Risky calls: understanding the challenges and risks of using mobile phone data during homicide investigations

References

• Berkeley Square Solicitors. n.d. Liam Allen – what happens when the justice system fails [online]. Available from: www.bsblaw.co.uk/blog/y1ki1cx5jzxoaiwp48kegwc04ukcct [Accessed 2 Oct 2023].
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., and Clarke, V., 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3 (2), 77–101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• British Society of Criminology. 2015. British Society of Criminology statement of ethics [online]. Available from: https://www.britsoccrim.org/documents/BSCEthics2015.pdf [Accessed 29 Oct 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Brookman, F., et al., 2020. Dead reckoning: Unravelling how “homicide” cases travel from crime scene to court using qualitative research methods. Homicide studies, 24 (3), 283–306. doi: 10.1177/1088767920907374
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookman, F., et al., 2022. Crafting credible homicide narratives: forensic technoscience in contemporary criminal investigations. Deviant behavior, 43 (3), 340–366. doi: 10.1080/01639625.2020.1837692
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookman, F., 2022. Understanding homicide. 2nd ed. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Brookman, F., and Jones, H., 2022. Capturing killers: the construction of CCTV evidence during homicide investigations. Policing and society, 32 (2), 125–144. doi: 10.1080/10439463.2021.1879075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookman, F., and Jones, H., 2024. Doing fieldwork on homicide investigation. In: K.F. Parker, and A.M. Mancik, eds. Taking stock of homicide: Trends, emerging themes, and the challenges. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 114–132.
   Google Scholar
• Casey, E., 2019a. The chequered past and risky future of digital forensics. Australian journal of forensic sciences, 51 (6), 649–664. doi: 10.1080/00450618.2018.1554090
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey, E., 2019b. Trust in digital evidence. Forensic science international: digital investigation, 31, 1–2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey, E., and Turnbull, B. 2011. Digital evidence on mobile devices [online]. Available from: https://booksite.elsevier.com/9780123742681/Chapter_20_Final.pdf [Accessed 28 Jan 2022].
   Google Scholar
• Collie, J., 2018. Digital forensic evidence – flaws in the criminal justice system. Forensic science international, 289, 154–155. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, J., and Strauss, A., 2008. Basics of qualitative research. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Costa, S., and Santos, F., 2019. The social life of forensic evidence and the epistemic sub-cultures in an inquisitorial justice system: analysis of Saltão case. Science & justice, 59, 471–479. doi: 10.1016/j.scijus.2019.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act. 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Crown Prosecution Service. 2022. Disclosure [online]. Available from: https://www.cps.gov.uk/about-cps/disclosure#:~:text=Disclosure%20is%20providing%20the%20defence,is%20done%20properly%2C%20and%20promptly [Accessed 10 Oct 2023].
   Google Scholar
• Edmond, G., 2010. Suspect sciences? Evidentiary problems with emerging technologies. International journal of digital crime and forensics, 2 (1), 40–72. doi: 10.4018/jdcf.2010010104
   Google Scholar
• Forensic Analytics. 2020. Briefing paper. GPRS billing: using CDR data evidentially [online]. Available from: https://www.forensicanalytics.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/0058-BRF_Briefing_Paper-GPRS_Billing_v3.1.pdf [Accessed 31 Jan 2023].
   Google Scholar
• Forensic Capability Network. 2023. UK law enforcement invited to join radio frequency exercise [online]. Available from: https://www.fcn.police.uk/news/2023-10/uk-law-enforcement-invited-join-radio-frequency-exercise [Accessed 26 Oct 2023].
   Google Scholar
• Forensic Science Regulator. 2023. Report on the consultation on the statutory Code of Practice required under Section 3 of the Forensic Science Regulator Act 2021 [online]. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/63dd03e88fa8f57fc12e2cbf/Code_Consultation_Report_final.pdf [Accessed 18 Mar 2024].
   Google Scholar
• Forensic Science Regulator Act. 2021.Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2021/14/contents
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs Van Brunschot, E., et al., 2022. Poisoned chalice? The challenges of forensic science and technology for homicide investigations. Police practice and research, 24 (4), 475–492. doi: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2132250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gogolin, G., 2021. Digital forensics explained. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Helm, R., 2022. Wrongful conviction in England and Wales: an assessment of successful appeals and key contributors. The wrongful conviction law review, 3 (3), 196–217. doi: 10.29173/wclawr79
   Google Scholar
• Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire and Rescue. 2022. An inspection into how well the police and other agencies use digital forensics in their investigations [online]. Available from: https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/publication-html/how-well-the-police-and-other-agencies-use-digital-forensics-in-their-investigations/ [Accessed 2 Dec 2022].
   Google Scholar
• Hiley, C. 2023. UK mobile phone statistics, 2023 [online]. Available from: https://www.uswitch.com/mobiles/studies/mobile-statistics/ [Accessed 3 Oct 2023].
   Google Scholar
• Horsman, G., 2018. I couldn’t find it your honour, it mustn’t be there!” – tool errors, tool limitations and user error in digital forensics. Science & justice, 58 (6), 433–440. doi: 10.1016/j.scijus.2018.04.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horsman, G., 2023. Digital evidence strategies for digital forensic science examinations. Science & justice, 63 (1), 116–126. doi: 10.1016/j.scijus.2022.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House of Commons Justice Committee. 2018. Disclosure of evidence in criminal cases [online]. Available from: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmjust/859/859.pdf [Accessed 10 Oct 2023].
