Police legitimacy and culture revisited through the lens of self-legitimacy

References

• Akoensi, T.D., 2016. Perceptions of self-legitimacy and audience legitimacy among prison officers in Ghana. International journal of comparative and applied criminal justice, 40 (3), 245–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, R., 2001. Legitimating identities: the self-presentations of rulers and subjects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barker, R., 2003. Legitimacy, legitimation, and the European union: what crisis? In: P. Craig, and R. Rawlings, eds. Law and administration in Europe: essays in honour of Carol Harlow. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 157–174.
   Google Scholar
• Bayley, D.H., 1994. Police for the future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beetham, D., 1991. The legitimation of power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Beetham, D., 2013. The legitimation of power. 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, J.B., 1982. Police uniforms, attitudes, and citizens. Journal of criminal justice, 10, 45–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittner, E., 1974. Florence nightingale in pursuit of Willie Sutton: a theory of the police. In: H. Jacob, ed. The potential for reform of criminal justice. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 17–44.
   Google Scholar
• Bottoms, A. and Tankebe, J., 2012. Beyond procedural justice: a dialogic approach to legitimacy in criminal justice. The journal of criminal law and criminology, 102 (1), 119–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottoms, A. and Tankebe, J., 2013. A voice within: power-holders perspectives on legitimacy. In: J. Tankebe and A. Liebling, eds. Legitimacy and criminal justice: an international exploration. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 60–82.
   Google Scholar
• Bowling, B. and Phillips, C., 2007. Disproportionate and discriminatory: reviewing the evidence on police stop and search. The modern Law review, 70 (6), 936–961.
   Google Scholar
• Bradford, B., et al., 2014. Why do ‘the law’ comply? Procedural justice, group identification and officer motivation in police organizations. European journal of criminology, 11 (1), 110–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, B., 2016. Stop and search and police legitimacy. 1st ed. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bradford, B. and Quinton, P., 2014. Self-legitimacy, police culture and support for democratic policing in an English constabulary. The British journal of criminology, 54 (6), 1023–1046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branscombe, N.R., et al., 1999. The context and content of social identity threat. In: N. Ellemers, R. Spears, and B. Doosje, eds. Social identity. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 35–58.
   Google Scholar
• Brockner, J., 1988. Self-esteem at work: research, theory, and practice. Boston: Lexington.
   Google Scholar
• Brough, P., Chataway, S., and Biggs, A., 2016. ‘You don’t want people knowing you’re a copper!’ A contemporary assessment of police organisational culture. International journal of police science & management, 18 (1), 28–36.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, M.K., 1988. Working the street: police discretion and the dilemmas of reform. 2nd ed. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Cain, M., 1973. Society and the policeman’s role. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, J.B.L., 1997. Changing police culture: policing in a multicultural society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Charman, S., 2017. Police socialisation, identity and culture: becoming blue. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Cochran, J.K. and Bromley, M.L., 2003. The myth(?) of the police sub-culture. Policing: An international journal, 26 (1), 88–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, A.R., 1959. Some implications of self-esteem for social influence. In: C.I. Hovland and J.L. Janis, eds. Personality and persuasibility. New Haven: Yale University Press, 102–120.
   Google Scholar
• Coicaud, J.M., 2002. Legitimacy and politics: a contribution to the study of political right and political responsibility. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Colquitt, J.A., et al., 2013. Justice at the millennium, a decade later: a meta-analytic test of social exchange and affect-based perspectives. Journal of applied psychology, 98 (2), 199–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crank, J.P., 2014. Understanding police culture. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Di Palma, G., 1991. Legitimation from the top to civil society: politico-cultural change in Eastern Europe. World politics, 44 (1), 49–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, L., 1954. A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations, 7, 117–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielding, N.G., 1988. Joining forces: police training, socialization and occupation competence. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fielding, N.G., 1994. Cop canteen culture. In: T. Newburn and E.A. Stanko, eds. Just boys Doing business: men, masculinities and crime. New York: Routledge, 46–63.
   Google Scholar
• Fine, G.A., 1996. Justifying work: occupational rhetorics as resources in restaurant kitchens. Administrative science quarterly, 41 (1), 90–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, C., 1996. ‘The 250Ib man in an alley’: police story telling. Journal of organizational change management, 9 (5), 36–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gau, M.J. and Paoline, E.A., 2019. Police officers’ self-assessed legitimacy: a theoretical extension and empirical test. Justice quarterly, 3 (2), 276–300.
   Google Scholar
• Graef, R., 1990. Talking blues: the police in Their own words. London: Fontana.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, D.T., 1987. Careers and socialization. Journal of management, 13 (2), 301–322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert, S., 1996. Morality in low enforcement: chasing “bad guys” with the Los Angeles police. Law & society review, 30 (4), 799–818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert, S., 1998. Police culture reconsidered. Criminology, 26 (2), 343–369.
   Google Scholar
• Herbert, S., 2001. ‘Hard charger’ or ‘station queen’? Policing and the masculinist state. Gender, place & culture, 8 (1), 55–71.
   Google Scholar
• Herbert, S., 2006. Tangled up in blue: conflicting paths to police legitimacy. Theoretical criminology, 10 (4), 481–504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotho, S., 2008. Professional identity – product of structure, product of choice: linking changing professional identity and changing professions. Journal of organizational change management, 21 (6), 271–724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hough, M., et al., 2010. Procedural justice, trust and institutional legitimacy. Policing: A journal of policy and practice, 4 (3), 203–210.
   Google Scholar
• Ibarra, H., 1999. Provisional selves: experimenting with image and identity in professional adaptation. Administrative science quarterly, 44 (4), 764–791.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, J., et al., 2012. Why do people comply with the law? Legitimacy and the influence of legal institutions. The British journal of criminology, 52 (6), 1051–1071.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, J., et al., 2013. Just authority? Trust in the police in England and Wales. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jermier, J.M., et al., 1991. Organizational subcultures in a soft bureaucracy: resistance behind the myth and facade of an official culture. Organizational science, 2, 170–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonathan-Zamir, T. and Harpaz, A., 2014. Police understanding of the foundations of Their legitimacy in the eyes of the public: the case of commanding officers in the Israel national police. The British journal of criminology, 54 (3), 469–489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, T.J., Banaji, M.R., and Nosek, B.A., 2004. A decade of system justification theory: accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political psychology, 25 (6), 881–919.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappeler, V.E., Sluder, R.D., and Alpert, G.P., 1998. Forces of deviance: understanding the dark side of policing. 2nd ed. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kleinig, J., 1996. The ethics of policing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kochel, T.R., 2022. Policing unrest: on the front lines of the Ferguson protests. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Loader, I. and Mulcahy, A., 2003. Policing and the condition of England: memory, politics and culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Loftus, B., 2009. Police culture in a changing world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Loftus, B., 2010. Police occupational culture: classic themes, altered times. Policing and society, 20 (1), 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maesschalck, J., 2019. Creatief met complementariteiten, contradicties en onhaalbaarheden: een verkenning van vier wegen naar een betere politiezorg. In: J. Noppe, A. Verhage, K. Van der Vijver, and E. Kolthoff, eds. Politie en legitimiteit (Vol. 4). Maklu: Cahiers Politiestudies, 13–29.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, P.K., 1977. Police work: the social organization of policing. Cambridge: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, P.K., 1994. Police occupational culture: segmentation, politics and sentiments. unpublished manuscript. Michigan: Michigan State University.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, P.K., 1995. The police occupational culture in Anglo-American societies. In: W. Bailey, ed. The encyclopedia of police science. New York: Garland Publishing, 472–475.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, P.K., 2007. A dialectic of organisational and occupational culture. In: M. O’Neill, M. Marks, and A. Singh, eds. Police occupational culture: new debates and directions. New York: Elsevier, 47–83.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, P.K., 2008. Goffman on organizations. Organization studies, 29 (5), 677–699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, P.K., 2010. Democratic policing in a changing world. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, R. and Bradford, B., 2021. The anatomy of police legitimacy: dialogue, power and procedural justice. Theoretical criminology, 25 (4), 559–577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medina Ariza, J.J., 2014. Police-initiated contacts: young people, ethnicity, and the ‘usual suspects’. Policing and society, 24 (2), 208–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muir, W.K., 1977. Police: streetcorner politicians. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nix, J., Pickett, J.T., and Wolfe, S.E., 2020. Testing a theoretical model of perceived audience legitimacy: the neglected linkage in the dialogic model of police–community relations. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 57 (2), 217–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nix, J. and Wolfe, S.E., 2017. The impact of negative publicity on police self-legitimacy. Justice quarterly, 34 (1), 84–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noppe, J., 2016. Are all police officers equally triggered? A test of the interaction between moral support for the use of force and exposure to provocation. Policing & society, 28 (5), 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noyon, L., 2017. Visies op legitimiteit. In: P. Van Berlo, J. Cnossen, T.J.M. Dekkers, J.V.O.R. Doekhie, L. Noyon, and M. Samadi, eds. Over de grenzen van de discipline: interactions between and within criminal law and criminology. Den Haag: Boom Juridische Uitgevers, 147–165.
   Google Scholar
• Paoline, E.A., 2003. Taking stock: toward a richer understanding of police culture. Journal of criminal justice, 31, 199–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce, J.L., et al., 1989. Organisation-based self-esteem: construct definition, measurement and validation. Academy of management journal, 32 (3), 622–648.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce, J.L. and Gardner, D.G., 2004. Self-esteem within the work and organizational context: a review of the organization-based self-esteem literature. Journal of management, 30 (5), 591–622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, T., 2006. Understanding ethical failures in leadership. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Punch, M. and Naylor, T., 1973. Police-social service. New society, 24 (554), 358–361.
   Google Scholar
• Reiner, R., 1985. The politics of the police. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reiner, R., 2010. The politics of the police. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rubinstein, J., 1973. City police. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
   Google Scholar
• Rumbaut, R.G. and Bittner, E., 1979. Changing conceptions of the police role: a sociological review. In: N. Morris and M. Tonry, eds. Crime and justice: an annual review of research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 239–288.
   Google Scholar
• Schaap, D. and Saarikkomäki, E., 2022. Rethinking police procedural justice. Theoretical criminology, 26 (3), 416–433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schein, E.H., 1978. Career dynamics: matching individual and organisational needs. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Shearing, C.D., 1981. Organizational police deviance: Its structure and control. Toronto: Butterworth.
   Google Scholar
• Shearing, C.D. and Ericson, R.V., 1991. Culture as figurative action. The British journal of sociology, 42 (4), 481–506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, M.S. and Singer, A.E., 1985. The effect of police uniform on interpersonal perception. The journal of psychology, 119, 157–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sklansky, D.A., 2006. Not Your father’s police department: making sense of the new demographics of law enforcement. Journal of criminal law and criminology, 96 (3), 1209–1243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skogan, W., 2006. Asymmetry in the impact and encounters with the police. Policing and society, 16 (2), 99–126.
   Google Scholar
• Skolnick, J., 1966. Justice without trial. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Skolnick, J. and Fyfe, J.J., 1993. Above the law: police and the excessive use of force. Current issues in criminal justice, 5 (2), 226–228.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, D.J. and Gray, J., 1985. Police and people in London. Gower Publishing: Aldershot.
   Google Scholar
• Sparrow, M.K., Moore, M.H., and Kennedy, D.M., 1990. Beyond 911: a new era for policing. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., 1982. Social identity and intergroup relations. London: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tankebe, J., 2010. Legitimation and resistance: police reform in the (un)making. In: K. L. Cheliotis, ed. Roots, rites and sites of resistance: the banality of good. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 197–219.
   Google Scholar
• Tankebe, J., 2013. Viewing things differently: the dimensions of public of police legitimacy. Criminology, 51 (1), 103–135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tankebe, J., 2014. Rightful authority: exploring the structure of police self-legitimacy. In: A. Liebling, J. Shapland, and J. Tankebe, eds. Crime, justice and social order: essays in honour of A.E. Bottoms. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–30.
   Google Scholar
• Tankebe, J., 2018. In Their own eyes: an empirical examination of police self-legitimacy. International journal of comparative and applied criminal justice, 43 (2), 99–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tankebe, J. and Meško, G., 2015. Police self-legitimacy, use of force, and pro-organizational behavior in Slovenia. In: G. Meško, and J. Tankebe, eds. Trust and legitimacy in criminal justice: European perspectives. New York: Springer, 261–277.
   Google Scholar
• Trinkner, R., Kerrison, E.M., and Goff, P.A., 2019. The force of fear: police stereotype threat, self-legitimacy, and support for excessive force. Law and human behavior, 43 (5), 421–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, T., 1990. Why people obey the Law. Yale: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tyler, T., 2004. Enhancing police legitimacy. Annals of the American academy of political and social science, 593, 84–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, T., 2006. Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and legitimation. Annual review of psychology, 57, 375–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, T, 2009. Legitimacy and criminal justice: the benefits of self-regulation: Walter C. Reckless-Simon Dinitz Memorial Lecture. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 7 (1), 307–360.
   Google Scholar
• Tyler, T., 2011. Trust and legitimacy: policing in the US and Europe. European journal of criminology, 8 (4), 254–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Craen, M. and Skogan, W.G., 2017. Achieving fairness in policing: the link between internal and external procedural justice. Police quarterly, 20 (1), 3–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Maanen, J., 1974. Working the street: a developmental view of police behavior. In: H. Jacob, ed. The potential for reform of criminal justice. Beverly Hills: Sage, 83–130.
   Google Scholar
• Verwee, I., 2009. Wat doet de politie? Onderzoek naar de dagelijkse politiepraktijk. In: I. Verwee, E. Hendrickx, and F. Vlek, eds. Wat doet de politie? (Vol. 4). Maklu: Cahiers Politiestudies, 37–66.
   Google Scholar
• Waddington, P.A., 1999. Police (canteen) sub-culture: an appreciation. The British journal of criminology, 39 (2), 287–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, S., 1999. The police in America: an introduction. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, M., 1978. Economy and society: an outline of interpretive society (eds. Roth G and Wittich C). Los Angeles: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• White, D.R., Kyle, M.J., and Schafer, J., 2020. Police officer self-legitimacy: the role of organizational fit. Policing: An international journal, 43 (6), 993–1006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J.Q., 1968. Varieties of police behavior: the management of law and order in eight communities. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe, S.E. and Nix, J., 2017. Police officers’ trust in Their agency: does self-legitimacy protect against supervisor procedural injustice? Criminal justice and behavior, 44 (5), 717–732.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe, S.E. and Piquero, A.R., 2011. Organizational justice and police misconduct. Criminal justice and behavior, 38 (4), 332–353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrong, D., 1995. Power: its forms, bases and uses. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar