White Elephant or Happiness Goodies? The Effect of User Personality on the Perception of Digital Companionship of Smart Speaker

References

• Amiel, T., & Sargent, S. L. (2004). Individual differences in Internet usage motives. Computers in Human Behavior, 20(6), 711–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2004.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araujo, T. (2018). Living up to the chatbot hype: The influence of anthropomorphic design cues and communicative agency framing on conversational agent and company perceptions. Computers in Human Behavior, 85, 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aro, K., Suomi, K., & Saraniemi, S. (2018). Antecedents and consequences of destination brand love—A case study from Finnish Lapland. Tourism Management, 67, 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashfaq, M., Yun, J., & Yu, S. (2021). My smart speaker is cool! perceived coolness, perceived values, and users’ attitude toward smart speakers. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 37(6), 560–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2020.1841404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal, G., Zahedi, F. M., & Gefen, D. (2016). Do context and personality matter? Trust and privacy concerns in disclosing private information online. Information & Management, 53(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2015.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett, T., Pearson, A. W., Pearson, R., & Kellermanns, F. W. (2015). Five-factor model personality traits as predictors of perceived and actual usage of technology. European Journal of Information Systems, 24(4), 374–390. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2014.10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bawack, R. E., Wamba, S. F., & Carillo, K. D. A. (2021). Exploring the role of personality, trust, and privacy in customer experience performance during voice shopping: Evidence from SEM and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis. International Journal of Information Management, 58, 102309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benyon, D., & Mival, O. (2010). From human-computer interactions to human-companion relationships [Paper presentation]. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Intelligent Interactive Technologies and Multimedia (pp. 1–9). https://doi.org/10.1145/1963564.1963565
   Google Scholar
• Bingley, W. J., Curtis, C., Lockey, S., Bialkowski, A., Gillespie, N., Haslam, S. A., Ko, R. K., Steffens, N., Wiles, J., & Worthy, P. (2023). Where is the human in human-centered AI? Insights from developer priorities and user experiences. Computers in Human Behavior, 141, 107617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brause, S. R., & Blank, G. (2020). Externalized domestication: Smart speaker assistants, networks and domestication theory. Information, Communication & Society, 23(5), 751–763. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1713845
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., & Patrick, B. (2008). Loneliness: Human nature and the need for social. WW Norton & Company. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08091320
   Google Scholar
• Carolus, A., Binder, J. F., Muench, R., Schmidt, C., Schneider, F., & Buglass, S. L. (2019). Smartphones as digital companions: Characterizing the relationship between users and their phones. New Media & Society, 21(4), 914–938. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818817074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrión, G. C., Nitzl, C., & Roldán, J. L. (2017). Mediation analyses in partial least squares structural equation modeling: Guidelines and empirical examples. In Partial Least Squares Path Modeling: Basic Concepts, Methodological Issues and Applications (pp. 173–195). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64069-3
   Google Scholar
• Cha, H. S., Wi, J. H., Park, C., & Kim, T. (2021). Sustainability calculus in adopting smart speakers—personalized services and privacy risks. Sustainability, 13(2), 602. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha, Y., Jang, J., Hong, Y., Yi, M. Y. (2019, May). "Jack-of-all-trades": A thematic analysis of conversational agents in multi-device collaboration contexts [Paper presentation]. Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1–6). https://doi.org/10.1145/3290607.3313045
   Google Scholar
• Chalhoub, G., & Flechais, I. (2020). Alexa, are you spying on me?”: Exploring the Effect of User Experience on the Security and Privacy of Smart Speaker Users. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 305–325). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50309-3_21
   Google Scholar
• Chaturvedi, R., Verma, S., Das, R., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2023). Social companionship with artificial intelligence: Recent trends and future avenues. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 193, 122634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Q. Q., & Park, H. J. (2021). How anthropomorphism affects trust in intelligent personal assistants. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 121(12), 2722–2737. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-12-2020-0761
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang, A. H., Trimi, S., & Lo, Y. J. (2022). Emotion and service quality of anthropomorphic robots. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 177, 121550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121550
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, T. R., & Drumwright, M. E. (2021). “OK, Google, why do I use you?” Motivations, post-consumption evaluations, and perceptions of voice AI assistants. Telematics and Informatics, 62, 101628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2021.101628
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, M., Ko, E., Joung, H., & Kim, S. J. (2020). Chatbot e-service and customer satisfaction regarding luxury brands. Journal of Business Research, 117, 587–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, S., & Cho, H. (2017). Fostering parasocial relationships with celebrities on social media: Implications for celebrity endorsement. Psychology & Marketing, 34(4), 481–495. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Graaf, M. M., & Allouch, S. B. (2013). Exploring influencing variables for the acceptance of social robots. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 61(12), 1476–1486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2013.07.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Graaf, M. M. A., & Allouch, S. B. (2017). The influence of prior expectations of a robot’s lifelikeness on users’ intentions to treat a zoomorphic robot as a companion. International Journal of Social Robotics, 9(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-016-0340-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Hesselle, L. C., Rozgonjuk, D., Sindermann, C., Pontes, H. M., & Montag, C. (2021). The associations between Big Five personality traits, gaming motives, and self-reported time spent gaming. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, 110483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeYoung, C. G., Quilty, L. C., & Peterson, J. B. (2007). Between facets and domains: 10 aspects of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(5), 880–896. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, J. R., & Lambert, L. S. (2007). Methods for integrating moderation and mediation: A general analytical framework using moderated path analysis. Psychological Methods, 12(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floridi, L. (2008). Artificial intelligence’s new frontier: Artificial companions and the fourth revolution. Metaphilosophy, 39(4-5), 651–655. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9973.2008.00573.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foehr, J., & Germelmann, C. C. (2020). Alexa, can I trust you? Exploring consumer paths to trust in smart voice-interaction technologies. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 5(2), 181–205. https://doi.org/10.1086/707731
   Google Scholar
• Gampe, A., Zahner-Ritter, K., Müller, J. J., & Schmid, S. R. (2023). How children speak with their voice assistant Sila depends on what they think about her. Computers in Human Behavior, 143, 107693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasteiger, N., Loveys, K., Law, M., & Broadbent, E. (2021). Friends from the future: A scoping review of research into robots and computer agents to combat loneliness in older people. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 16, 941–971. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S282709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldbach, C., Kayar, D., Pitz, T., & Sickmann, J. (2019). Transferring decisions to an algorithm: A simple route choice experiment. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 65, 402–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.08.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative" description of personality": The big-five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1216–1229. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.59.6.1216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. Jr, (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 504–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griol, D., Carbó, J., & Molina, J. M. (2013). An automatic dialog simulation technique to develop and evaluate interactive conversational agents. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 27(9), 759–780. https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2013.835230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, M., Kaltcheva, V. D., & Rohm, A. J. (2016). Social media and value creation: The role of interaction satisfaction and interaction immersion. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 36(1), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2016.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, S., & Yang, H. (2018). Understanding adoption of intelligent personal assistants: A parasocial relationship perspective. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 118(3), 618–636. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-05-2017-0214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton, D., & Wohl, R. R. (1956). Mass communication and parasocial interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance. Psychiatry, 19(3), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh, S. H., & Lee, C. T. (2021). Hey Alexa: Examining the effect of perceived socialness in usage intentions of AI assistant-enabled smart speaker. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 15(2), 267–294. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-11-2019-0179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, C. L., & Lin, J. C. C. (2023). Factors affecting customers’ intention to voice shopping over smart speaker. The Service Industries Journal, 43(11–12), 785–805. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2021.2008913
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Y., Obada-Obieh, B., & Beznosov, K. (2020). Amazon vs. my brother: How users of shared smart speakers perceive and cope with privacy risks [Paper presentation]. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1–13). https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376529
   Google Scholar
• Jin, E., & Eastin, M. S. (2023). Birds of a feather flock together: Matched personality effects of product recommendation chatbots and users. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 17(3), 416–433. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-03-2022-0089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, 2(1999), 102–138.
   Google Scholar
• Kaya, F., Aydin, F., Schepman, A., Rodway, P., Yetişensoy, O., & Demir Kaya, M. (2024). The Roles of personality traits, AI anxiety, and demographic factors in attitudes toward artificial intelligence. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 40(2), 497–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2151730
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S., & Choudhury, A. (2021). Exploring older adults’ perception and use of smart speaker-based voice assistants: A longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior, 124, 106914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106914
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalczuk, P. (2018). Consumer acceptance of smart speakers: A mixed methods approach. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 12(4), 418–431. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-01-2018-0022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo, T., & Tang, H. L. (2014). Relationships among personality traits, Facebook usages, and leisure activities–A case of Taiwanese college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, B., Kwon, O., Lee, I., & Kim, J. (2017). Companionship with smart home devices: The impact of social connectedness and interaction types on perceived social support and companionship in smart homes. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 922–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C. T., Pan, L. Y., & Hsieh, S. H. (2021). Artificial intelligent chatbots as brand promoters: A two-stage structural equation modeling-artificial neural network approach. Internet Research, 32(4), 1329–1356. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-01-2021-0030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H., & Cho, C. H. (2020). Uses and gratifications of smart speakers: Modelling the effectiveness of smart speaker advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 39(7), 1150–1171. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2020.1765657
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K., Lee, K. Y., & Sheehan, L. (2020). Hey Alexa! A magic spell of social glue?: Sharing a smart voice assistant speaker and its impact on users’ perception of group harmony. Information Systems Frontiers, 22(3), 563–583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-019-09975-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K. M., Peng, W., Jin, S. A., & Yan, C. (2006). Can robots manifest personality?: An empirical test of personality recognition, social responses, and social presence in human–robot interaction. Journal of Communication, 56(4), 754–772. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00318.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, N., & Kwon, O. (2013). Para–social relationships and continuous use of mobile devices. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 11(5), 465–484. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMC.2013.056956
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, S. (2018). Amazon releases its first commercial for the Echo Spot. Retrieved from https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/25/16933440/amazon-echo-spot-ad-family-sales
   Google Scholar
• Liew, T. W., & Tan, S. M. (2021). Social cues and implications for designing expert and competent artificial agents: A systematic review. Telematics and Informatics, 65, 101721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2021.101721
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lissitsa, S., & Kol, O. (2021). Four generational cohorts and hedonic m-shopping: Association between personality traits and purchase intention. Electronic Commerce Research, 21(2), 545–570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-019-09381-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y. L., Huang, L., Yan, W., Wang, X., & Zhang, R. (2022). Privacy in AI and the IoT: The privacy concerns of smart speaker users and the Personal Information Protection Law in China. Telecommunications Policy, 46(7), 102334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2022.102334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y. L., Yan, W., Hu, B., Lin, Z., & Song, Y. (2023). Chatbots or humans? Effects of agent identity and information sensitivity on users’ privacy management and behavioral intentions: A comparative experimental study between China and the United States. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2023.2238974
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, Y., Liu, X., Hu, Y., & Zhu, C. (2023). Influence of livestreamers’ intimate self-disclosure on tourist responses: The lens of parasocial interaction theory. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 57, 170–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luh, D. B., Li, E. C., & Kao, Y. J. (2015). The development of a companionship scale for artificial pets. Interacting with Computers, 27(2), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwt055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, X., Tong, S., Fang, Z., & Qu, Z. (2019). Frontiers: Machines vs. humans: The impact of artificial intelligence chatbot disclosure on customer purchases. Marketing Science, 38(6), 937–947. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2019.1192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccario, G., & Naldi, M. (2023). Alexa, is my data safe? The (ir) relevance of privacy in smart speakers reviews. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 39(6), 1244–1256. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra, N. K., Kim, S. S., & Agarwal, J. (2004). Internet users’ information privacy concerns (IUIPC): The construct, the scale, and a causal model. Information Systems Research, 15(4), 336–355. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1040.0032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mccroskey, J. C., & Mccain, T. A. (1974). The measurement of interpersonal attraction. Speech Monographs, 41(3), 261–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637757409375845
   Google Scholar
• McElroy, J. C., Hendrickson, A. R., Townsend, A. M., & DeMarie, S. M. (2007). Dispositional factors in internet use: Personality versus cognitive style. MIS Quarterly, 31(4), 809–820. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148821
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, G., & Osei-Frimpong, K. (2019). Hey Alexa… examine the variables influencing the use of artificial intelligent in-home voice assistants. Computers in Human Behavior, 99, 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, G., Osei-Frimpong, K., & Barhorst, J. (2021). Alexa, do voice assistants influence consumer brand engagement?–Examining the role of AI powered voice assistants in influencing consumer brand engagement. Journal of Business Research, 124, 312–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.11.045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mou, Y., Shi, C., Shen, T., & Xu, K. (2020). A systematic review of the personality of robot: Mapping its conceptualization, operationalization, contextualization and effects. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 36(6), 591–605. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2019.1663008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberhofer, A., Schmidt, S., Wild, C., Frison, A. K., & Riener, A. (2019). The influence of user openness on acceptance and UX of smart speakers [Paper presentation]. Proceedings of mensch und computer 2019 (pp. 621–625). https://doi.org/10.1145/3340764.3344879
   Google Scholar
• Oksanen, A., Savela, N., Latikka, R., & Koivula, A. (2020). Trust toward robots and artificial intelligence: An experimental approach to human–technology interactions online. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 568256. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J., & Woo, S. E. (2022). Who Likes Artificial Intelligence? Personality Predictors of Attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence. The Journal of Psychology, 156(1), 68–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2021.2012109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizzi, G., & Scarpi, D. (2020). Privacy threats with retail technologies: A consumer perspective. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 56, 102160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/brm.40.3.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quan-Haase, A., Mo, G. Y., & Wellman, B. (2017). Connected seniors: How older adults in East York exchange social support online and offline. Information, Communication & Society, 20(7), 967–983. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1305428
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramadan, Z., F Farah, M., & El Essrawi, L. (2021). From Amazon. com to Amazon. love: How Alexa is redefining companionship and interdependence for people with special needs. Psychology & Marketing, 38(4), 596–609. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero, J., Ruiz-Equihua, D., Loureiro, S. M. C., & Casaló, L. V. (2021). Smart speaker recommendations: Impact of gender congruence and amount of information on users’ engagement and choice. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 659994. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, A. M., & Perse, E. M. (1987). Audience activity and soap opera involvement a uses and effects investigation. Human Communication Research, 14(2), 246–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1987.tb00129.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreibelmayr, S., & Mara, M. (2022). Robot voices in daily life: Vocal human-likeness and application context as determinants of user acceptance. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 787499. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.787499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shneiderman, B. (2020). Bridging the gap between ethics and practice: Guidelines for reliable, safe, and trustworthy human-centered AI systems. ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems, 10(4), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1145/3419764 [Mismatch] [InsertedFromOnline
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smestad, T. L., Volden, F. (2019). Chatbot personalities matters: Improving the user experience of chatbot interfaces [Paper presentation]. Internet science: INSCI 2018 international workshops, St. Petersburg, Russia, October 24–26, 2018, Revised Selected Papers 5 (pp. 170–181). Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Song, X., Xu, B., & Zhao, Z. (2022). Can people experience romantic love for artificial intelligence? An empirical study of intelligent assistants. Information & Management, 59(2), 103595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2022.103595
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg, R. J. (1997). The concept of intelligence and its role in lifelong learning and success. American Psychologist, 52(10), 1030–1037. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.10.1030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storer, K. M., Judge, T. K., Branham, S. M. (2020). "All in the Same Boat": Tradeoffs of voice assistant ownership for mixed-visual-ability families [Paper presentation]. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1–14). https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376225
   Google Scholar
• Szczuka, J. M. (2022). Flirting with or through media: How the communication partners’ ontological class and sexual priming affect heterosexual males’ interest in flirtatious messages and their perception of the source. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 719008. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.719008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ufer, D., Lin, W., & Ortega, D. L. (2019). Personality traits and preferences for specialty coffee: Results from a coffee shop field experiment. Food Research International, 125, 108504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varsha, P. S., Akter, S., Kumar, A., Gochhait, S., & Patagundi, B. (2021). The impact of artificial intelligence on branding: A bibliometric analysis (1982-2019). Journal of Global Information Management, 29(4), 221–246. https://doi.org/10.4018/JGIM.20210701.oa10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voit, A., Niess, J., Eckerth, C., Ernst, M., Weingärtner, H., & Woźniak, P. W. (2020). ‘It’s not a romantic relationship’: Stories of Adoption and Abandonment of Smart Speakers at Home [Paper presentation]. Proceedings of the 19th international conference on mobile and ubiquitous multimedia (pp. 71–82). https://doi.org/10.1145/3428361.3428469
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Yang, H., Shao, R., Abdullah, S., & Sundar, S. S. (2020). Alexa as coach: Leveraging smart speakers to build social agents that reduce public speaking anxiety [Paper presentation]. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1–13). https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376561
   Google Scholar
• Wang, S., Yan, Q., & Wang, L. (2023). Task-oriented vs. social-oriented: Chatbot communication styles in electronic commerce service recovery. Electronic Commerce Research, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-023-09741-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, W., Ngai, E. W., & Wei, H. (2012). Explaining instant messaging continuance intention: The role of personality. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 28(8), 500–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2011.622971
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whang, C., & Im, H. (2021). I Like Your Suggestion!" the role of humanlikeness and parasocial relationship on the website versus voice shopper’s perception of recommendations. Psychology & Marketing, 38(4), 581–595. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., Vanden Abeele, M., Hou, M., & Antheunis, M. (2023). Do parasocial relationships with micro-and mainstream celebrities differ? An empirical study testing four attributes of the parasocial relationship. Celebrity Studies, 14(3), 366–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2021.2006730
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, H., Lee, H., & Zo, H. (2017). User acceptance of smart home services: An extension of the theory of planned behavior. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 117(1), 68–89. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-01-2016-0017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, S., Hudders, L., & Cauberghe, V. (2018). Are fashion consumers like schooling fish? The effectiveness of popularity cues in fashion e-commerce. Journal of Business Research, 85, 105–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, C., Moon, H., Wang, S., Yu, X., & Kim, K. H. (2021). Study on the influencing of B2B parasocial relationship on repeat purchase intention in the online purchasing environment: An empirical study of B2B E-commerce platform. Industrial Marketing Management, 92, 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.11.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafar, A. U., Qiu, J., & Shahzad, M. (2020). Do digital celebrities’ relationships and social climate matter? Impulse buying in f-commerce. Internet Research, 30(6), 1731–1762. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-04-2019-0142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, F., Su, Q., & Mou, J. (2021). Understanding the effect of website logos as animated spokes characters on the advertising: A lens of parasocial interaction relationship. Technology in Society, 65, 101571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101571
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar