Approaches for controlling sea lice infestation in global salmon farming: What is applicable in Canadian aquaculture industry

References

• Boxaspen, K. 2006. A review of the biology and genetics of sea lice. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63:1304–1316. doi:10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.04.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxaspen, K., and J. C. Holm. 2001. The development of pyrethrum-based treatments against the ectoparasitic salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis in sea cage rearing of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. Aquaculture Research 32:701–707. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2001.00605.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branson, E. J., S. S. Ronsberg, and G. Ritchie. 2000. Efficacy of teflubenzuron (Calicide®) for treatment of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer 1838), infestations of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture Research 31:861–867. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.00509.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo, S., J. Treasurer, M. Sepulveda, and C. Lagos. 2010. Effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide in the control of Caligus rogercresseyi in Chile and implications for sea louse management. Aquaculture 303:22–27. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.03.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bron, J. E., C. Sommerville, R. Wootten, and G. H. Rae. 1993. Fallowing of marine Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farms as a method for the control of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer, 1837). Journal of Fish Diseases 16:487–493. doi:10.1111/jfd.1993.16.issue-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrells, C., P. D. Williams, and P. F. Forno. 2001. Dietary nucleotides: A novel supplement in fish feeds. 1. Effects on resistance to disease in salmonids. Aquaculture 199:159–169. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00577-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello, M. J. 2009. The global economic cost of sea lice to the salmonid farming industry. Journal of Fish Diseases 32:115–118. doi:10.1111/jfd.2009.32.issue-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covello, J. M., S. E. Friend, S. L. Purcell, J. F. Burka, R. J. F. Markham, A. W. Donkin, D. B. Groman, and M. D. Fast. 2012. Effects of orally administered immunostimulants on inflammatory gene expression and sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) burdens on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 366–367:9–16. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.08.051.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, I. M., and G. K. Rodger. 2000. A review of the use of ivermectin as a treatment for sea lice [Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) and Caligus elongatus Nordmann] infestation in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture Research 31:869–883. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.00510.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deady, S., S. J. A. Varian, and J. M. Fives. 1995. The use of cleaner-fish to control sea lice on two Irish salmon (Salmo salar) farms with particular reference to wrasse behaviour in salmon cages. Aquaculture 131:73–90. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(94)00331-H.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO). 2010. Facts and figures, aquaculture in Canada. http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/aquaculture/ref/stats/aqua-ff-fc-2009-eng.htm#ch411 ( accessed November 30, 2013).
   Google Scholar
• FAO. 2010. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2010. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e.pdf ( accessed November 30, 2013).
   Google Scholar
• FAO. 2012. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2012. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i2727e.pdf (accessed October 13, 2016).
   Google Scholar
• FAO. 2013. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2012. http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2727e/i2727e.pdf ( accessed November 30, 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Fast, M. D., J. F. Burka, S. C. Johnson, and N. W. Ross. 2003. Enzymes released from Lepeophtheirus salmonis in response to mucus from different salmonids. The Journal of Parasitology 89:7–13. doi:10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0007:ERFLSI]2.0.CO;2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fast, M. D., S. C. Johnson, T. D. Eddy, D. Pinto, and N. W. Ross. 2007. Lepeophtheirus salmonis secretory/excretory products and their effects on salmonid immune gene regulation. Parasite Immunology 29:179–189. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.00932.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fast, M. D., N. W. Ross, D. M. Muise, and S. C. Johnson. 2006. Differential gene expression in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, infected with Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae). Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 18:116–127. doi:10.1577/H05-043.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover, K. A., T. Aasmundstad, F. Nilsen, A. Storset, and Ø. Skaala. 2005. Variation of Atlantic salmon families (Salmo salar L.) in susceptibility to the sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongates. Aquaculture 245:19–30. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.11.047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover, K. A., O. B. Samuelsen, O. T. Skilbrei, K. Boxaspen, and B. T. Lunestad. 2010. Pharmacokinetics of emamectin benzoate administered to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., by intra-peritoneal injection. Journal of Fish Diseases 33:183–186. doi:10.1111/jfd.2010.33.issue-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, A. N. 2002. Medicines for sea lice. Pest Management Science 58:521–527. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1526-4998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammell, L., C. Revie, B. Giffin, and J. Westcott. 2011. Assessment of sea lice management using Deltamethrin (AlphaMax®) through clinical field treatment responses (2009). In Monitoring, surveillance and research in support of the emergency registration of AlphaMax® (10g/L deltamethrin) for sea lice control in New Brunswick, ed. The New Brunswick Department of Agriculture, Aquaculture and Fisheries, 19–31. http://0101.nccdn.net/1_5/148/17c/093/AMX_Report_FINAL_Jan_2011_v7_Wrap_Up_Report_.pdf ( accessed September 30, 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Health Canada. 2000. Veterinary new drug list. Ottawa, ON: Ministry of Public Works and Government Services Canada. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/vet/legislation/guide-ld/vet_drug-drogues_list-eng.php ( accessed April 27, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Health Canada. 2003. Integrated pest management of sea lice in salmon aquaculture. Ottawa, ON: Ministry of Public Works and Government Services Canada. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/H114-9-2003E.pdf ( accessed September 30, 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Hevrøy, E. M., K. Boxaspen, F. Oppedal, G. L. Taranger, and J. C. Holm. 2003. The effect of artificial light treatment and depth on the infestation of the sea louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) culture. Aquaculture 220:1–14. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00189-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imsland, A. K., P. Reynolds, G. Eliassen, T. A. Hangstad, A. Foss, E. Vikingstad, and T. A. Elvegård. 2014. The use of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus, L.) to control sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer) infestations in intensively farmed Atantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 424–425:18–23. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.12.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingvarsdottir, A., F. Provan, H. Bredahl, and R. Eritzland. 2012. Seafarm pulse guard (SPG): Protecting caged salmon from sea lice. Oslo, Norway: The research council of Norway. http://www.forskningsradet.no/servlet/Satellite?c=Prosjekt&cid=1253964262995&pagename=ForskningsradetNorsk/Hovedsidemal&p=1181730334233 ( accessed September 30, 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, S. C., J. M. Constible, and J. Richard. 1993. Laboratory investigations on the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide against the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis and its toxicological and histopathological effects on Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 17:197–204. doi:10.3354/dao017197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim-Kang, H., A. Bova, L. S. Crouch, P. G. Wislocki, R. A. Robinson, and J. Wu. 2004. Tissue distribution, metabolism, and residue depletion study in Atlantic salmon following oral administration of emamectin benzoate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52:2108–2118. doi:10.1021/jf035435v.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolstad, K., P. A. Heuch, B. Gjerde, T. Gjedrem, and R. Salte. 2005. Genetic variation in resistance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Aquaculture 247:145–151. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.02.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molloy, S. D., M. R. Pietrak, D. A. Bouchard, and I. Bricknell. 2011. Ingestion of Lepeophtheirus salmonis by the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Aquaculture 311:61–64. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.11.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ognean, L., and A. Barbu. 2009. The estimation of biostimulator potential of some fodder additives based on the main hematological and biometrical indices of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis M.). Annals of Romanian Society for Cell Biology 14:292–296.
   Google Scholar
• Olsvik, P. A., K. K. Lie, E. Mykkeltvedt, O. B. Samuelsen, K. Petersen, A.-K. Stavrum, and B. T. Lunestad. 2008. Pharmacokinetics and transcriptional effects of the anti-salmon lice drug emamectin benzoate in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). BMC Pharmacology 8:16. doi:10.1186/1471-2210-8-16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pietrak, M., and H. M. Opitz. 2004. An evaluation of three potential methods for preventing the spread of larval Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837). Aquaculture Research 35:759–763. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01098.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rae, G. H. 2002. Sea louse control in Scotland, past and present. Pest Management Science 58:515–520. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1526-4998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raynard, R. S., I. R. Bricknell, P. F. Billingsley, A. J. Nisbet, A. Vigneau, and C. Sommerville. 2002. Development of vaccines against sea lice. Pest Management Science 58:569–575. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1526-4998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Refstie, S., G. Baeverfjord, R. Ripman Seim, and O. Elvebø. 2010. Effects of dietary yeast cell wall β-glucans and MOS on performance, gut health, and salmon lice resistance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed sunflower and soybean meal. Aquaculture 305:109–116. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.04.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins, C., G. Gettinby, F. Lees, M. Baillie, C. Wallace, and C. W. Revie. 2010. Assessing topical treatment interventions on Scottish salmon farms using a sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) population model. Aquaculture 306:191–197. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.05.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, M. 2000. The availability and use of chemotherapeutic sea lice control products. Contributions to Zoology 69(1/2): 109–118. http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/ctz/vol69/nr01/art12 ( accessed September 30, 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. 2013. Aquaculture statistics 23-222-X. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/23-222-x/23-222-x2012000-eng.pdf ( accessed November 30, 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Stone, J., W. J. Roy, I. H. Sutherland, H. W. Ferguson, C. Sommerville, and R. Endris. 2002. Safety and efficacy of emamectin benzoate administered in feed to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts in freshwater, as a preventative treatment against infestations of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer). Aquaculture 210:21–34. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00822-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Fish Site News Desk. 2010. Promising sea louse vaccine. http://www.thefishsite.com/fishnews/11604/promising-sea-louse-vaccine ( accessed September 30, 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Treasurer, J. W. 2002. A review of potential pathogens of sea lice and the application of cleaner fish in biological control. Pest Management Science 58:546–558. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1526-4998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treasurer, J. W., and A. Grant. 1997. The efficacy of hydrogen peroxide for the treatment of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. infested with sea lice (Copepoda: Caligidae). Aquaculture 148:265–275. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01267-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tully, O., P. Daly, S. Lysaght, S. Deady, and S. J. A. Varian. 1996. Use of cleaner-wrasse (Centrolubrus exoletus (L.) and Ctenolabrus rupestris (L.)) to control infestations of Caligus elongates Nordmann on farmed Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 142:11–24. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(95)01245-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte, S. K., J. D. Westcott, P. Byrne, and K. L. Hammell. 2011. Comparison of the depletion of emamectin benzoate (SLICE®) residues from skeletal muscle and skin of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), for multiple dietary dose regimens at 10 °C. Aquaculture 315:228–235. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.02.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar