The study of effect of vitamin C and Achyranthes aspera seeds enriched diets on the growth, biochemical composition, digestive enzyme activities and expressions of genes involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids in Snow trout Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray, 1832)

References

• AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemist). 2000. Official methods of analysis. 17th ed. Gaithersburg, MD, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemist.
   Google Scholar
• APHA (American Public Health Association). 2017. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 23rd ed. Washington DC: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation.
   Google Scholar
• Barat, A., P. K. Sahoo, R. Kumar, C. Goel, C. Siva, and S. Ali. 2019. Data on solute carrier transporter genes of a threatened Himalayan fish. species-Schizothorax richardsonii. Data in Brief 23:103712. doi:10.1016/j.dib.2019.103712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, M. M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72 (1–2):248–54. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzzi, M., R. J. Henderson, and J. R. Sargent. 1997. Biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid in trout hepatocytes proceeds via 24-carbon intermediates. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part B 116 (2):263–67. doi:10.1016/S0305-0491(96)00210-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, M. J., K. Osatomi, M. Suzuki, K. Hara, K. Tachibana, and T. Ishihara. 2000. Purification and characterization of two anionic trypsins from the hepatopancreas of carp. Fisheries Science 66 (6):1172–79. doi:10.1046/j.1444-2906.2000.00185.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarti, R., W. D. Clark, J. G. Sharma, R. K. Goswami, A. K. Shrivastav, and D. R. Tocher. 2018. Mass production of Lemna minor and its amino acid and fatty acid profiles. Frontiers in Chemistry 6:479. doi:10.3389/fchem.2018.00479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarti, R., and P. K. Srivastava. 2012. Effect of dietary supplementation with Achyranthes aspera seed on larval rohu labeo rohita challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 24 (4):213–18. doi:10.1080/08997659.2012.694834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarti, R., P. K. Srivastava, K. Kundu, R. S. Khare, and S. Banerjee. 2012. Evaluation of immunostimulatory and growth promoting effect of seed fractions of Achyranthes aspera in common carp Cyprinus carpio and identification of active constituents. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 32 (5):839–43. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2012.02.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarti, R., P. K. Srivastava, N. Verma, and J. Sharma. 2014. Effect of seeds of Achyranthes aspera on the immune responses and expression of some immune-related genes in carp Catla catla. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 41 (1):64–69. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2014.03.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie, W. W. 2003. Lipid analysis. 3rd ed. Bridgewater, UK: Oily Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, H. W. 1996. Fatty acid desaturation and chain elongation in eukaryote. In Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes, ed. D. E. Vance and J. E. Vance, 129–52. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Dong, G. F., Q. Zou, H. Wang, F. Huang, X. C. Liu, L. Chen, C. Y. Yang, and Y. O. Yang. 2014. Conjugated linoleic acid differentially modulates growth, tissue lipid deposition, and gene expression involved in the lipid metabolism of grass carp. Aquaculture 432:181–91. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.05.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folch, J., M. Lees, and G. H. Sloane-Stanley. 1957. Journal of Biological Chemistry 226 (1):497–509. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64849-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glencross, B. D. 2009. Exploring the nutritional demand for essential fatty acids by aquaculture species. Reviews in Aquaculture 1:71–124. doi:10.1111/j.1753-5131.2009.01006.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorelick-Feldman, J., D. MacLean, N. Ilic, A. Poulev, M. A. Lila, D. Cheng, and I. Raskin. 2008. Phytoecdysteroids increase protein synthesis in skeletal muscle cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 (10):3532–37. doi:10.1021/jf073059z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal, B. R., R. K. Goyal, and A. A. Mehta. 2007. Plant review phyto-pharmacology of Achyranthes aspera: A review. Pharmacognosy Reviews 1:143–50.
   Google Scholar
• Guillaume, J., S. Kaushik, P. Bergot, and R. Metallier. 2001. Nutrition and feeding of fish and crustaceans. 1st ed. Chichester: UK: Springer in Association with Praxis Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Han, Q., H. Fan, J. Peng, L. Zhou, and L. Gan. 2019. Pleiotropic function of vitamin C on fatty acids in liver and muscle of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Aquaculture 512:734352. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, F., M. Jiang, H. Wen, F. Wu, W. Liu, J. Tian, and H. Shao. 2016. Dietary vitamin C requirement of genetically improved farmed Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture Research 47 (3):689–97. doi:10.1111/are.12527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imanpoor, M., M. R. Imanpoor, and Z. Roohi. 2017. Effects of dietary vitamin C on skeleton abnormalities, blood biochemical factors, haematocrit, growth, survival and stress response of Cyprinus carpio fry. Aquaculture International 25 (2):793–03. doi:10.1007/s10499-016-0080-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi, K. D. 2004. Artificial breeding and rearing of Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray). The Indian Journal of Fisheries 51:233–37.
   Google Scholar
• Kamalam, B. S., J. Mahija, P. Barat, A. Pandey, M. S. Akhtar, A. Ciji, and M. Rajesh. 2019. Temperature and oxygen related ecophysiological traits of snow trout (Schizothorax richardsonii) are sensitive to seasonal changes in a Himalayan stream environment. Journal of Thermal Biology 83:22–29. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.04.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolkovski, K., C. Czesny, Y. Yackey, M. Moreau, C. Cihla, M. Mahan, and D. Dabrowski. 2000. The effect of vitamins C and E in (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acids-enriched Artemia nauplii on growth, survival, and stress resistance of fresh water walleye Stizostedion vitreum larvae. Aquaculture Nutrition 6 (3):199–206. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.2000.00112.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kord, M. I., T. M. Srour, E. A. Omar, A. A. Farag, A. A. M. Nour, and H. S. Khalil. 2021. The immunostimulatory effects of commercial feed additives on growth performance, non-specific immune response, antioxidants assay, and intestinal morphometry of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Frontiers in Physiology 12:627499. doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.627499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, N., J. G. Sharma, S. P. Singh, A. Singh, V. H. Krishna, and R. Chakrabarti. 2019. Validation of growth enhancing, immunostimulatory and disease resistance properties of Achyranthes aspera in Labeo rohita fry in pond conditions. Heliyon 5 (2):e01246. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lall, S. P., and G. Olivier. 1993. Role of micronutrients in immune response and disease resistance of fish. In Fish nutrition in practice, ed. S. J. Kaushik and P. Luquet, 101–18. Paris, France: National Institute for Agricultural Research.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, H. P., B. Wen, Z. Z. Chen, J. Z. Gao, Y. Liu, Y. C. Zhang, and Y. Peng. 2018. Effects of dietary vitamin C and vitamin E on the growth, antioxidant defence and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile discus fish (Symphysodon haraldi). Aquaculture Nutrition 25 (1):176–83. doi:10.1111/anu.12841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., L. Chi, L. Feng, J. Jiang, W. D. Jiang, K. Hu, and X. Q. Zhou. 2011. Effects of graded levels of dietary vitamin C on the growth, digestive capacity and intestinal microflora of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Aquaculture Research 42 (4):534–48. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02649.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livak, K. J., and T. D. Schmittgen. 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT method. Methods 25 (4):402–08. doi:10.1006/meth.2001.1262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra, C. K., B. K. Das, S. C. Mukherjee, and J. Pradhan. 2007. Effects of dietary vitamin C on immunity, growth and survival of Indian major carp Labeo rohita, fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition 13 (1):35–44. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00451.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery, D. C. 1984. Design and analysis of experiments. New York, USA: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Moses, N. R., K. J. Nilssen, and R. Chakrabarti. 2017. Effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin C and seeds of Achyranthes aspera on growth, digestive enzyme activities, immune system and lipid peroxidation of snow trout Schizothorax richardsonii. Madridge Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development 1 (1):24–30. doi:10.18689/mjard-1000105.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, T. M., S. N. Mandiki, T. N. T. Tran, Y. Larondelle, J. Mellery, E. Mignolet, and P. Kestemont. 2019. Growth performance and immune status in common carp Cyprinus carpio as affected by plant oil-based diets complemented with β-glucan. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 92:288–99. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nsonga, A. R., J. Kang’Ombe, W. Mfitilodze, C. K. Soko, and A. H. Mtethiwa. 2009. Effect of varying levels of dietary vitamin C (ascorbic acid) on growth, survival and hematology of juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis karongae (Trewavas 1941) reared in aquaria. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology 13 (2):17–23. doi:10.14210/bjast.v13n2.p17-23.
   Google Scholar
• Petr, T. 2002. Cold water fish and fisheries in countries of the high mountain arc of Asia (Hindu Kush-Pamir-Karakoram-Himalayas). A review. In Cold water fisheries in the trans-himalayan countries, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 431, ed. T. Petr and D. B. Swar, 1–38. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Rao, Y. V., and R. Chakrabarti. 2005. Dietary incorporation of Achyranthes aspera seed influences the immunity of common carp. Cyprinus carpio. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 75:1097–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, Y. V., M. Romesh, A. Singh, and R. Chakrabarti. 2004. Potentiation of antibody production in Indian major carp Labeo rohita, rohu, by Achyranthes aspera as a herbal feed ingredient. Aquaculture 238 (1–4):67–73. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.04.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, I. M. 1985. Hydrolysis of 4-methylumbelliferyl butyrate: A convenient and sensitive fluorescent assay for lipase activity. Lipids 20 (4):243–47. doi:10.1007/BF02534195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarma, D., M. S. Akhtar, P. C. Mahanta, and D. Debnath. 2013. Nutritional quality in terms of amino acid and fatty acid of five coldwater fish species: Implications to human health. National Academy Science Letters 36 (4):385–91. doi:10.1007/s40009-013-0151-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, P., M. Nishikimi, and S. Udenfriend. 1976. Is gulonolactone-oxidase the only enzyme missing in animals subject to scurvy? Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 71 (1):293–99. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(76)90281-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, J. G., N. Kumar, S. P. Singh, A. Singh, V. HariKrishna, and R. Chakrabarti. 2019. Evaluation of immunostimulatory properties of prickly chaff flower Achyranthes aspera in rohu Labeo rohita fry in pond conditions. Aquaculture 505:183–89. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.02.065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, A., J. G. Sharma, M. Paichha, and R. Chakrabarti. 2019. Achyranthes aspera (Prickly chaff flower) leaves- and seeds-supplemented diets regulate growth, innate immunity, and oxidative stress in Aeromonas hydrophila -challenged Labeo rohita. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 32:250–67. doi:10.1080/10454438.2019.1615594.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, M. K., J. G. Sharma, and R. Chakrabarti. 2013a. Effect of UV-B radiation on the defence system of Labeo rohita (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) Larvae and its modulation by seed of Devil’s Horsewhip, Achyranthes aspera. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 43 (2):119–26. doi:10.3750/AIP2013.43.2.04.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, M. K., J. G. Sharma, and R. Chakrabarti. 2013b. Impact of UV-B radiation on the physiology of freshwater carp Labeo rohita larvae and evaluation of UV-B protective properties of seeds of Achyranthes aspera and vitamin C. Agricultural Research 2 (2):166–71. doi:10.1007/s40003-013-0060-z.
   Google Scholar
• Tocher, D. R., M. Agaba, N. Hastings, J. G. Bell, J. R. Dick, and A. J. Teale. 2001. Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 24 (4):309–20. doi:10.1023/A:1015022406790.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tocher, D. R., K. Dabrowski, and R. Hardy. 2010. Fatty acid requirements in ontogeny of marine and freshwater fish. Aquaculture Research 41 (5):717–32. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.02150.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tocher, D. R., and D. G. Harvie. 1988. Fatty acid compositions of the major phosphoglycerides from fish neural tissues; (n−3) and (n−6) polyunsaturated fatty acids in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and cod (Gadus morhua) brains and retinas. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 5 (4):229–39. doi:10.1007/BF01874800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torstensen, B. E., and D. R. Tocher. 2010. The effects of fish oil replacement on lipid metabolism of fish. In Fish oil replacement and alternative lipid sources in aquaculture feeds, ed. G. M. Turchini, W. K. Ng, and D. R. Tocher, 405–37. Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor & Francis (CRC Press).
   Google Scholar
• Trattner, S., J. Pickova, K. H. Park, J. Rinchard, and K. Dabrowski. 2007. Effects of α-lipoic and ascorbic acid on the muscle and brain fatty acids and antioxidant profile of the South American pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus. Aquaculture 273 (1):158–64. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(76)90281-3.
   Google Scholar
• Trenzado, C. E., A. E. Morales, and M. de la Higuera. 2008. Physiological changes in rainbow trout held under crowded conditions and fed diets with different levels of vitamins E and C and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). Aquaculture 277 (3–4):293–302. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.02.031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueberschär, B. 1988. Determination of the nutritional condition of individual marine fish larvae by analysing their proteolytic enzyme activities with a highly sensitive fluorescence technique. Meeresforschung-Reports on Marine Research 32:144–54.
   Google Scholar
• Véron, V., S. Panserat, R. Le Boucher, L. Labbé, E. Quillet, M. Dupont-Nivet, and F. Médale. 2016. Long-term feeding a plant-based diet devoid of marine ingredients strongly affects certain key metabolic enzymes in the rainbow trout liver. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 42 (2):771–85. doi:10.1007/s10695-015-0174-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou, W., Z. Lin, Y. Huang, S. M. Limbu, H. Rong, C. Yu, and X. Wen. 2019. Effect of dietary vitamin C on growth performance, body composition and biochemical parameters of juvenile Chu’s croaker (Nibea coibor). Aquaculture Nutrition 26 (1):60–73. doi:10.1111/anu.12967.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar