You eat “like a girl”: gender differences in content and effects of food advertising depicting sports

References

• Alexander, A., Benjamin, L., Hoerrner, K., & Roe, D. (1998). “We’ll Be Back in a Moment”: A content analysis of advertisements in children’s television in the 1950s. Journal of Advertising, 27, 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, A., & DiDomenico, L. (1992). Diet vs. shape content of popular male and female magazines: A dose‐response relationship to the incidence of eating disorders? International Journal Of Eating Disorders, 11, 283–287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakir, A. (2013). Character portrayal: Examining gender roles in television commercials targeted at children in India and the United States. Journal of Global Marketing, 26, 57–67.
   Google Scholar
• Bakir, A., & Palan, K. (2013). Agentic and communal: Multinational analysis of gender portrayal in children’s television commercials. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 34, 39–56.
   Google Scholar
• Bakir, A., Palan, K., & Kolbe, R. (2013). A comparative content analysis of advertising practices to children. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 34, 247–262.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4, 359–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2002). Social cognitive theory in cultural context. Applied Psychology, 51, 269–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. (1963). Imitation of film-mediated aggressive models. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargh, J., & Morsella, E. (2010). Unconscious behavioral guidance systems. In C. Agnew, D. Carlston, W. Graziano, & J. Kelly (Eds.), Then a miracle occurs: Focusing on behavior in social psychological theory and research (pp. 89–118). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Birch, L. (1999). Development of food preferences. Annual Review of Nutrition, 19, 41–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, B. (1998). Gender stereotypes in advertising on children’s television in the 1990s: A cross-national analysis. Journal of Advertising, 27, 83–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buijzen, M., & Valkenburg, P. (2000). The impact of television advertising on children’s Christmas wishes. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44, 456–470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns, G., Angus, K., Hastings, G., & Caraher, M. (2013). Systematic reviews of the evidence on the nature, extent and effects of food marketing to children. A retrospective summary. Appetite, 62, 209–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castonguay, J. (2015). Portraying physical activity in food advertising targeting children. Health Education, 115, 534–553.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castonguay, J., McKinley, C., & Kunkel, D. (2013). Health-related messages in food advertisements targeting children. Health Education, 113, 420–432.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Childhood obesity facts. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Childhood obesity causes and consequences. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/causes.html
   Google Scholar
• Chase, M., & Machida, M. (2011). The role of sport as a social status determinant for children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(4), 731–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childs, N., & Maher, J. (2003). Gender in food advertising to children: Boys eat first. British Food Journal, 105, 408–419.
   Google Scholar
• Cooke, L., & Wardle, J. (2005). Age and gender differences in children’s food preferences. British Journal of Nutrition, 93, 741–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtenay, W. (2000). Engendering health: A social constructionist examination of men’s health beliefs and behaviors. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 1, 4.
   Google Scholar
• Dembek, C., Harris, J., & Schwartz, M. (2013). Where children and adolescents view food and beverage ads on TV: Exposure by channel and program. Retrieved from http://www.yaleruddcenter.org.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, H., Scully, M., Niven, P., Kelly, B., Chapman, K., Donovan, R., Martin, J., Baur, L., Crawford, D. & Wakefield, M. (2014). Effects of nutrient content claims, sports celebrity endorsements and premium offers on pre‐adolescent children’s food preferences: Experimental research. Pediatric Obesity, 9, e47-e57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorey, E., & McCool, J. (2009). The role of the media in influencing children’s nutritional perceptions. Qualitative Health Research, 19, 645–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffett, R. (2017). Consumer perceptions toward sugar content of fruit juice products in a developing country. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 24(6), 745–760.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmaeilpour, F., Heidarzadeh Hanzaee, K., Mansourian, Y., & Khounsiavash, M. (2018). Children’s food choice: Advertised food type, health knowledge and entertainment. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 24, 476–494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzsimons, G., Chartrand, T., & Fitzsimons, G. (2008). Automatic effects of brand exposure on motivated behavior: How apple makes you “think different”. Journal of Consumer Research, 35, 21–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folta, S., Goldberg, J., Economos, C., Bell, R., & Meltzer, R. (2006). Food advertising targeted at school-age children: A content analysis. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 38, 244–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furnham, A., Abramsky, S., & Gunter, B. (1997). A cross-cultural content analysis of children’s television advertisements. Sex Roles, 37, 91–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gantz, W., Schwartz, N., Angelini, J., & Rideout, V. (2007). Television food advertising to children in the United States. The Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved from https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/7618.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Goran, M., & Reynolds, K. (2012). Interactive multimedia for promoting physical activity in children. Obesity Research, 13, 762–772.
   Google Scholar
• Hardin, M., Lynn, S., Walsdorf, K., & Hardin, B. (2002). The framing of sexual difference in SI for Kids editorial photos. Mass Communication & Society, 5, 341–359.
