References
- Adineh, H., M. Naderi, M. K. Hamidi, and M. Harsij. 2019. Biofloc technology improves growth, innate immune responses, oxidative status, and resistance to acute stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) under high stocking density. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 95:440–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.057.
- Ahmad, H. I., A. K. Verma, A. M. Babitha Rani, G. Rathore, N. Saharan, and A. H. Gora. 2016. Growth, non-specific immunity and disease resistance of Labeo rohita against Aeromonas hydrophila in biofloc systems using different carbon sources. Aquaculture 457:61–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.02.011.
- Ahmad, I., A. B. Rani, A. K. Verma, and M. Maqsood. 2017. Biofloc technology: An emerging avenue in aquatic animal healthcare and nutrition. Aquaculture International 25 (3):1215–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-016-0108-8.
- Akter, M. N., A. Sutriana, and A. D. Talpur. 2016. Dietary supplementation with mannan oligosaccharide influences growth, digestive enzymes, gut morphology, and microbiota in juvenile striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Aquaculture International 24:127–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-015-9913-8.
- Al‐Dohail, M. A., R. Hashim, and M. Aliyu‐Paiko. 2009. Effects of the probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus, on the growth performance, haematology parameters and immunoglobulin concentration in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) fingerling. Aquaculture Research 40 (14):1642–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02265.x.
- Anand, P. S., M. P. S. Kohli, S. Kumar, J. K. Sundaray, S. D. Roy, G. Venkateshwarlu, A. Sinha, and G. H. Pailan. 2014. Effect of dietary supplementation of biofloc on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities in Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture 418:108–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.09.051.
- Anand, V. C., L. Daboussi, T. C. Lorenz, and G. S. Payne. 2009. Genome-wide analysis of AP-3–dependent protein transport in yeast. Molecular Biology of the Cell 20 (5):1592–604. doi:https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e08-08-0819.
- AOAC. 1997. Official methods of analysis. 16th ed. Arlington, VA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC).
- APHA. 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
- Avnimelech, Y. 1999. Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 176 (3–4):227–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00085-X.
- Avnimelech, Y. 2007. Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bio-flocs technology ponds. Aquaculture 264 (1–4):140–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.025.
- Avnimelech, Y. 2009. Biofloc technology: A practical guide book. Baton Rouge, LA: The World Aquaculture Society.
- Avnimelech, Y. 2015. Biofloc technology, a practical guidebook, 3rd ed., 258. Baton Rouge, LA: World Aquaculture Society.
- Avnimelech, Y., and M. Kochba. 2009. Evaluation of nitrogen uptake and excretion by tilapia in biofloc tanks, using 15N tracing. Aquaculture 287 (1–2):163–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.10.009.
- Azim, M. E., and D. C. Little. 2008. The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: Water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 283 (1–4):29–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.06.036.
- Bakhshi, F. H., E. Najdegerami, R. Manaffar, A. Tokmechi, K. Rahmani Farah, and A. Shalizar Jalali. 2018. Growth performance, haematology, antioxidant status, immune response and histology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fed biofloc grown on different carbon sources. Aquaculture Research 49 (1):393–403. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13469.
- Ballester, E. L. C., P. C. Abreu, R. O. Cavalli, M. Emerenciano, L. de Abreu, and J. W. Wasielesky. 2010. Effects of practical diets with different protein levels on the performance of Farfantepeneaus paulensis juveniles nursed in zero exchange suspended microbial flocs intensive system. Aquaculture Nutrition 16:163–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00648.x.
- Bossier, P., and J. Ekasari. 2017. Biofloc technology application in aquaculture to support sustainable development goals. Microbial Biotechnology 10 (5):1012–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12836.
- Boyd, C. E., and C. S. Tucker. 1998. Pond aquaculture water quality management. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Burford, M. A., P. J. Thompson, R. P. McIntosh, R. H. Bauman, and D. C. Pearson. 2004. The contribution of flocculated material to shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) nutrition in a high-intensity, zero-exchange system. Aquaculture 232 (1–4):525–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00541-6.
- Chakraborty, B. K., and N. N. Nur. 2012. Growth and yield performance of Shingi (Heteropneustes fossilis) and Koi (Anabas testudineus) in Bangladesh under Semi-Intensive Culture Systems. International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 2 (2):15–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v2i2.14010.
- Cohen, J. M., T. M. Samocha, J. M. Fox, R. L. Gandy, and A. L. Lawrence. 2005. Characterization of water quality factors during intensive raceway production of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei using limited discharge and biosecure management tools. Aquacultural Engineering 32:425–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2004.09.005.
- Crab, R., B. Chielens, M. Wille, P. Bossier, and W. Verstraete. 2010. The effect of different carbon sources on the nutritional value of bioflocs, a feed for Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae. Aquaculture Research 41:559–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02353.x.
- Crab, R., T. Defoirdt, P. Bossier, and W. Verstraete. 2012. Biofloc technology in aquaculture: Beneficial effects and future challenges. Aquaculture 356–357:351–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.04.046.
- Dauda, A. B., N. Romano, and M. Ebrahimi. 2017. Different carbon sources affects biofloc volume, water quality and the survival and physiology of African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings reared in an intensive biofloc technology system. Fisheries Science 83:1037–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-017-1144-7.
- De Schryver, P., R. Crab, T. Defoirdt, N. Boon, and W. Verstraete. 2008. The basics of bio-flocs technology: The added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture 277 (3–4):125–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.02.019.
- Diana, J. S., H. S. Egna, T. Chopin, M. S. Peterson, L. Cao, R. Pomeroy, M. Verdegem, W. T. Slack, M. G. Bondad-Reantaso, and F. Cabello. 2013. Responsible aquaculture in 2050: Valuing local conditions and human innovations will be key to success. BioScience 63 (4):255–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2013.63.4.5.
- Ebeling, J. M., M. B. Timmons, and J. J. Bisogni. 2006. Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic and heterotrophic removal of ammonia–nitrogen in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 257:346–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.03.019.
- Ekasari, J., M. Zairin Jr., D. U. Putri, N. P. Sari, E. H. Surawidjaja, and P. Bossier. 2013. Biofloc‐based reproductive performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) broodstock. Aquaculture Research 46 (2):509–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12185.
- Emerenciano, M., G. Cuzon, J. Goguenheim, and G. Gaxiola; Aquacop. 2012. Floc contribution on spawning performance of blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris). Aquaculture Research 44 (1):75–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.03012.x.
- FAO. 2020. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2020. Sustainability in action. Rome. doi:https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9229en.
- Floch, J. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry 226:497–509. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64849-5.
- Goldenfarb, P. B., F. P. Bowyer, E. E. Hall, and E. Brosious. 1971. Reproducibility in the hematology laboratory: The microhematocrit determination. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 56 (1):35–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/56.1.35.
- Green, B. W., K. K. Schrader, and M. E. McEntire. 2019. Effects of solids removal on water quality and channel catfish production in a biofloc technology production system. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 31:1–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2018.1536010.
- Green, B. W., K. K. Schrader, and P. W. Perschbacher. 2014. Effect of stocking biomass on solids, phytoplankton communities, common off-flavors, and production parameters in a channel catfish biofloc technology production system. Aquaculture Research 45:1442–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12096.
- Gutierrez-Wing, M. T., and R. F. Malone. 2006. Biological filters in aquaculture: Trends and research directions for freshwater and marine applications. Aquacultural Engineering 34 (3):163–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.08.003.
- Haghparast, M. M., M. Alishahi, and M. Ghorbanpour. 2020. Evaluation of hemato-immunological parameters and stress indicators of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in different C/N ratio of biofloc system. Aquaculture International 28:2191–206. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-020-00578-1.
- Hargreaves, J. A. 2006. Photosynthetic suspended-growth systems in aquaculture. Aquacultural Engineering 34 (3):344–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.08.009.
- Hisano, H., V. R. Pinheiro, M. E. Losekann, and M. S. G. Moura e Silva. 2020. Effect of feeding frequency on water quality, growth, and hematological parameters of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus reared using biofloc technology. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 33 (2):1–15.
- Iijima, N., S. Tanaka, and Y. Ota. 1998. Purification and characterization of bile salt-activated lipase from the hepatopancreas of red sea bream, Pagrus major. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 18 (1):59–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007725513389.
- Izquierdo, M., I. Forster, S. Divakaran, L. Conquest, O. Decamp, and A. Tacon. 2006. Effect of green and clear water and lipid source on survival, growth and biochemical composition of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquaculture Nutrition 12 (3):192–202. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2006.00385.x.
- Ju, Z. Y., I. Forster, L. Conquest, and W. Dominy. 2008. Enhanced growth effects on shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) from inclusion of whole shrimp floc or floc fractions to a formulated diet. Aquaculture Nutrition 14 (6):533–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00559.x.
- Khan, M. N., A. K. M. S. Islam, and M. G. Hussain. 2003. Marginal analysis of culture of stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossils, Bloch): Effect of different stocking densities in earthen ponds. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 6 (7):666–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2003.666.670.
