the-Police-Crime-Sentencing-and-Courts-Bill-Report-Stage-HoC-July-2021.pdf [Accessed 10 Aug 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Lisko, S.A., and O'dell, V., 2010. Integration of theory and practice: experiential learning theory and nursing education. Nursing education perspectives, 31 (2), 106–108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lum, C., and Koper, C.S., 2014. Evidence-based policing. In: G. Bruinsma, and D. Weisburd, eds. Encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice. New York, NY: Springer, 1426–1437.
   Google Scholar
• Malterud, K., 2001. Qualitative research: standards, challenges, and guidelines. The lancet, 358 (9280), 483–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, P., 1977. Police work: the social organization of policing. Massachusetts: MIT.
   Google Scholar
• Mclaughlin, E., 2007. The New Policing. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Men, L.R., and Jiang, H., 2016. Cultivating quality employee-organization relationships: the interplay among organizational leadership, culture, and communication. International journal of strategic communication, 105, 462–479.
   Google Scholar
• Men, L.R., and Stacks, D., 2014. The effects of authentic leadership on strategic internal communication and employee-organization relationships. Journal of public relations research, 264, 301–324.
   Google Scholar
• Myhill, A., and Bradford, B., 2013. Overcoming cop culture? Organizational justice and police officers’ attitudes toward the public. Policing: an international journal, 36 (2), 338–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noordegraaf, M., 2006. Hybrid organisations and professional management in care and welfare. In: J.W. Duyvendak, T. Knijn, and M. Kremer, eds. Policy, people, and the new professional: de-professionalisation and re-professionalisation in care and welfare. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 181–193.
   Google Scholar
• Noordegraaf, M., 2011. Remaking professionals? How associations and professional education connect professionalism and organizations. Current sociology, 59, 465–488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noordegraaf, M., 2015. Hybrid professionalism and beyond: new forms of public professionalism in changing organizational and societal contexts. Journal of professions and organization, 2, 187–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novotny, E., and Lear, B., 2019. Welcome from the editors. Libraries: culture, history, and society, 3 (1), v–viii.
   Google Scholar
• Office for National Statistics. 2020. Trust in police among adults aged 16 and over in England and Wales and London, year ending March 2016 to year ending March 2019, CSEW. Available from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/adhocs/11445trustinpoliceamongadultsaged16andoverinenglandandwalesandlondonyearendingmarch2016toyearendingmarch2019csew [Accessed 10 Aug 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Punch, M., 2007. Cops with honours: University education and police culture. In: M. O’Neill, M. Marks, and A. Singh, eds. Police occupational culture: new debates and directions. New York, NY: Elsevier, 105–128.
   Google Scholar
• Reed, M., 2000. From the “cage” to the “gaze”? The dynamics of organizational control in late modernity. In: G. Morgan, and L. Engwall, eds. Regulation and organization: international perspectives. London: Routledge, 17–49.
   Google Scholar
• Ritzer, G., 2004. The McDonaldization of Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Rowe, M., 2006. Following the leader: front-line narratives on police leadership. Policing: an international journal of police strategies and management, 294, 757–767.
   Google Scholar
• Royal College of Nursing, 2017. The voice of nursing. London: Royal College of Nursing.
   Google Scholar
• Rueschemeyer, D., 1983. Professional autonomy and then social control of expertise. In: R. Dingwall, and P. Lewis, eds. The sociology of the professions: lawyers, doctors and others. London: MacMillan Press, 38–58.
   Google Scholar
• Schwirian, P.M., 1998. Professionalization of nursing: current issues and trends. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
   Google Scholar
• Sciulli, D., 2009. Profession in civil society and the state: invariant foundations and consequences. International studies in sociology and anthropology series. Boston: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Sherman, L., 1998. Evidence-based policing. Ideas in American policing series. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Siegel, H., 2013. Educating reason. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sklansky, D., 2014. The promise and perils of police professionalism. In: J. Brown, ed. The future of policing. London: Routledge, 373–384.
   Google Scholar
• Staubli, S. 2017. Trusting the police: comparisons across eastern and western Europe. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag. Available from: https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/d0f0ce18-96c3-4966-97bf-997bbfb57ff7/634763.pdf [Accessed 10 August 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Terpstra, J., Fyfe, N.R., and Salet, R., 2019. The abstract police: a conceptual exploration of unintended changes of police organisations. The police journal, 924, 339–359.
   Google Scholar
• Thacher, D., 2019. The limits of procedural justice. In: D. Weisburd, and A. Braga, eds. Police innovation: contrasting perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press, 95–118.
   Google Scholar
• Tong, S., and Hallenberg, K.M., 2018. Education and the police professionalisation agenda: a perspective from England and Wales. In: C. Rogers, and B. Frevel, eds. Higher education and police: an international view. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 17–34.
   Google Scholar
• van Maanen, J., 1978. Observations on the making of policemen. In: P. Manning, and J. van Maanen, eds. Policing: a view from the street. Goodyear: Santa Monica, 292–308.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, T., and Siegert, R.J., 2002. Toward a comprehensive theory of child sexual abuse: a theory knitting perspective. Psychology, crime and law, 84, 319–351.
   Google Scholar
• Weinberger, B., 1995. The best police in the world. Aldershot: Scolar Press.
   Google Scholar
• West, O. 2021. UK policing is at real risk of direct political interference – but does anyone care? Available from: https://policinginsight.com/features/opinion/uk-policing-is-at-real-risk-of-direct-political-interference-but-does-anyone-care/ [Accessed 10 Aug 2021].
   Google Scholar
• White, D., and Heslop, R., 2012. Educating, legitimising or accessorising? Alternative conceptions of professional training in UK higher education: a comparative study of teacher, nurse and police officer educators. Police practice and research, 134, 342–356.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, E., and Cockcroft, T., 2018. Knowledge wars: professionalisation, organisational justice and competing knowledge paradigms in British policing. In: L. Huey, and R Mitchell, eds. Evidence-based policing: an introduction. Bristol: Policy Press, 131–141.
   Google Scholar
• Willmott, R., 1999. Structure, agency and the sociology of education: rescuing analytical dualism. British journal of sociology of education, 201, 5–21.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, D., 2016. The importance of liberal values within policing: police and crime commissioners, police independence and the spectre of illiberal democracy. Policing and society: an international journal of research and policy, 26 (2), 148–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, B.E., and Pandey, S.K., 2008. Public service motivation and the assumption of person–organization fit: testing the mediating effect of value congruence. Administration & society, 40 (5), 502–521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, M., 1991. An inside job. Oxford: Clarendon.
   Google Scholar
• Young, J., 2007. The vertigo of late modernity. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar