The Moderating Role of Gender in the Relationship between Nomophobia and Social Interaction Anxiety in University Students

References

• Ahad, A. D., & Anshari, M. (2017). Smartphone habits among youth: Uses and gratification theory. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL), 7(1), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJCBPL.2017010105
   Google Scholar
• Akgül, A., & Çevı̇k, O. (2005). İstatistiksel Analiz Teknikleri. Emek Ofset Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Albayrak, A. S. (2006). Uygulamalı Çok Deg˘işkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. Asil Yayın Dag˘ıtım.
   Google Scholar
• Albursan, I. S., Al Qudah, M. F., Dutton, E., Hassan, E. M. A. H., Bakhiet, S. F. A., Alfnan, A. A., Aljomaa, S. S., & Hammad, I. H. (2019). National, sex and academic discipline difference in smartphone addiction: A study of students in Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Sudan. Community Mental Health Journal, 55(5), 825–830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00368-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). APA.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, M., & Jiang, J. (2018). Teens, social media & technology 2018. Pew Research Center, 31(2018), 1673–1689. http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/05/31/teens-social-media-technology-2018/
   Google Scholar
• Ang, C. S., Chan, N. N., & Lee, C. S. (2018). Shyness, loneliness avoidance, and internet addiction: What are the relationships? The Journal of Psychology, 152(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2017.1399854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alahmari, M. S., Alfaifi, A. A., Alyami, A. H., Alshehri, S. M., Alqahtani, M. S., Alkhashrami, S. S., Alqahtani, A. S., Alghamdi, A. A., Alqahtani, A. S., & Mostafa, O. A. (2018). Prevalence and risk factors of nomophobia among undergraduate students of health sciences colleges at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medical Research Professionals, 4(1), 429–432. https://doi.org/10.21276/ijmrp.2018.4.1.088
   Google Scholar
• Altan, B. (2019). Nomofobi ile aleksitimi arasındaki ilişkide bilinçli farkındalık ve üst bilişin aracı rolünün incelenmesi (Unpublished masters’ thesis). İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
   Google Scholar
• Apak, E., & Yaman, Ö. M. (2019). The prevalence of nomophobia among university students and nomophobia’s relationship with social phobia: The case of Bingol University. Addicta, 6(3), 609–627. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2019.6.3.0078
   Google Scholar
• Argumosa-Villar, L., Boada-Grau, J., & Vigil-Colet, A. (2017). Exploratory investigation of theoretical predictors of nomophobia using the Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire (MPIQ). Journal of Adolescence, 56(1), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.02.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arpaci, I., Baloğlu, M., & Kesici, Ş. (2019). A multi-group analysis of the effects of individual differences in mindfulness on nomophobia. Information Development, 35(2), 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666917745350
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arpaci, I., Baloğlu, M., Kozan, H. İ. Ö., & Kesici, Ş. (2017). Individual differences in the relationship between attachment and nomophobia among college students: The mediating role of mindfulness. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(12), e8847. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assunção, R. S., Costa, P., Tagliabue, S., & Mena Matos, P. (2017). Problematic Facebook use in adolescents: Associations with parental attachment and alienation to peers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(11), 2990–2998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0817-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayar, D., Gerçeker, G. Ö., Özdemir, E. Z., & Bektas, M. (2018). The effect of problematic internet use, social appearance anxiety, and social media use on nursing students’ nomophobia levels. Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 36(12), 589–595. https://doi.org/10.1097/CIN.0000000000000458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrera, T. L., & Norton, P. J. (2009). Quality of life impairment in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(8), 1086–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, L. F., Lane, R. D., Sechrest, L., & Schwartz, G. E. (2000). Sex differences in emotional awareness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(9), 1027–1035. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200261100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartwal, J., & Nath, B. (2020). Evaluation of nomophobia among medical students using smartphone in north India. Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 76(4), 451–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2019.03.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Young, B. J., Ammerman, R. T., Sallee, F. R., & Crosby, L. (2007). Psychopathology of adolescent social phobia. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(1), 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-006-9021-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekaroglu, E., & Yılmaz, T. (2020). Nomophobia: Differential diagnosis and treatment. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar, 12(1), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.528897
   Google Scholar
• Bhattacherjee, S., Dasgupta, P., Dasgupta, S., Roy, J. K., Mukherjee, A., & Biswas, R. (2017). Nomophobic behaviors among smartphone using medical and engineering students in two universities of West Bengal. Indian Journal of Public Health, 61(3), 199. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.IJPH_81_16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhatia, M. S. (2008). Cell phone dependence—A new diagnostic entity. Delhi Psychiatry Journal, 11(2), 123–124. http://medind.nic.in/daa/t08/i2/daat08i2p123.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Blackwell, D., Leaman, C., Tramposch, R., Osborne, C., & Liss, M. (2017). Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Personality and Individual Differences, 116(2017), 69–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodrožíc Selak, M., & Neki, P. N. (2020). Ph.D. Thesis. University of Zadar, Department of Psychology. Retrieved July 30, 2022, from https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:162:307687
   Google Scholar
• Bragazzi, N. L., & Del Puente, G. (2014). A proposal for including nomophobia in the new DSM-V. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 7(2014), 155–160. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S41386
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, A., & Heiser, G. (2010). An analysis of power consumption in a smartphone. In 2010 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 10) (Vol. 14, pp. 21–21).
   Google Scholar
• Chambless, D. L., Fauerbach, J. A., Floyd, F. J., Wilson, K. A., Remen, A. L., & Renneberg, B. (2002). Marital interaction of agoraphobic women: A controlled, behavioral observation study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(3), 502–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.111.3.502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheever, N. A., Rosen, L. D., Carrier, L. M., & Chavez, A. (2014). Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users. Computers in Human Behavior, 37(2014), 290–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, J., Oh, S., & Horowitz, R. (2009). Distributed learning and cooperative control for multi-agent systems. Automatica, 45(12), 2802–2814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2009.09.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, J., & Lee, J. K. (2015). Investigating the effects of news sharing and political interest on social media network heterogeneity. Computers in Human Behavior, 44(2015), 258–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2013). Research Methods in Education. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Coşkun, H. (2009). Etkileşim kaygısı ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 12(23), 41–49. http://194.27.34.65:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12491/3432/hamitcoskun-3432.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
   Google Scholar
• Demir, Ü. (2019). Investigation of nomophobia levels of university students according to intelligent phone use: A case of the Comu faculty of education. Uluslararası Eğitim Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5(2), 106–118. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/895603
   Google Scholar
• Dennison, L., Morrison, L., Conway, G., & Yardley, L. (2013). Opportunities and challenges for smartphone applications in supporting health behavior change: qualitative study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(4), e2583. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2583
   Google Scholar
• Dixit, S., Shukla, H., Bhagwat, A. K., Bindal, A., Goyal, A., Zaidi, A. K., & Shrivastava, A. (2010). A study to evaluate mobile phone dependence among students of a medical college and associated hospital of central India. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 35(2), 339. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.66878
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duggan, M., & Brenner, J. (2013). The demographics of social media users, 2012 (Vol. 14). Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project.
   Google Scholar
• Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Non-social features of smartphone use are most related to depression, anxiety and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 69(2017), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhai, J. D., Tiamiyu, M. F., Weeks, J. W., Levine, J. C., Picard, K. J., & Hall, B. J. (2018). Depression and emotion regulation predict objective smartphone use measured over one week. Personality and Individual Differences, 133(2018), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enez Darcin, A., Kose, S., Noyan, C. O., Nurmedov, S., Yılmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2016). Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety and loneliness. Behaviour & Information Technology, 35(7), 520–525. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2016.1158319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, C., & Robertson, W. (2020). The four phases of the digital natives debate. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(3), 269–277. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.196
   Google Scholar
• Farooqui, I. A., Pore, P., & Gothankar, J. (2018). Nomophobia: An emerging issue in medical institutions? Journal of Mental Health, 27(5), 438–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2017.1417564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullwood, C., Quinn, S., Kaye, L. K., & Redding, C. (2017). My virtual friend: A qualitative analysis of the attitudes and experiences of smartphone users: Implications for smartphone attachment. Computers in Human Behavior, 75(2017), 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galhardo, A., Loureiro, D., Raimundo, E., Massano-Cardoso, I., & Cunha, M. (2020). Assessing nomophobia: Validation study of the European Portuguese version of the Nomophobia Questionnaire. Community Mental Health Journal, 56(8), 1521–1530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00600-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, Y., Li, A., Zhu, T., Liu, X., & Liu, X. (2016). How smartphone usage correlates with social anxiety and loneliness. PeerJ, 4, e2197, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, Y., Dai, H., Jia, G., Liang, C., Tong, T., Zhang, Z., Song, R., Wang, Q., & Zhu, Y. (2020). Translation of the Chinese version of the nomophobia questionnaire and its validation among college students: Factor analysis. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 8(3), e13561. https://doi.org/10.2196/13561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gezgin, D. M., Hamutoglu, N. B., Sezen-Gultekin, G., & Ayas, T. (2018). The relationship between nomophobia and loneliness among Turkish adolescents. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 4(2), 358–374. https://doi.org/10.21890/ijres.409265
   Google Scholar
• Gonçalves, L. L., Bortolanza, S. C., Padua, M. K., Nardi, A. E., & King, A. L. S. (2021). Nomophobia in the last decade: A systematic review. Mental Health Addiction Research, 6(3), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.15761/MHAR.1000203
   Google Scholar
• Gržan, D. (2021). Fobija modernog doba–nomofobija i njen odnos sa psihopatološkim simptomima i nesanicom (Doctoral dissertation). University of Zadar. Department of Psychology.
   Google Scholar
• GSM Association. (2022). The mobile economy 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022, from https://www.gsma.com/mobileeconomy/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/280222-The-Mobile-Economy-2022.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gnardellis, C., Notara, V., Vagka, E., Gialamas, V., & Lagiou, A. (2023). Validity of the Greek NMP-Q and sociodemographic determinants of Nomophobia Among University Students. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 39(4), 842–850. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2049139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harish, B. R., & Bharath, J. (2018). Prevalence of nomophobia among the undergraduate medical students of Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 5(12), 5455–5459. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20184833
   Google Scholar
• How Many People Have Smartphones In the World? (2022). Retrieved July 28, 2022, from https://www.bankmycell.com/blog/how-many-phones-are-in-the-world
   Google Scholar
• Humood, A., Altooq, N., Altamimi, A., Almoosawi, H., Alzafiri, M., Bragazzi, N. L., Husni, M., & Jahrami, H. (2021). The prevalence of nomophobia by population and by research tool: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Psych, 3(2), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych3020019
   Google Scholar
• Kanmani, A., Bhavani, U., & Maragatham, R. S. (2017). Nomophobia – An insight into its psychological aspects in India. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(2), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.25215/0402.041
   Google Scholar
• Kateb, S. A. (2017). The prevalence and psychological symptoms of nomophobia among university students. Journal of Research in Curriculum Instruction and Educational Technology, 3(3), 155–182. https://doi.org/10.21608/jrciet.2017.24454
   Google Scholar
• Kaur, A., Ani, A., Sharma, A., & Kumari, V. (2021). Nomophobia and social interaction anxiety among university students. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 15(2021), 100352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2021.100352
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, S., Atta, M., Malik, N. I., & Makhdoom, I. F. (2021). Prevalence and relationship of Smartphone addiction, nomophobia, and social anxiety among College and University Late Adolescents. Ilkogretim Online, 20(5), 968–976. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2021.05.394
   Google Scholar
• King, A. L. S., Valença, A. M., Silva, A. C., Sancassiani, F., Machado, S., & Nardi, A. E. (2014). “Nomophobia”: Impact of cell phone use interfering with symptoms and emotions of individuals with panic disorder compared with a control group. Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health, 10(1), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901410010028
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King, A. L. S., Valenca, A. M., Silva, A. C. O., Baczynski, T., Carvalho, M. R., & Nardi, A. E. (2013). Nomophobia: Dependency on virtual environments or social phobia? Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 140–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, A. L. S., Valença, A. M., & Nardi, A. E. (2010). Nomophobia: The mobile phone in panic disorder with agoraphobia: Reducing phobias or worsening of dependence? Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 23(1), 52–54. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNN.0b013e3181b7eabc
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1993). The interaction anxiousness scale: Construct and criterion-related validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 61(1), 136–146. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6101_10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. K., Chang, C. T., Lin, Y., & Cheng, Z. H. (2014). The dark side of smartphone usage: Psychological traits, compulsive behavior and technostress. Computers in Human Behavior, 31(2014), 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• León-Mejía, A. C., Gutiérrez-Ortega, M., Serrano-Pintado, I., & González-Cabrera, J. (2021). A systematic review on nomophobia prevalence: Surfacing results and standard guidelines for future research. PLoS One, 16(5), e0250509. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• León-Mejía, A., Calvete, E., Patino-Alonso, C., Machimbarrena, J. M., & Gonzalez-Cabrera, J. (2020). Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q): Factorial structure and cut-off points for the Spanish version. Cuestionario de Nomofobia (NMP-Q): Estructura factorial y puntos de corte de la versión española. Adicciones, 33(2), 137–148. https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1316
   Google Scholar
• Lin, C. Y., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2018). Psychometric evaluation of Persian Nomophobia Questionnaire: Differential item functioning and measurement invariance across gender. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(1), 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundy, B. L., & Drouin, M. (2016). From social anxiety to interpersonal connectedness: Relationship building within face-to-face, phone and instant messaging mediums. Computers in Human Behavior, 54(2016), 271–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolaci-da-Costa, A. M. (2002). Technological revolutions and subjective transformations. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 18(2), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-37722002000200009
   Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: The role of gender. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8(1), 161–187. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Notara, V., Vagka, E., Gnardellis, C., & Lagiou, A. (2021). The emerging phenomenon of nomophobia in young adults: A systematic review study. Addiction & Health, 13(2), 120. https://doi.org/10.22122/ahj.v13i2.309
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olivencia-Carrión, M. A., Ferri-García, R., del Mar Rueda, M., Jiménez-Torres, M. G., & López-Torrecillas, F. (2018). Temperament and characteristics related to nomophobia. Psychiatry Research, 266(2018), 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 252–259. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pempek, T. A., Yermolayeva, Y. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2009). College students’ social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30(3), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pera, A. (2020). The psychology of addictive smartphone behavior in young adults: Problematic use, social anxiety, and depressive stress. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 573473, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.573473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants part 2: Do they really think differently? On the Horizon, 9(6), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1108/10748120110424843
   Google Scholar
• Prensky, M. R. (2010). Teaching digital natives: Partnering for real learning. Corwin press.
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez-Correa, P., Rondán-Cataluña, F. J., Arenas-Gaitán, J., & Mello, T. M. (2022). Is your smartphone ugly? Importance of aesthetics in young people’s intention to continue using smartphones. Behaviour & Information Technology, 41(1), 72–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2020.1795259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razzaq, A., Samiha, Y. T., & Anshari, M. (2018). Smartphone habits and behaviors in supporting students self-efficacy. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 13(02), 94–109. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i02.7685
   Google Scholar
• Reid, D. J., & Reid, F. J. (2007). Text or talk? Social anxiety, loneliness, and divergent preferences for cell phone use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(3), 424–435. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9936
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2022). Me, My Smartphone, and I: Development of the Smartphone Orientation Scale (SOS). International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 38(13), 1267–1275. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1990521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-García, A. M., Moreno-Guerrero, A. J., & Lopez Belmonte, J. (2020). Nomophobia: An individual’s growing fear of being without a smartphone – A systematic literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosales-Huamani, J. A., Guzman-Lopez, R. R., Aroni-Vilca, E. E., Matos-Avalos, C. R., & Castillo-Sequera, J. L. (2019). Determining symptomatic factors of nomophobia in Peruvian students from the national university of engineering. Applied Sciences, 9(9), 1814. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091814
   Google Scholar
• Santl, L., Brajkovic, L., & Kopilaš, V. (2022). Relationship between Nomophobia, various emotional difficulties, and distress factors among students. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 12(7), 716–730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12070053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seol, J. (2016). San Francisco, CA: San Francisco State University, Self-disclosure in American friendships: Links with collectivism and adult attachment styles. Retrieved July 28, 2022, from https://sfsu-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.3/181604/AS362016PSYCHS46.pdf?sequence=1.
   Google Scholar
• Shalom, J. G., Israeli, H., Markovitzky, O., & Lipsitz, J. D. (2015). Social anxiety and physiological arousal during computer mediated vs. face to face communication. Computers in Human Behavior, 44(2015), 202–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, M., Mathur, D. M., & Jeenger, J. (2019). Nomophobia and its relationship with depression, anxiety, and quality of life in adolescents. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 28(2), 231. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_60_18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stein, M. B., & Stein, D. J. (2008). Social anxiety disorder. The Lancet, 371(9618), 1115–1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60488-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, D. W., & Mandrusiak, M. (2007). Social phobia in university students: A developmental perspective. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 22(2), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1300/J035v22n02_06
   Google Scholar
• Sui, A., Sui, W., & Irwin, J. (2022). Exploring the prevalence of nomophobia in a Canadian university: An environmental scan. Journal of American College Health, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2022.2070712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talan, T., & Kalinkara, Y. (2022). An Investigation of the Cyberloafing and Nomophobia Levels of University Students. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 8(2), 430–450. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijres.2708
   Google Scholar
• Tams, S., Legoux, R., & Léger, P. M. (2018). Smartphone withdrawal creates stress: A moderated mediation model of nomophobia, social threat, and phone withdrawal context. Computers in Human Behavior, 81(2018), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapscott, D. (2008). Grown up digital (p. 384). McGraw-Hill Education.
   Google Scholar
• Troisi, A. (2001). Gender differences in vulnerability to social stress: A Darwinian perspective. Physiology & Behavior, 73(3), 443–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00459-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uğuz, G. (2019). Kişilik özellikleri ve nomofobi ilişkisi: Kamu hastanelerinde çalışan hemşireler ile bir araştırma [Doctoral dissertation]. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Hemşirelikte Yönetim Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.
   Google Scholar
• Urueña, A., Arenas, Á. E., & Hidalgo, A. (2018). Understanding workers’ adoption of productivity mobile applications: A fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 31(1), 967–981. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2018.1436451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uysal, S., Ozen, H., & Madenoglu, C. (2016). Social phobia in higher education: the influence of nomophobia on social phobia. The Global e-Learning Journal, 5(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.66878
   Google Scholar
• Van Deursen, A. J., Bolle, C. L., Hegner, S. M., & Kommers, P. A. (2015). Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior: The role of smartphone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress, self-regulation, age, and gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 45(4), 411–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.039
   Google Scholar
• Wang, D., Xiang, Z., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2014). Adapting to the mobile world: A model of smartphone use. Annals of Tourism Research, 48(C), 11–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittchen, H. U., Fuetsch, M., Sonntag, H., Müller, N., & Liebowitz, M. (2000). Disability and quality of life in pure and comorbid social phobia: Findings from a controlled study. European Psychiatry, 15(1), 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00211-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, X., Zhou, Z., Liu, Q., & Fan, C. (2019). Mobile phone addiction and adolescents’ anxiety and depression: The moderating role of mindfulness. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(3), 822–830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yildirim, C., & Correia, A. P. (2015). Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 49(2015), 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yildirim, C., Sumuer, E., Adnan, M., & Yildirim, S. (2016). A growing fear: Prevalence of nomophobia among Turkish university students. Information Development, 32(5), 1322–1331. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666915599025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yıldız Durak, H. (2018). What would you do without your smartphone? Adolescents’ social media usage, locus of control, and loneliness as a predictor of nomophobia. The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 5(3), 543–557. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2018.5.2.0025
   Google Scholar
• Yildiz, E. P., Çengel, M., & Alkan, A. (2020). Investigation of nomophobia levels of vocational school students according to demographic characteristics and intelligent phone use habits. Higher Education Studies, 10(1), 132–143. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v10n1p132
   Google Scholar
• Yılmaz, M., Köse, A., & Doğru, Y. B. (2018). Akıllı Telefondan Yoksun Kalmak: Nomofobi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. AJIT-e Online Academic Journal of Information Technology, 9(35), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.5824/1309-1581.2018.5.003.x
   Google Scholar