- Khanjani, M. H., M. Alizadeh, M. Mohammadi, and H. Sarsangi Aliabad. 2019. Culture of Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) in a biofloc production system and its effects on water quality, growth performance and body composition. Research project. No Grant 4813-98-3, University of Jiroft.
- Khanjani, M. H., M. M. Sajjadi, M. Alizadeh, and I. Sourinejad. 2017. Nursery performance of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) cultivated in a biofloc system: The effect of adding different carbon sources. Aquaculture Research 48:1491–501. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12985.
- Kim, J. H., S. K. Kim, and J. H. Kim. 2018. Bio-floc technology application in flatfish (Paralichthys olivaceus) culture: Effects on water quality, growth, hematological parameters, and immune responses. Aquaculture 495:703–09. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.06.034.
- Kim, S. K., Z. Pang, H. C. Seo, Y. R. Cho, T. Samocha, and I. K. Jang. 2014. Effect of bioflocs on growth and immune activity of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) post larvae. Aquaculture Research 45 (2):362–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12319.
- Kohinoor, A. H. M., M. M. Khan, S. Yeasmine, P. Mandol, and M. S. Islam. 2012. Effects of stocking density on growth and production performance of indigenous stinging catfish, (Heteropneustes fossilis, Bloch). International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 2 (2):9–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v2i2.14009.
- Kuhn, D. D., G. D. Boardman, A. L. Lawrence, L. Marsh, and G. J. Flick Jr. 2009. Microbial floc meal as a replacement ingredient for fish meal and soybean protein in shrimp feed. Aquaculture 296 (1–2):51–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.07.025.
- Kuhn, D. D., A. L. Lawrence, G. D. Boardman, S. Patnaik, L. Marsh, and G. J. Flick Jr. 2010. Evaluation of two types of bioflocs derived from biological treatment of fish effluent as feed ingredients for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquaculture 303 (1–4):28–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.03.001.
- Long, L., J. Yang, Y. Li, C. Guan, and F. Wu. 2015. Effect of biofloc technology on growth, digestive enzyme activity, hematology, and immune response of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 448:135–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.05.017.
- Luo, G., Q. Gao, C. Wang, W. Liu, D. Sun, L. Li, and H. Tan. 2014. Growth, digestive activity, welfare, and partial costeffectiveness of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system and an indoor biofloc system. Aquaculture 422–423:1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.11.023.
- Mahanand, S. S., S. Moulick, and R. P. Srinivasa. 2013. Optimum formulation of feed for rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), with biofloc as a component. Aquaculture International 21:347–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-012-9557-x.
- Maicá, P. F., M. R. de Borba, T. G. Martins, and W. Wasielesky Jr. 2014. Effect of salinity on performance and body composition of Pacific white shrimp juveniles reared in a super-intensive system. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 43 (7):343–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982014000700001.
- Maicá, P. F., M. R. de Borba, and W. Wasielesky Jr. 2012. Effect of low salinity on microbial floc composition and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles reared in a zero‐water‐exchange super‐intensive system. Aquaculture Research 43 (3):361–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02838.x.
- Mansour, A. T., and M. A. Esteban. 2017. Effects of carbon sources and plant protein levels in a biofloc system on growth performance, and the immune and antioxidant status of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 64:202–09. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.025.
- Minabi, K., I. Sourinejad, and M. Alizadeh. 2020. Effects of different carbon to nitrogen ratios in the biofloc system on water quality, growth, and body composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerlings. Aquaculture International 28:1883–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-020-00564-7.
- Mirzakhani, N., E. Ebrahimi, S. A. H. Jalali, and J. Ekasari. 2019. Growth performance, intestinal morphology and nonspecific immunity response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry cultured in biofloc systems with different carbon sources and input C:N ratios. Aquaculture 512:734235. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734235.
- Najdegerami, E. H., F. Bakhshi, and F. B. Lakani. 2016. Effects of biofloc on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and liver histology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerlings in zero-water exchange system. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 42 (2):457–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-015-0151-9.
- Noga, E. J. 2000. Fish disease, diagnosis and treatment. Iowa: Lowastate University Press.
- Pérez-Fuentes, J. A., M. P. Hernández-Vergara, C. I. Pérez-Rostro, and I. Fogel. 2016. C: N ratios affect nitrogen removal and production of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus raised in a biofoc systems under high density cultivation. Aquaculture 452:247–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.11.010.
- Piedrahita, R. H. 2003. Reducing the potential environmental impact of tank aquaculture effluents through intensification and recirculation. Aquaculture 226 (1–4):35–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00465-4.
- Rajkumar, M., P. K. Pandey, R. Aravind, A. Vennila, V. Bharti, and C. S. Purushothaman. 2016. Effect of different biofloc system on water quality, biofloc composition and growth performance in Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). Aquaculture Research 47:3432–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12792.
- Ray, A., G. Seaborn, J. W. Leffler, S. Wilde, A. Lawson, and C. L. Browdy. 2010. Characterization of microbial communities in minimal-exchange, intensive aquaculture systems and the effects of suspended solids management. Aquaculture 310:130–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.10.019.
- Sado, R. Y., Á. J. D. A. Bicudo, and J. E. P. Cyrino. 2008. Feeding dietary mannan oligosaccharides to juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has no effect on hematological parameters and showed decreased feed consumption. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 39 (6):821–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2008.00219.x.
- Saha, K. C., and B. C. Guha. 1939. Nutritional investigations on Bengal fish. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 26:921–27.
- Samanta, P., S. Pal, A. K. Mukherjee, T. Senapati, and A. R. Ghosh. 2016. Alterations in digestive enzymes of three freshwater teleostean fishes by Almix herbicide: A comparative study. Proceedings of the Zoological Society 69 (1):61–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-014-0122-7.
- Samocha, T. M., S. Patnaik, M. Speed, A. M. Ali, J. M. Burger, R. V. Almeida, Z. Ayub, M. Harisanto, A. Horowitz, and D. L. Brock. 2007. Use of molasses as carbon source in limited discharge nursery and grow-out systems for Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquacultural Engineering 36 (2):184–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2006.10.004.
- Schrader, K. K., B. W. Green, and P. W. Perschbacher. 2011. Development of phytoplankton communities and common off-flavors in a biofloc technology system used for the culture of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquacultural Engineering 45:118–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2011.08.004.
- Shafi, M., and M. M. A. Quddus. 2001. Bangladesher Matsho Shampad (Fisheries of Bangladesh) (in Bengali), 231–39. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Kabir Publication.
- Shan, X., Z. Xiao, W. Huang, and S. Dou. 2008. Effects of photoperiod on growth, mortality and digestive enzymes in miiuy croaker larvae and juveniles. Aquaculture 281 (1–4):70–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.05.034.
- Sirimanapong, W., K. D. Thompson, K. Kledmanee, P. Thaijongrak, B. Collet, E. L. Ooi, and A. Adams. 2014. Optimization and standardization of functional immune assays for striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) to compare their immune response to live and heat killed Aeromonas hydrophila as models of infection and vaccination. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 40 (2):374–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.07.021.
- Sokal, R., and J. Rohlf. 1995. Biometry, the principles and practice of statistics in biological research. New York: WH Freeman.
- Supono, S., J. Hutabarat, and S. B. Prayitno. 2014. White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Culture using heterotrophic aquaculture system on nursery phase. International Journal of Waste Resources 4 (2):1–4.
- Walter, H. 1984. Proteinases: Methods with hemoglobin, casein and azocoll as substrates. In Methods of enzymatic analysis, ed. H. U. Bergmeyer, vol. V, 270–77. Weihheim: Verlag chemie.
- Wang, G., E. Yu, J. Xie, D. Yu, Z. Li, W. Luo, L. Qiu, and Z. Zheng. 2015. Effect of C/N ratio on water quality in zero water exchange tanks and the biofloc supplementation in feed on the growth performance of crucian carp, Carassius auratus. Aquaculture 443:98–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.03.015.
- Wasielesky Jr, W., H. Atwood, A. Stokes, and C. L. Browdy. 2006. Effect of natural production in a zero exchange suspended microbial floc based super-intensive culture system for white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquaculture 258 (1–4):396–403. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.04.030.
- Worthington, C. C., ed. 1988. Worthington enzyme manual: Alpha amylase. In Enzymes, and related biochemicals, 38–42. Freehold, NJ: Worthington Biochemical Corporation.
- Xu, W. J., and L. Q. Pan. 2012. Effects of bioflocs on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and body composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei in zero-water exchange tanks manipulating C/N ratio in feed. Aquaculture 356:147–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.05.022.
- Xu, W. J., and L. Q. Pan. 2013. Enhancement of immune response and antioxidant status of Litopenaeus vannamei juvenile in biofloc-based culture tanks manipulating high C/N ratio of feed input. Aquaculture 412:117–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.07.017.
- Xu, W. J., L. Q. Pan, X. H. Sun, and J. Huang. 2012. Effects of bioflocs on water quality, and survival, growth and digestive enzyme activities of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in zero‐water exchange culture tanks. Aquaculture Research 44 (7):1093–102. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2012.03115.x.
- Zar, J. H. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.