   Google Scholar
• Hoy, J., 2015. Forensic radio survey techniques for cell site analysis. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Information Commissioner’s Office. 2020. Mobile phone data extraction by police forces in England and Wales. Investigation report [online]. Available from: https://ico.org.uk/media/about-the-ico/documents/2617838/ico-report-on-mpe-in-england-and-wales-v1_1.pdf [Accessed 28 Jan 2022].
   Google Scholar
• Innes, M., Brookman, F., and Jones, H., 2021. Mosaicking: cross construction, sense-making and methods of police investigation. Policing: an international journal, 44 (4), 708–721. doi: 10.1108/PIJPSM-02-2021-0028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Investigatory Powers Act. 2016. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/25/contents
   Google Scholar
• Jasanoff, S., 2006. Just evidence: the limits of science in the legal process. Journal of law, medicine & ethics, 34 (2), 328–341. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2006.00038.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julian, R., Howes, L., and White, R., 2022. Critical forensic studies. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Julian, R., Kelty, S., and Robertson, J., 2012. Get it right the first time: critical issues at the crime scene. Current issues in criminal justice, 24 (1), 25–37. doi: 10.1080/10345329.2012.12035942
   Google Scholar
• Kruse, C., 2016. The social life of forensic evidence. Oakland: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lentz, L.W., and Sunde, N., 2021. The use of historical call data records as evidence in the criminal justice system – lessons learned from the Danish telecom scandal. Digital evidence and electronic signature law review, 18, 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, M., et al., 2008. Truth machine: the contentious history of DNA fingerprinting. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• McCartney, C., 2018. Commentary: disclosure in the criminal justice system. Journal of forensic and legal medicine, 58, 72–73. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2018.04.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metropolitan Police Service and Crown Prosecution Service. 2018. A joint review of the disclosure process in the case of R v Allan: findings and recommendations for the Metropolitan Police Service and CPS London [online]. Available from: https://www.cps.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/publications/joint-review-disclosure-Allan.pdf [Accessed 22 Nov 2021].
   Google Scholar
• National Police Chiefs’ Council. 2020. Digital forensic science strategy [online]. Available from: https://www.npcc.police.uk/SysSiteAssets/media/downloads/publications/publications-log/2020/national-digital-forensic-science-strategy.pdf [Accessed 27 Sep 2023].
   Google Scholar
• National Police Chiefs’ Council. 2021. Major crime investigation manual [online]. Available from: https://library.college.police.uk/docs/NPCC/Major-Crime-Investigation-Manual-Nov-2021.pdf [Accessed 2 Dec 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Page, H., et al., 2019. A review of quality procedures in the UK forensic sciences: what can the field of digital forensics learn? Science & justice, 59 (1), 83–92. doi: 10.1016/j.scijus.2018.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez, F., 2022. The digital divide in the US criminal justice system. New media & society, 24 (2), 514–529. doi: 10.1177/14614448211063190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reedy, P., 2020. Interpol review of digital evidence 2016–2019. Forensic science international: synergy, 2, 489–520.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act. 2000. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/23/contents
   Google Scholar
• Reiber, L., 2019. Mobile forensic investigations. A guide to evidence collection, analysis, and presentation. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, V., et al. 2022. Using appeal judgement transcripts to assess changes in the presence of digital evidence in police investigations [online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/digital-evidence-in-appeal-judgement-transcripts/using-appeal-judgement-transcripts-to-assess-changes-in-the-presence-of-digital-evidence-in-police-investigations [Accessed 29 Nov 2022].
   Google Scholar
• Salet, R., 2017. Framing in criminal investigation: How police officers (re)construct a crime. The police journal: theory, practice and principles, 90 (2), 128–142. doi: 10.1177/0032258X16672470
   Google Scholar
• Smith, T., 2018. The “near miss” of Liam Allan: critical problems in police disclosure, investigation culture, and the resourcing of criminal justice. Criminal law review, 9, 711–732.
   Google Scholar
• Sommer, P., 2018. Accrediting digital forensics: what are the choices? Digital investigation, 25, 116–120. doi: 10.1016/j.diin.2018.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunde, N., 2022. Unpacking the evidence elasticity of digital traces. Cogent social sciences, 8 (1), 2103946. doi: 10.1080/23311886.2022.2103946
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tart, M., et al., 2012. Historic cell site analysis – overview of principles and survey methodologies. Digital investigation, 8 (3-4), 185–193. doi: 10.1016/j.diin.2011.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tart, M., et al., 2019. Cell site analysis: roles and interpretation. Science & Justice, 59 (5), 558–564. doi: 10.1016/j.scijus.2019.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Zandwijk, J.P., and Boztas, A., 2021. The phone reveals your motion: digital traces of walking, driving and other movements on iPhones. Forensic science international: digital investigation, 37, 301170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincze, E.A., 2016. Challenges in digital forensics. Police practice and research: an international journal, 17 (2), 183–194. doi: 10.1080/15614263.2015.1128163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson-Kovacs, D., 2019. Effective resource management in digital forensics. An exploratory analysis of triage practices in four English constabularies. Policing: an international journal, 43 (1), 77–90. doi: 10.1108/PIJPSM-07-2019-0126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson-Kovacs, D., Jones, H., and Brookman, F., 2024. The use of digital evidence in homicide investigations. In: C. Allsop, and S Pike, eds. The international handbook of homicide investigations. Abingdon: Routledge, 103–117.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson-Kovacs, D., and Wilcox, J., 2023. Managing police demand for digital forensics through risk assessment and prioritization in England and Wales. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 17, paac106. doi: 10.1093/police/paac106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson-Kovacs, D., and Wyatt, D., 2023. The long journey of resistance toward acceptance: understanding digital forensic accreditation in England and Wales from a social science perspective. Wires forensic science, 6 (1), e1501. doi: 10.1002/wfs2.1501
   Google Scholar