New drugs, new fears: synthetic opioids and adaptations to police practice.

References

• Alberta Health, 2017. Opioids and substances of misuse: Alberta report, 2017. Q3Alberta, CA: Government of Alberta.
   Google Scholar
• American College of Medical Toxicology. 2019. ACMT and AACT Position Statement: Preventing Occupational Fentanyl and Fentanyl Analog Exposure to Emergency Responders, https://www.acmt.net/_Library/Positions/Fentanyl_PPE_Emergency_Responders_.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Berardi, L., et al., 2021. Narcan and narcan't: implementation factors influencing police officer use of narcan. Social Science & Medicine, 270, online first.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucerius, S., 2014. Unwanted: muslim immigrants, dignity and drug dealing. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bucerius, S., and Haggerty, K.D., 2019. Fentanyl behind bars: The implications of synthetic opiates for prisoners and correctional officers. International journal of drug policy, 71, 133–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chappell, A.T., and Maggard, S.R., 2007. Applying Black’s Theory of Law to Crack and Cocaine Dispositions. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 51 (3), 264–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciccarone, D., Ondocsin, J., and Mars, S.G., 2017. Heroin uncertainties: exploring users’ perceptions of fentanyl-adulterated and -substituted ‘heroin’. International journal of drug policy, 46, 146–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, M., 1966. Purity and danger. London: Routledge Classics.
   Google Scholar
• Flavin, J., 1998. Police and HIV/AIDS: The risk, the reality, the response. American journal of criminal justice, 23 (1), 33–58.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs, J.C., 2019. Rhetoric vs. reality of decreasing danger for police over time. Criminology & public policy, 18, 7–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gözübenli, M., and Harmanci, F.M., 2016. An investigation of occupational accidents and safety risks in policing: views of employees. International journal of human sciences, 13 (1), 809–829.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, M. 2017. “A Huge Problem’: Correctional officers in Alberta hospitalized after exposure to fentanyl during searches.” CBC News (8 August, 2017). Retrieved March 12, 2018 from http://www.cbc.ca.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, S.E., and Collie, A., 2017. The nature and burden of occupational injury among first responder occupations: a retrospective cohort study in Australian workers. Injury, 48 (11), 2470–2477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, T. C., et al., 2013. Law Enforcement Attitudes Toward Overdose Prevention and Response. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 132 (2), 677–684.
   Google Scholar
• Haggerty, K.D., 2003. From risk to precaution: The rationalities of personal crime prevention. In: R. V. Ericson, and A. Doyle, eds. Risk and morality. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 193–214.
   Google Scholar
• Haggerty, K., and Bucerius, S., 2020. Radicalization as martialization: towards a better appreciation for the progression to violence. Terrorism and political violence, 32 (4), 768–788.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howlett, K., et al. 2016. “Killer high: How Canada got addicted to fentanyl.” The Globe and Mail (8 April 2016). Retrieved April 1, 2018 from https://www.theglobeandmail.com.
   Google Scholar
• Kammersgaard, T., 2019. Harm reduction policing: from drug Law enforcement to protection. Contemporary drug problems, 46 (4), 345–362.
   Google Scholar
• Mayhew, C. 2001. Occupational health and safety risks faced by police officers. Trends and issues in Crime and Criminal Justice Paper no. 196. Canberra, Australia: Aurstralian Institute of Criminology.
   Google Scholar
• McFadden, D., Kub, J., and Fitzgerald, S., 2006. Occupational health hazards to first responders from clandestine methamphetamine labs. Journal of addictions nursing, 17 (3), 169–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melnikova, N., et al., 2018. Acute chemical incidents With injured first responders, 2002-2012. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 12 (2), 211–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, J., and Russell, B., 2020. Police Officers’ Views of Naloxone and Drug Treatment: Does Greater Overdose Response Lead to More Negativity? Journal of Drug Issues, 50 (4), 455–471, 0022042620921363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2018. PubChem Compound Database;Carfentanil. Retrieved March 30, 2018 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
   Google Scholar
• Park, J.N., et al., 2019. Willingness to use safe consumption spaces among opioid users at high risk of fentanyl overdose in Baltimore, providence, and Boston. Journal of urban health, 96, 353–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persaud, E., and Jennings, C.R., 2019. Pilot study on risk perceptions and knowledge of fentanyl exposure among New York state first responders. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 1–5. [published on line, October 2019].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prenzier, T., 2012. Safety in policing and security. In: Tim Prenzier, ed. Policing and security in practice. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 168–185.
   Google Scholar
• Public Health Agency of Canada. 2019June. https://health-infobase.canada.ca/datalab/national-surveillance-opioid-mortality.html.
   Google Scholar
• Rinkunas, S. 2017. Police officer overdoses just from brushing fentanyl off his uniform. Vice: https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/ae5ak5/police-officer-overdoses-from-just-brushing-fentanyl-off-his-uniform.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders, E., and Marsch, L.A., 2019. “You Can See Those Concentric Rings Going Out”: Emergency Personnel’s Experiences Treating Overdose and Perspectives on Policy-Level Responses to the Opioid Crisis in New Hampshire. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 204, 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selfridge, M., et al., 2020. “Accidental Intimacies”: Reconsidering Bodily Encounters Between Police and Young People Who Use Drugs. Contemporary Drug Problems, 47 (3), 231–250.
   Google Scholar
• Skolnick, J.H., 2011. Justice without trial: Law enforcement in democratic society. New Orleans: Quid Pro Books.
   Google Scholar
• Thane, K., 2002. Crack cocaine use in hamburg’s open drug scene. Journal of drug issues, 32 (2), 423–430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, W. I. 1938. The Child in America. New York: Knopf.
   Google Scholar
• Toxicity, American College of Medical. nd. ACMT and AACT Position Statement: Preventing Occupational Fentanyl and Fentanyl Analog Exposure to Emergency Responders.
   Google Scholar
• Violanti, J.M., et al., 2019. Law enforcement suicide: a review. Policing: An international journal, 42 (2), 141–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weeks, C., and Howlet, K. 2015. Prescription of opioid drugs skyrocketing in Canada. The Globe and Mail (18 August 2015). Retrieved March 30, 2018 from https://www.theglobeandmail.com.
   Google Scholar
• Wermeling, D.P., 2013. A response to the opioid overdose epidemic: Naloxone nasal spray. Drug delivery and translational research, 3 (1), 63–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whatman, C., Walters, S., and Schluter, P., 2018. Coach and player attitudes to injury in youth sport. Physical therapy in sport, 32 (July), 1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Witter, R.Z., et al., 2007. Symptoms experienced by law enforcement personnel during methamphetamine lab investigations. Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene, 4 (12), 895–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witzel, A., and Reiter, H., 2012. The problem-centred interview. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2017. “WHO recommends the most stringent level of international control for synthetic opioid carfentanyl.” Retrieved April 8, 2018 from http://www.who.int/medicines/news/2017/WHOrecommends-most-stringent-level-int-control/en/.
   Google Scholar