References
- Abdel-Magied, E. M., H. A. Abdel-Rahman, and F. M. Harraz. 2001. The effect of aqueous extracts of Cynomorium coccineum and Withania somnifera on testicular development in immature Wistar rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 75 (1):1–4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00348-2.
- Ahmad, M. K., A. A. Mahdi, K. K. Shukla, N. Islam, S. Rajender, D. Madhukar, S. N. Shankhwar, and S. Ahmad. 2010. Withania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile males. Fertility and Sterility 94 (3):989–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.04.046.
- Ambiye, V. R., D. Langade, S. Dongre, P. Aptikar, M. Kulkarni, and A. Dongre. 2013. Clinical evaluation of the spermatogenic activity of the root extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in oligospermic males: A pilot study. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013:1–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/571420.
- Andersen, L., H. Holbech, Å. Gessbo, L. Norrgren, and G. I. Petersen. 2003. Effects of exposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol during early development on sexual differentiation and induction of vitellogenin in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 134 (3):365–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1532-0456(03)00006-1.
- Balunas, M. J., B. Su, R. W. Brueggemeier, and A. D. Kinghorn. 2008. Natural products as aromatase inhibitors. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents) 8 (6):646–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/187152008785133092.
- Barve, K. H., K. S. Laddha, and B. Jayakumar. 2010. Extraction of saponins from Safed Musli. Pharmacognosy Journal 2 (13):561–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0975-3575(10)80060-4.
- Beardmore, J. A., G. C. Mair, and R. I. Lewis. 2001. Monosex male production in finfish as exemplified by tilapia: Applications, problems, and prospects. In Lee, C. S., Donaldson, E.M. (eds). Reproductive biotechnology in finfish aquaculture, 283–301. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-50913-0.50015-1.
- Bergman, Å., J. J. Heindel, S. Jobling, K. Kidd, and T. R. Zoeller; World Health Organization. 2013. State of the science of endocrine disrupting chemicals 2012. WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.020.
- Chakraborty, S. B., P. Horn, and C. Hancz. 2014. Application of phytochemicals as growth‐promoters and endocrine modulators in fish culture. Reviews in Aquaculture 6 (1):1–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12021.
- Charo-Karisa, H., H. Komen, H. Bovenhuis, M. A. Rezk, and R. W. Ponzoni. 2008. Production of genetically improved organic Nile tilapia. Dynamic Biochemistry, Process Biotechnology and Molecular Biology 2 (1):50–54.
- Das, S., M. Dutta, K. Chaudhury, and B. De. 2016. Metabolomic and chemometric study of Achras sapota L. fruit extracts for identification of metabolites contributing to the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. European Food Research and Technology 242 (5):733–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-015-2581-0.
- De, M., and S. B. Chakraborty. 2016. Use of Withania somnifera root powder for production of monosex Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences 11 (5):28–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-1105022831.
- Dhawan, D., and J. Gupta. 2017. Comparison of different solvents for phytochemical extraction potential from Datura metel plant leaves. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 11:17–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.3923/ijbc.2017.17.22.
- Eng, E. T., D. Williams, U. Mandava, N. Kirma, R. R. Tekmal, and S. Chen. 2001. Suppression of aromatase (estrogen synthetase) by red wine phytochemicals. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 67 (2):133–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010641102147.
- Francis, G., B. Levavi-Sivan, A. Avitan, and K. Becker. 2002. Effects of long term feeding of Quillaja saponins on sex ratio, muscle and serum cholesterol and LH levels in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus (L. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 133 (4):593–603. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1532-0456(02)00167-9.
- Ganguly, B., N. Kumar, A. H. Ahmad, and S. K. Rastogi. 2018. Influence of phytochemical composition on in vitro antioxidant and reducing activities of Indian ginseng [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] root extracts. Journal of Ginseng Research 42 (4):463–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.05.002.
- Ghosal, I., D. Mukherjee, C. Hancz, and S. B. Chakraborty. 2015. Efficacy of Basella alba and Tribulus terrestris extracts for production of monosex Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 5 (8):152–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2015.50824.
- Glencross, B. D., J. Baily, M. H. G. Berntssen, R. Hardy, S. MacKenzie, and D. R. Tocher. 2020. Risk assessment of the use of alternative animal and plant raw material resources in aquaculture feeds. Reviews in Aquaculture 12 (2):703–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12347.
- Grammer, G. L., W. T. Slack, M. S. Peterson, and M. A. Dugo. 2012. Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) establishment in temperate Mississippi, USA: Multi-year survival confirmed by otolith ages. Aquatic Invasions 7 (3):367–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2012.7.3.008.
- Grib, I. V., N. I. Goncharenko, and D. I. Voytyshina. 2006. Saponin as a factor of mass fish mortality in the rivers of Ukraine. Hydrobiological Journal 42 (6):61–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1615/HydrobJ.v42.i6.50.
- Guerrero, R. D., III, and W. L. Shelton. 1974. An aceto‐carmine squash method for sexing juvenile fishes. The Progressive Fish‐Culturist 36 (1):56–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1974)36[56:AASMFS]2.0.CO;2.
- Guiguen, Y., A. Fostier, F. Piferrer, and C. F. Chang. 2010. Ovarian aromatase and estrogens: A pivotal role for gonadal sex differentiation and sex change in fish. General and Comparative Endocrinology 165 (3):352–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.03.002.
- Gupta, A., A. A. Mahdi, K. K. Shukla, M. K. Ahmad, N. Bansal, P. Sankhwar, and S. N. Sankhwar. 2013. Efficacy of Withania somnifera on seminal plasma metabolites of infertile males: A proton NMR study at 800 MHz. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 149 (1):208–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.024.
- Hines, G. A., and S. A. Watts. 1995. Non‐steroidal chemical sex manipulation of tilapia. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 26 (1):98–102. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1995.tb00216.x.
- Hoga, C. A., F. L. Almeida, and F. G. Reyes. 2018. A review on the use of hormones in fish farming: Analytical methods to determine their residues. CyTA-Journal of Food 16 (1):679–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2018.1475423.
- Hu, X., X. Ma, X. Pan, Y. Luo, Y. Xu, Q. Xiong, B. Yuqian, and W. Jia. 2016. Association of androgen with gender difference in serum adipocyte fatty acid binding protein levels. Scientific Reports 6 (1):1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27762.
- Hussain, J., A. L. Khan, N. Rehman, K. F. Zainullah, S. T. Hussain, and Z. K. Shinwari. 2009. Proximate and nutrient investigations of selected medicinal plants species of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8 (5):620–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2009.620.624.
- Jakopic, J., and R. Veberic. 2009. Extraction of phenolic compounds from green walnut fruits in different solvents. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica 93 (1):11. doi:https://doi.org/10.2478/v10014-009-0002-4.
- Jang, H. D., K. S. Chang, Y. S. Huang, C. L. Hsu, S. H. Lee, and M. S. Su. 2007. Principal phenolic phytochemicals and antioxidant activities of three Chinese medicinal plants. Food Chemistry 103 (3):749–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.026.
- Kenjale, R., R. Shah, and S. Sathaye. 2008. Effects of Chlorophytum borivilianum on sexual behaviour and sperm count in male rats. Phytotherapy Research 22 (6):796–801. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2369.
- Kind, T., G. Wohlgemuth, D. Y. Lee, Y. Lu, M. Palazoglu, S. Shahbaz, and O. Fiehn. 2009. FiehnLib: Mass spectral and retention index libraries for metabolomics based on quadrupole and time-of-flight gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 81 (24):10038–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ac9019522.
- Kothari, S. K., and P. S. Reddy. 2009. Response of safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau and Fernandes) to methods of planting, spacing, harvesting age and cropping system. Journal of Medicinal Aromatic Plant Sciences 31 (4):302–07.
- Kumar, A., and A. Bhardwaj. 2012. Comparative, qualitative and quantitative chemotypic characterization among north Indian Tribulus terrestris. International Research Journal of Pharmacy 3 (6):212–18.
- Kumar, R., M. Ali, A. Kumar, and V. Gahlot. 2015. Comparative biomedical effect of Withania somnifera and Curcuma longa on ovaries of pesticide induced mice. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research 2:249–53.
- Kwon, J. Y., V. Haghpanah, L. M. Kogson‐Hurtado, B. J. McAndrew, and D. J. Penman. 2000. Masculinization of genetic female Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by dietary administration of an aromatase inhibitor during sexual differentiation. Journal of Experimental Zoology 287 (1):46–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-010X(20000615)287:1<46::aid-jez6>3.0.CO;2-X.
- Liu, Z., R. Nie, Y. Liu, Z. Li, C. Yang, and Z. Xiong. 2017. Effects of total soy saponins on free radicals in the quadriceps femoris, serum testosterone, LDH, and BUN of exhausted rats. Journal of Sport and Health Science 6 (3):359–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2016.01.016.
- Mahdi, A. A., K. K. Shukla, and M. K. Ahmad. 2009. Withania somnifera improves semen quality in stress-related male fertility. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (576962):1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep138.
- Makkar, H. P. S., G. Francis, and K. Becker. 2007. Bioactivity of phytochemicals in some lesserknown plants and their effects and potential applications in livestock and aquaculture production systems. Animal 1 (9):1371–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731107000298.
- Malpani, M. O., P. R. Rajput, V. D. Mane, and P. S. Dhabe. 2011. Phytochemical screening, anifungal activity and curative impact on Channa punctatus fish of Butea monosperma (Lam): Flower, leaves and gum. Der Pharmacia Lettre 3:271–80.
- Malviya, N., and S. Malviya. 2017. Bioassay guided fractionation - an emerging technique influence the isolation, identification and characterization of lead phytomolecules. International Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 2:1–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.28933/ijhp-2017-07-0901.
- Mirza, J. A., and W. L. Shelton. 1988. Induction of gynogenesis and sex reversal in silver carp. Aquaculture 68 (1):1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(88)90286-4.
- Moundipa, P. F., N. S. E. Beboy, F. Zelefack, S. Ngoula, E. Tsamo, W.-B. Schill, and T. K. Monsees. 2005. Effects of Basella alba and Hibiscus macranthus extracts on testosterone production of adult rat and bull Leydig cells. Asian Journal of Andrology 7 (4):411–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2005.00056.x.
- Mukherjee, D., I. Ghosal, C. Hancz, and S. B. Chakraborty. 2018. Dietary administration of plant extracts for production of monosex tilapia: Searching a suitable alternative to synthetic steroids in tilapia culture. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 18 (2):267–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v18_2_06.
- NFDB, National Fisheries Development Board, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India. 2015. Guidelines for responsible farming of Tilapia in India. http://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/GUIDELINES.
- Nirupama, M., and H. Yajurvedi. 2015. Efficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) root extracts in preventing stress induced testicular damage in rat. European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2 (7):413–24.
- Rasoanaivo, P., C. W. Wright, M. L. Willcox, and B. Gilbert. 2011. Whole plant extracts versus single compounds for the treatment of malaria: Synergy and positive interactions. Malaria Journal 10 (1):S4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-10-S1-S4.
- Rath, S. K., and A. K. Panja. 2013. Clinical evaluation of root tubers of Shweta Musali (Chlorophytum borivilianum L.) and its effect on semen and testosterone. Ayu 34 (3):273. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.123118.
- Ray, S., K. Chatterjee, D. De, and D. Ghosh. 2014. Bioefficacy of hydromethanolic extract of tuber of Chlorophytum borivilianum (Safed Musli) for the management of male infertility in cyproterone acetate‐treated albino rats. Andrologia 46 (6):659–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12133.
- Ray, S., S. Chatterjee, and C. S. Chakrabarti. 2013. Antiprolifertive activity of allelochemicals present in aqueous extract of Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn.in apical meristems and Wistar rat bone marrow cells. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 3 (2):1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-3220110.
- Roy, P. K., J. D. Munshi, and H. M. Dutta. 1990. Effect of saponin extracts on morpho-histology and respiratory physiology of an air-breathing fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Journal of Freshwater Biology 2 (2):135–45.
- Saidulu, C., C. Venkateshwar, and S. G. Rao. 2014. Preliminary phytochemical studies of medicinal plant drug: Withania somnifera Linn. Biolife 2:306–12.
- Schreiber, S., U. Focken, and K. Becker. 1998. Individually reared female Nile tilapia (Oreochrornis niloticus) can grow faster than males. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 14 (1–2):43–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1998.tb00612.x.
- Singh, D., B. Pokhriyal, Y. M. Joshi, and V. Kadam. 2012. Phytopharmacological aspects of Chlorophytum borivilianum (safed musli): A review. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry 2 (3):853–59.
- Thakur, M., and V. K. Dixit. 2006. Effect of Chlorophytum borivilianum on androgenic & sexual behavior of male rats. Indian Drugs-Bombay 43 (4):300.
- Tiwari, S., and A. Singh. 2003. Control of common freshwater predatory fish, Channa punctatus, through Nerium indicum leaf extracts. Chemosphere 53 (8):865–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00595-2.
- Tsai, S. C., Y. C. Chiao, C. C. Lu, and P. S. Wang. 2003. Stimulation of the secretion of luteinizing hormone by ginsenoside-Rb1 in male rats. Chinese Journal of Physiology 46 (1):1–8.
- Turner, G. F., and R. L. Robinson. 2000. Reproductive biology, mating systems and parental care. In Beveridge M.C.M., McAndrew B.J. (eds). Tilapias: Biology and exploitation, 33–58. Dordrecht: Springer. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4008-9_2.
- Vicente, I. S. T., and C. E. Fonseca-Alves. 2013. Impact of introduced Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on non-native aquatic ecosystems. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 16 (3):121–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2013.121.126.
- Vo, N. N. Q., E. O. Fukushima, and T. Muranaka. 2017. Structure and hemolytic activity relationships of triterpenoid saponins and sapogenins. Journal of Natural Medicines 71 (1):50–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-016-1026-9.