Police oversight in practice: the Special Investigations Unit and civilian police oversight in Ontario, Canada

References

• Beare, M.E. and Murray, T., 2007. Police and government relations: who's calling the shots?. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beare, M.E., Des Rosiers, N., and Deshman, A. C., 2015. Putting The state on trial: The policing of protest during the G20 summit. Vancouver: UBC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Briggs, W., 2017. Police oversight: civilian oversight boards and lessons learned from Our neighbors to The north. Suffolk transnational Law review, 40 (1), 139–164.
   Google Scholar
• Chin, G.J. and Wells, S.C., 1997. The blue wall of silence as evidence of bias and motive to lie: a new approach to police perjury. University of Pittsburgh Law review, 59, 233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowell, M., 2016. Police officers’ attitudes toward civilian oversight mechanisms in Ontario, Canada. doctoral dissertation, University of Waterloo.
   Google Scholar
• Faber, J.W., and Kalbfeld, J.R., 2019. Complaining while black: racial disparities in the adjudication of complaints against the police. City & community, 18 (3), 1028–1067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferdik, F., Rojek, J., and Alpert, G., 2014. Citizen oversight in the United States in Canada: An overview. Police practice and research, 14 (2), 104–116.
   Google Scholar
• Filstad, C. and Gottschalk, P., 2011. Performance evaluation of police oversight agencies. Policing and society, 21 (1), 96–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartner, R., 2011. Sex, gender, and crime. In: M. Tonry, ed. The Oxford handbook of crime and criminal justice. New York: Oxford Academic, 348–384.
   Google Scholar
• Gillis, W., 2021. External review highlights Toronto police failure to notify SIU in Dafonte Miller beating. Toronto Star, November 22: online.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, F., 2012. Holding police accountability theory to account. Policing, 6 (3), 240–249.
   Google Scholar
• Hasham, A., 2020. Cops investigating cops doesn't bring us any justice. Toronto Star, August 26: online.
   Google Scholar
• Holmberg, L., 2019. In service of the truth? An evaluation of the Danish independent police complaints authority. European journal of criminology, 16 (5), 592–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hope, K.R.S., 2021. Civilian oversight for democratic policing and its challenges: overcoming obstacles for improved police accountability. Journal of applied security research, 16 (4), 423–455.
   Google Scholar
• Jun, H.-J., DeVylder, J.E., and Fedina, L., 2020. Police violence among adults diagnosed with mental disorders. Health & social work, 45 (2), 81–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempa, M., 2007. Tracing the diffusion of policing governance models from the British isles and back again: some directions for democratic reform in troubled times. Police practice and research, 8 (2), 107–123.
   Google Scholar
• Kwon, J. and Wortley, S., 2022. Policing the police: public perceptions of civilian oversight in Canada. Race and justice, 12 (4), 644–668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landau, T., 1996. When police investigate police: a view from complainants. Canadian journal of criminology, 38, 291–315.
   Google Scholar
• Loeber, R., et al., 2015. Constancy and change in the prevalence and frequency of offending when based on longitudinal self-reports or official records: comparisons by gender, race and crime type. Journal of developmental and life-course criminology, 1 (2), 150–168.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marin, A., 2008. Oversight unseen: investigation into the special investigations unit’s operational effectiveness and credibility. Ombudsman Ontario. Available from https://www.ombudsman.on.ca/Files/sitemedia/Documents/Investigations/SORT%20Investigations/siureporteng_1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• McCulloch, J. and Maguire, M., 2022. Reforming police oversight in Victoria: lessons from northern Ireland. Current issues in criminal justice, 34 (1), 38–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNabb, D. and Puddister, K. 2024. To serve and protect? An empirical study of police-involved sexual assault. Women & Criminal Justice, 34 (2), 149–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss, B., 2022. Police oversight in Ireland: who complains, who gains? Criminology & Criminal Justice, advanced online: 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, C. and McKenna, F., 2008. Police investigating police: A critical analysis of the literature. Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the RCMP, Government of Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Prenzler, T., 2000. Civilian oversight of police: a test of capture theory. British journal of criminology, 40 (4), 659–674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prenzler, T. and Lewis, C., 2005. Performance indicators for police oversight agencies. Australian journal of public administration, 64 (2), 77–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prenzler, T. and Maguire, M., 2022. Models of police oversight and complaints handling processes. Australia: Independent Commission of Inquiry into Queensland Police Service Responses to Domestic and Family Violence.
   Google Scholar
• Prenzler, T. and Ronken, C., 2001. Models of police oversight: A critique. Policing and society, 11, 151–180.
   Google Scholar
• Pryor, C., et al., 2019. A national study of sustained use of force complaints in law enforcement agencies. Journal of criminal justice, 64, 23–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puddister, K., 2023. Oversight and accountability for serious incidents in Canada: who polices the police? Canadian public administration, 66 (3), 390–408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puddister, K. and McNabb, D. 2021. When the police break the law: The investigation, prosecution and sentencing of Ontario police officers. Canadian Journal of Law and Society, 36 (3), 381–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roach, K., 2014. Models of civilian police review: the objectives and mechanisms of legal and political regulation of the police. Criminal Law quarterly, 61 (1), 29–73.
   Google Scholar
• Rossler, M.T. and Terrill, W., 2017. Mental illness, police use of force, and citizen injury. Police quarterly, 20 (2), 189–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sancton, A., 2012. "Democratic policing": lessons from Ipperwash and Caledonia. Canadian public administration, 55 (3), 365–383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulenberg, J., et al., 2017. An application of procedural justice to stakeholder perspectives: examining police legitimacy and public trust in police complaints systems. Policing and society, 27 (2), 779–796.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, I., 2013. Reforming Ontario’s special investigations unit. Criminal Law quarterly, 60, 190–206.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, I., 2014a. The road to independent police officers’ notes in SIU incidents. In: I. Scott, ed. Issues in civilian oversight of policing in Canada. Canada Law Book, 273–300.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, I., 2014b. Development of civilian oversight in Ontario. In: I. Scott, ed. Issues in civilian oversight of policing in Canada. Toronto: Canada Law Book, 89–110.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, G., 2013. Oversight of the police and residual complaints dilemmas: independence, effectiveness and accountability deficits in the United Kingdom. Police practice and research, 14 (2), 92–103.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, S., et al., 2022. Social, health and ethnicity correlates of complaints of excessive police force. Criminal behaviour and mental health, 32 (4), 284–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Special Investigations Unit, 2005. Annual Report 2004–2005.
   Google Scholar
• Special Investigations Unit, 2023. “The Unit: Our Staff.” https://siu.on.ca/en/org_chart.php.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada, 2020. Adult criminal courts, guilty cases by type of sentence. Available from: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3510003001
   Google Scholar
• Tulloch, M., 2017. Report of the independent police oversight review. Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Varaine, S. and Roché, S., 2023. The fourth power: a mapping of police oversight agencies in Europe and Quebec. Policing and society, 33 (9), 1007–1030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, S., 2001. Police accountability: The role of civilian oversight. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, S. and Archbold, C., 2020. The New world of police accountability. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Wortley, S., 2006. Police use of force in Ontario: An examination of data form the special investigations unit. Report prepared for the Ipperwash inquiry.
   Google Scholar
• Wortley, S., et al., 2021. Police use of force in Canada: a review of data, expert opinion and the international research literature. Report prepared for Canadian Criminal Justice Association. June.
   Google Scholar