   Google Scholar
• Hargreaves, J. (2002). Sporting females: Critical issues in the history and sociology of women’s sport. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Harker, D., Harker, M., & Svensen, S. (2007). Attributing blame: Exploring the link between fast food advertising and obesity in Australia. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 13, 33–46.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, J., Brownell, K., & Bargh, J. (2009). The food marketing defense model: Integrating psychological research to protect youth and inform public policy. Social Issues and Policy Review, 3, 211–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, K., Bishop, J., & Truby, H. (2002). An investigation into school children’s knowledge and awareness of food and nutrition. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 15, 129–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbozo, S., Tantleff-Dunn, S., Gokee-Larose, J., & Thompson, J. (2004). Beauty and thinness messages in children’s media: A content analysis. Eating Disorders, 12, 21–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hesketh, K., Waters, E., Green, J., Salmon, L., & Williams, J. (2005). Healthy eating, activity and obesity prevention: A qualitative study of parent and child perceptions in Australia. Health Promotion International, 20, 19–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks, M., Crist, R., Wiggins, M., & Moode, F. (2001). Sex differences in grade three students’ attitudes toward physical activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93, 97–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland, A., & Andre, T. (1994). Athletic participation and the social status of adolescent males and females. Youth & Society, 25, 388–407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huhman, M., Potter, L., Nolin, M., Piesse, A., Judkins, D., Banspach, S., & Wong, F. (2010). The influence of the VERB campaign on children’s physical activity in 2002 to 2006. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 638–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine (IOM). (2006). Food marketing to children and youth: Threat or opportunity? Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, F., & Young, K. (2002). Gendered voices in children’s television advertising. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 19, 461–480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, B., Halford, J., Boyland, E., Chapman, K., Bautista-Castaño, I., Berg, C., … Grammatikaki, E. (2010). Television food advertising to children: A global perspective. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 1730–1736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koca, C., Asçi, F., & Demirhan, G. (2005). Attitudes toward physical education and class preferences of Turkish adolescents in terms of school gender composition. Adolescence, 40, 365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koivula, N. (2001). Perceived characteristics of sports categorized as gender-neutral, feminine and masculine. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24, 377.
   Google Scholar
• Kolish, E., & Peeler, C. (2008). The Children’s food and beverage Initiative: A progress report. Retrieved from http://bbb.org/us/storage/16/documents/CFBAI/ChildrenF&BInitSept21.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Kunkel, D., Castonguay, J., & Filer, C. (2015). Evaluating industry self-regulation of food marketing to children. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49, 181–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunkel, D., & Gantz, W. (1992). Children’s television advertising in the multichannel environment. Journal of Communication, 42, 134–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunkel, D., McKinley, C., & Wright, P. (2010). The impact of industry self-regulation on the nutritional quality of foods advertised on television to children. Oakland, CA: Children Now.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, M., Choi, Y., Quilliam, E., & Cole, R. (2009). Playing with food: Content analysis of food advergames. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 43, 129–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi, A., Chan, K., & Pence, D. (2006). Real men do not read labels: The effects of masculinity and involvement on college students’ food decisions. Journal of American College Health, 55, 91–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michela, J., & Contento, I. (1986). Cognitive, motivational, social, and environmental influences on children’s food choices. Health Psychology, 5, 209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, E., & Lutz, R. (2000). Children, advertising, and product experiences: A multimethod inquiry. Journal of Consumer Research, 27, 31–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman, J., Kelly, B., McMahon, A., Boyland, E., Baur, L., Chapman, K., King, L., Hughes, C., & Bauman, A. (2018). Sustained impact of energy-dense TV and online food advertising on children’s dietary intake: A within-subject, randomised, crossover, counter-balanced trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 15(37), 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirouznia, M. (2001). The association between nutrition knowledge and eating behavior in male and female adolescents in the US. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 52, 127–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postow, B. (1980). Women and masculine sports. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 7, 51–58.
   Google Scholar
• Potter, W., & Levine‐Donnerstein, D. (1999). Rethinking validity and reliability in content analysis. Applied Communication Research, 27(3), 258–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghunathan, R., Naylor, R., & Hoyer, W. (2006). The unhealthy= tasty intuition and its effects on taste inferences, enjoyment, and choice of food products. Journal of Marketing, 70, 170–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, K., Baranowski, T., Bishop, D., Farris, R., Binkley, D., Nicklas, T., & Elmer, P. (1999). Patterns in child and adolescent consumption of fruit and vegetables: Effects of gender and ethnicity across four sites. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 18, 248–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, M., & Pettigrew, S. (2007). A thematic content analysis of children’s food advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 26, 357–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozin, P. (1996). Socioiocultural influences on human food selection. In E. D. Capaldi (Ed.), Why we eat what we eat: The psychology of eating (pp. 233–263). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Rozin, P., Hormes, J., Faith, M., & Wansink, B. (2012). Is meat male? A quantitative multimethod framework to establish metaphoric relationships. Journal of Consumer Research, 39, 629–643.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabo, D., & Veliz, P. (2008). Go Out and Play: Youth Sports in America. Retrieved from http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/08/go_out_and_play_exec.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sallis, J., Prochaska, J., & Taylor, W. (2000). A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Medicine & Science In Sports & Exercise, 32, 963–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seabra, A., Mendonça, D., Maia, J., Welk, G., Brustad, R., Fonseca, A., & Seabra, A. (2013). Gender, weight status and socioeconomic differences in psychosocial correlates of physical activity in schoolchildren. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 16, 320–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signorielli, N., & Staples, J. (1997). Television and children’s conceptions of nutrition. Health Communication, 9, 289–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner, J., Carruth, B., Bounds, W., & Ziegler, P. (2002). Children’s food preferences: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102, 1638–1647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, L. (1994). A content analysis of gender differences in children’s advertising. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 38, 323–337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stitt, C., & Kunkel, D. (2008). Food advertising during children’s television programming on broadcast and cable channels. Health Communication, 23, 573–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2005). Ways to enhance children’s activity and nutrition. Retrieved from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/wecan/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• Wardle, J., Cooke, L., Gibson, E., Sapochnik, M., Sheiham, A., & Lawson, M. (2003). Increasing children’s acceptance of vegetables; a randomized trial of parent-led exposure. Appetite, 40, 155–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, Y., Rickard, M., & Brown, C. (2015). Effects of consumer weight level and advertising appeals on consumer attitude toward food and advertisements. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 21, 426–441.
   Google Scholar
• Witt, S. D. (1997). Parental influence on children’s socialization to gender roles. Adolescence, 32, 253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2013). Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/childhood/en/
   Google Scholar