Publication Cover
Policing and Society
An International Journal of Research and Policy
Volume 34, 2024 - Issue 6
862
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Algorithmic crime prevention. From abstract police to precision policing

ORCID Icon &
Pages 521-534 | Received 22 Sep 2023, Accepted 15 Feb 2024, Published online: 06 Mar 2024

References

  • Bartsch, M., et al., 2023. Deutschland: BOOM. Der SPIEGEL, 15, 32–35.
  • Beck, C. and Mccue, C, 2009. Predictive Policing: What Can We Learn from Wal-Mart and Amazon about Fighting Crime in a Recession?. Police Chief, 76 (11), 18–20,22,23,24.
  • Bennett Moses, L., and Chan, J., 2018. Algorithmic prediction in policing: assumptions, evaluation, and accountability. Policing and society, 28 (7), 806–822. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2016.1253695
  • Bode, F., and Stoffel, F., 2023. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen polizeilicher Prognoseinstrumente am Beispiel des Projektes SKALA: Predictive Policing in Nordrhein-Westfalen (NRW). In: L. B. Blum, ed. Angewandte data science. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien, 29–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-39625-1_2.
  • Bratton, W.J., 2022. Opinion: in the post-defund the police era, restoring public safety requires “precision policing”. Police Magazin patrol. https://www.policemag.com/blogs/patrol/blog/15308852/opinion-in-the-post-defund-the-police-era-restoring-public-safety-requires-precision-policing.
  • Bratton, W.J., and Murad, J., 2018. Precision policing. Data, discretion, and community outreach can ensure a new era of public safety. City journal. https://www.city-journal.org/article/precision-policing.
  • Brayne, S., 2021. Predict and surveil: data, discretion, and the future of policing. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Caplan, J.M., and Kennedy, L.W., 2016. Risk terrain modeling: crime prediction and risk reduction. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Charmaz, K., 2014. Constructing grounded theory. 2nd ed. London; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Cheetham, R., 2019. Why we sold HunchLab. Azavea Blog. https://www.azavea.com/blog/2019/01/23/why-we-sold-hunchlab/.
  • Dailly, P., 2022. What is the SafetySmartTM Platform by SoundThinkingTM? SoundThinking. https://www.soundthinking.com/blog/what-is-soundthinkings-safetysmart-platform/.
  • Dosdall, H., 2023. Die Organisation Polizei. In: M. Apelt, and V. Tacke, eds. Handbuch Organisationstypen. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien, 213–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-39559-9_10.
  • Edwards, A., 2017. Big data, predictive machines and security. In: M. R. McGuire, and T. J. Holt, eds. The Routledge handbook of technology, crime and justice. 1st ed. New York, NY: Abingdon; Routledge. 451–461. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315743981.
  • Egbert, S., and Heimstädt, M., forthcoming. Predictive policing – the methodological challenges of algorithmic ‘chains of translation’ and the need for a team-based digital ethnography. In: M. Avis, M. Sapignoli, and D. Marciniak, eds. Digital technologies and states of surveillance: ethnographies in policing and justice. Abingdon, UK; New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Egbert, S., and Leese, M., 2021. Criminal futures: predictive policing and everyday police work. 1st ed. Abingdon, UK; New York, NY: Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Criminal-Futures-Predictive-Policing-and-Everyday-Police-Work/Egbert-Leese/p/book/9780367349264.
  • Ericson, R.V., and Haggerty, K.D., 1997. Policing the risk society. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Eterno, J.A., and Silverman, E.B., 2010. The NYPD’s compstat: compare statistics or compose statistics? International journal of police science & management, 12 (3), 426–449. https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2010.12.3.195
  • Feltes, T., 2013. Germany. In: M. K. Nalla, and G. R. Newman, eds. Community policing in indigenous communities. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 257–265.
  • Feltes, T., 2014. Community policing in Germany. In: Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg / IFSH ed. OSCE yearbook 2013. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 219–230. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845252698_219
  • Ferguson, A.G., 2017. The rise of big data policing: surveillance, race, and the future of law enforcement. New York, NY: New York University Press.
  • Ferguson, A.G., 2019. Predictive policing theory. In: T. R. Lave, and E. J. Miller, eds. The Cambridge handbook of policing in the United States. 1st ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 491–510. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108354721.025.
  • Geolitica, 2021. Geolitica: a new name, a new focus. Geolitica. https://geolitica.com/blog/geolitica-a-new-name-a-new-focus/
  • Geolitica, 2023a. Improving police-community relations. Geolitica. https://geolitica.com/blog/improving-police-community-relations/
  • Geolitica, 2023b. Is hotspot policing still relevant? Geolitica. https://geolitica.com/blog/is-hotspot-policing-still-relevant/
  • Goldstein, H., 1979. Improving policing: a problem-oriented approach. Crime & delinquency, 25 (2), 236–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/001112877902500207
  • Groß, H., 2006. Länderpolizeien. In: H.-J. Lange, and M. Gasch, eds. Wörterbuch zur Inneren Sicherheit. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90596-9_45.
  • Gundhus, H.O.I., Erichsen Skjevrak, P., and Wathne, C.T., 2023. We will always be better than a spreadsheet: intelligence logic and crime prevention in practice. European journal of policing studies, 6 (1), 27–49. https://doi.org/10.5553/EJPS/2034760X2022001009
  • Gundhus, H.O.I., Talberg, N., and Wathne, C.T., 2022. From discretion to standardization: digitalization of the police organization. International journal of police science & management, 24 (1), 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/14613557211036554
  • Haberman, C.P., et al., 2022. Precision policing 2.0: a framework for the future of policing. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/610d4c380caa60623d6cca72/t/61f7e6c7de9b6d39921e8c11/1643636424045/Precision+Policing+2.0+White+Paper.pdf.
  • Hälterlein, J., 2021. Epistemologies of predictive policing: mathematical social science, social physics and machine learning. Big data & society, 8 (1), 205395172110031. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211003118
  • Heidemann, D., 2020. Fehler macht man (am besten) nur einmal! Eine organisationssoziologische Perspektive auf das Lernen aus Fehlern in der Polizei. In: C. Barthel, ed. Managementmoden in der Verwaltung. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien, 93–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-26530-4_4.
  • Hessisches Ministerium des Innern und für Sport, 2023. ALLIANZ GELDAUTOMATEN. Land geht gegen Geldautomaten-Sprenger vor. https://innen.hessen.de/presse/land-geht-gegen-geldautomaten-sprenger-vor.
  • Johnson, S.D., 2008. Repeat burglary victimisation: a tale of two theories. Journal of experimental criminology, 4 (3), 215–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-008-9055-3
  • Kaufmann, M., 2018. The co-construction of crime predictions: dynamics between digital data, software and human beings. In: N. R. Fyfe, H. O. Gundhus, and K. V. Rønn, eds. Moral issues in intelligence-led policing. Abingdon; New York, NY: Routledge, 143–160.
  • Kaufmann, M., 2019. Who connects the dots? Agents and agency in predictive policing. In: M. Hoijtink, and M. Leese, eds. Technology and agency in international relations. Abingdon; New York, NY: Routledge, 141–163.
  • Kaufmann, M., Egbert, S., and Leese, M., 2019. Predictive policing and the politics of patterns. The British journal of criminology, 59 (3), 674–692. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azy060
  • Klenner, S., and Lang, A.-S., 2023. Was Automatensprenger so gefährlich macht. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/kriminalitaet/sprengung-von-geldautomaten-was-automatensprenger-so-gefaehrlich-macht-19044724.html.
  • Kuckartz, U., and Rädiker, S., 2023. Qualitative content analysis: methods, practice and software. Thousand Oakes, CA: SAGE Publications.
  • Landeskriminalamt NRW, 2018. Projekt SKALA. Abschlussbericht. https://lka.polizei.nrw/sites/default/files/2018-06/180208_Abschlussbericht_SKALA.pdf.
  • Lin, T., and Rejniak, M., 2017. 10. NYPD ShotSpotter: the policy shift to “precision-based” policing. In: A. C. d’Almeida, ed. Smarter New York city. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 253–276. https://doi.org/10.7312/dalm18374-014.
  • Lum, K., and Isaac, W., 2016. To predict and serve? Significance, 13 (5), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2016.00960.x
  • Mayer, F., 2021. Datenbasierte Sicherheitsentscheidungen – Zur kommunalpräventiven Nutzbarmachung von strategischen Analysemodellen für migrantisch geprägte Quartiere. In: B. Frevel, ed. Migration und Sicherheit in der Stadt. Münster: LIT, 181–210.
  • McGuire, M.R., 2021. The laughing policebot: automation and the end of policing. Policing and society, 31 (1), 20–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2020.1810249
  • Mehrotra, D., and Cameron, D., 2023. The maker of ShotSpotter is buying the world’s most infamous predictive policing tech. Wired magazine. https://www.wired.com/story/soundthinking-geolitica-acquisition-predictive-policing/.
  • Neuerer, D., and Atzler, E., 2023. Gesprengte Geldautomaten: Innenminister drohen Banken mit verbindlichen Schutzvorschriften. Handelsblatt. https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/sicherheit-gesprengte-geldautomaten-innenminister-drohen-banken-mit-verbindlichen-schutzvorschriften/29083952.html.
  • O’Neil, C., 2016. Weapons of math destruction: how big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. 1st ed. New York, NY: Crown.
  • PredPol, 2020. Overview. PredPol. https://www.predpol.com/about/.
  • Ratcliffe, J.H., 2016. Intelligence-led policing. 1st ed. Abingdon; New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315717579.
  • Ritsert, R., 2023. Projektmanagement in der Polizei. In: D. Wehe, and H. Siller, eds. Handbuch Polizeimanagement. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien, 763–776. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34388-0_45.
  • Rummens, A., and Hardyns, W., 2020. Comparison of near-repeat, machine learning and risk terrain modeling for making spatiotemporal predictions of crime. Applied spatial analysis and policy, 13 (4), 1035–1053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-020-09339-2
  • Sandhu, A., and Fussey, P., 2021. The ‘uberization of policing’? How police negotiate and operationalise predictive policing technology. Policing and society, 31 (1), 66–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2020.1803315
  • Schulte, W., 2017. Entwicklung der Polizeiorganisation in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. In: J. Stierle, D. Wehe, and H. Siller, eds. Handbuch Polizeimanagement. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien, 23–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08926-9_2.
  • Seidensticker, K., 2019. Fehlerkultur der Polizei. Die Wirkung von Organisationsstruktur und Männlichkeitskonstruktionen auf den Umgang mit Fehlern. SIAK-journal − Zeitschrift für Polizeiwissenschaft und polizeiliche Praxis, 3, 78–91. https://doi.org/10.7396/2019_3_G
  • Seidensticker, K., 2021. SKALA – predictive policing in North Rhine-Westphalia. European law enforcement research bulletin, 21 (Summer), 47–60.
  • Seidensticker, K., and Bode, F., 2022. Good policing in times of abstract police. In: J. Terpstra, R. Salet, and N. Fyfe, eds. The abstract police: critical reflections on contemporary change in police organisations. The Hague: Eleven International, 169–182.
  • ShotSpotter, 2018. Shotspotter announces acquisition of Hunchlab to springboard into AI-driven analysis and predictive policing. https://www.soundthinking.com/press-releases/shotspotter-announces-acquisition-of-hunchlab-to-springboard-into-ai-driven-analysis-and-predictive-policing/.
  • Skogan, W.G., 2008. An overview of community policing: origins, concepts and implementation. In: T. Williamson, ed. The handbook of knowledge-based policing: current conceptions and future directions. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 43–57.
  • Stadt Gelsenkirchen, 2022. Interdisziplinäres Frühwarnsystem „ELSA“ soll in Gelsenkirchen Fehlentwicklungen verhindern. Gelsenkirchen. https://www.gelsenkirchen.de/de/_meta/aktuelles/artikel/53998-interdisziplinaeres-fruehwarnsystem-elsa-soll-in-gelsenkirchen-fehlentwicklungen-verhindern.
  • Terpstra, J., Fyfe, N.R., and Salet, R., 2019. The abstract police: a conceptual exploration of unintended changes of police organisations. The police journal: theory, practice and principles, 92 (4), 339–359. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X18817999
  • Terpstra, J., Fyfe, N.R., and Salet, R., 2022. Introduction: abstract police, the concept and some main questions. In: J. Terpstra, R. Salet, and N. Fyfe, eds. The abstract police: critical reflections on contemporary change in police organisations. The Hague: Eleven International, 1–14.
  • Terpstra, J., and Salet, R., 2022. Community policing in the age of abstract police. In: J. Terpstra, R. Salet, and N. Fyfe, eds. The abstract police: critical reflections on contemporary change in police organisations. The Hague: Eleven International, 81–101.
  • Terpstra, J., Salet, R., and Fyfe, N., Eds. 2022a. The abstract police: critical reflections on contemporary change in police organisations. The Hague: Eleven International.
  • Terpstra, J., Salet, R., and Fyfe, N.R., 2022b. Abstract police organisations: distantiation, decontextualisation and digitalisation. In: A. Verhage, M. Easton, and S. De Kimpe, eds. Policing in smart societies. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 9–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83685-6_2.
  • Terpstra, J., Van Stokkom, B., and Van Der Vijver, K., 2014. Community policing. In: G. Bruinsma, and D. Weisburd, eds. Encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice. New York, NY: Springer, 416–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_196
  • Walsh, W.F., and Vito, G.F., 2004. The meaning of compstat: analysis and response. Journal of contemporary criminal justice, 20 (1), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986203262310
  • Weisburd, D., Groff, E., and Yang, S.-M., 2012. The criminology of place: street segments and our understanding of the crime problem. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Weisburd, D., Groff, E.R., and Yang, S.-M., 2017. The criminology of place: key contributions and commentary. Jerusalem review of legal studies, 15 (1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrls/jlx015
  • Weisburd, D., White, C., and Wooditch, A., 2020. Does collective efficacy matter at the micro geographic level?: findings from a study of street segments. The British journal of criminology, 60 (4), 873–891. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa007
  • Wilson, D., 2017. Algorithmic patrol. The futures of predictive policing. In: A. Završnik, ed. Big data, crime and social control. 1st ed. Abingdon; New York, NY: Routledge, 108–127. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315395784.