Do Traffic Light Labels Influence Food Purchase Intentions? The Moderating Effect of Health Risk Perception

References

• Ahmed, N., Li, C., Khan, A., Qalati, S. A., Naz, S., & Rana, F. (2021). Purchase intention toward organic food among young consumers using theory of planned behavior: Role of environmental concerns and environmental awareness. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 64(5), 796–822. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2020.1785404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, A., Richtel, M., & Jacobs, A. (2018, March 20). In Nafta talks, US tries to limit junk food warning labels. The New York Times , https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/20/world/americas/nafta-food-labels-obesity.html
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, J. C., Burton, S., & Kees, J. (2011). Is simpler always better? Consumer evaluations of front-of-package nutrition symbols. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 30(2), 175–190. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.30.2.175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, J. C., Netemeyer, R., Burton, S., & Kees, J. (2021). What consumers actually know: The role of objective nutrition knowledge in processing stop sign and traffic light front-of-pack nutrition labels. Journal of Business Research, 128, 140–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.01.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, D. M. A. (2014). The effects of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry. International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, 2(1), 9.
   Google Scholar
• Bialkova, S., Grunert, K. G., Juhl, H. J., Wasowicz-Kirylo, G., Stysko-Kunkowska, M., & van Trijp, H. C. (2014). Attention mediates the effect of nutrition label information on consumers’ choice: Evidence from a choice experiment involving eye-tracking. Appetite, 76, 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2013.11.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, N. T., Chapman, G. B., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., McCaul, K. D., & Weinstein, N. D. (2007). Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior: The example of vaccination. Health Psychology, 26(2), 136. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.26.2.136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Science in the Public Interest. (2021a, March 16). FDA urged to create mandatory front-of-package nutrition labels. https://www.cspinet.org/press-release/fda-urged-create-mandatory-front-package-nutrition-labels.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Healthy out-of-school time Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA). Retrieved March 28, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/ost.htm
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Poor nutrition. Retrieved March 2, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/factsheets/nutrition.htm].
   Google Scholar
• Chang, M. K., Cheung, W., & Lai, V. S. (2005). Literature derived reference models for the adoption of online shopping. Information & Management, 42(4), 543–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(04)00051-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway, J. (2023). U.S. pizza market - statistics & facts. Statista. from. Retrieved April 8, 2023. https://www.statista.com/topics/1911/pizza-retail-market/
   Google Scholar
• Cui, F., Liu, Y., Chang, Y., Duan, J., & Li, J. (2016). An overview of tourism risk perception. Natural Hazards, 82, 643–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2208-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietary Guidelines for Americans. (2015-2020). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, from https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/2015-2020_Dietary_Guidelines.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Elflein, J. (2022). Number of overweight and obese adults worldwide from 1975 to 2022 (in millions). Statista.
   Google Scholar
• Gabor, A. M., Stojnić, B., & Ostić, D. B. (2020). Effects of different nutrition labels on visual attention and accuracy of nutritional quality perception–Results of an experimental eye-tracking study. Food Quality and Preference, 84, 103948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103948
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes, S., Nogueira, M., Ferreira, M., Gregorio, M. J., Graça, P., Jewell, J., & Breda, J. (2020). Consumer attitudes toward food and nutritional labeling: Implications for policymakers and practitioners on a national level. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 26(7), 470–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454446.2020.1802381
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, T. (2005). Rethinking consumer perception of food quality. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 11(2), 75–93. https://doi.org/10.1300/J038v11n02_05
   Google Scholar
• Hasan, M. K., Ismail, A. R., & Islam, M. F. (2017). Tourist risk perceptions and revisit intention: A critical review of literature. Cogent Business & Management, 4(1), 1412874. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2017.1412874
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkin, P. (2018). Fundamentals of risk management: Understanding, evaluating and implementing effective risk management. Kogan Page Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Horvat, S., & Ozretić Došen, Đ. (2013). Perceived risk influence on the consumer attitude to private labels in the product’s life cycle growth stage. Economic and Business Review, 15(4), 1. https://doi.org/10.15458/2335-4216.1190
   Google Scholar
• Ikonen, I., Sotgiu, F., Aydinli, A., & Verlegh, P. W. (2020). Consumer effects of front-of-package nutrition labeling: An interdisciplinary meta-analysis. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48, 360–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00663-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (2013). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. In Handbook of the Fundamentals of Financial Decision Making: Part I (pp. 99–127).
   Google Scholar
• Krewski, D., Lemyre, L., Turner, M. C., Lee, J. E., Dallaire, C., Bouchard, L., Brand, K., & Mercier, P. (2006). Public perception of population health risks in Canada: Health hazards and sources of information. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 12(4), 626–644. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807030600561832
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krewski, D., Slovic, P., Bartlett, S., Flynn, J., & Mertz, C. K. (1995). Health risk perception in Canada II: Worldviews, attitudes and opinions. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 1(3), 231–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039509380009
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S., & Rao, V. S. (2010). Color and store choice in electronic commerce: The explanatory role of trust. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 11(2), 110–126.Chino.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt, B., & March, J. G. (1988). Organizational learning. Annual Review of Sociology, 14(1), 319–338. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.14.080188.001535
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, J. (2015). US obesity rate inches up to 27.7% in 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2022 https://news.gallup.com/poll/181271/obesity-rate-inches2014.aspx#:~:text=WASHINGTON%2C%20D.C.%20%2D%2D%20The%20percentage,seven%20years%20of%20tracking%20it
   Google Scholar
• Li, Y. (2010). Tourists risk perception research after severe natural disasters-to Wenchuan earthquake restoration marketing, for example. Journal of Theory Reform, 2, 85–88.
   Google Scholar
• Lobb, A. E., Mazzocchi, M., & Traill, W. B. (2007). Modelling risk perception and trust in food safety information within the theory of planned behaviour. Food Quality and Preference, 18(2), 384–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2006.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhavan, S. S., Rosenbluth, S. A., Amonkar, M., Fernandes, A., & Borker, R. (2003). Immunization predictors in rural adults under 65 years of age. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 14(1), 100–121. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon, G., Raghubir, P., & Agrawal, N. (2006). Healthy risk perceptions and consumer psychology. Handbook of Consumer Psychology. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.945673
   Google Scholar
• Michail, N. (2017). Nestlé to add traffic light label to all UK breakfast cereals. Food Navigator. Retrieved January 18, 2019, from https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2017/10/03/Nestle-to-add-traffic-lightlabel-to-all-UK-breakfast-cereals.
   Google Scholar
• Michail, N. (2018). The end of the ENL? Nestlé pulls out of evolved nutrition label; others suspend involvement. Retrieved January 18, 2019 from https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2018/11/20/The-endof-the-ENL-Nestle-pulls-out-of-Evolved-Nutrition-Label-otherssuspend-involvement
   Google Scholar
• Mittal, C., & Griskevicius, V. (2016). Silver spoons and platinum plans: How childhood environment affects adult health care decisions. The Journal of Consumer Research, 43(4), 636–656. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucw046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for Health Statistics. (2021). National health and nutrition examination survey 2017–March 2020 prepandemic data files development of files and prevalence estimates for selected health outcomes. Centers for disease control and prevention. Retrieved from https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/106273
   Google Scholar
• Newman, C. L., Burton, S., Andrews, J. C., Netemeyer, R. G., & Kees, J. (2018). Marketers’ use of alternative front-of-package nutrition symbols: An examination of effects on product evaluations. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 46(3), 453–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-017-0568-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, C. L., Howlett, E., & Burton, S. (2014). Shopper response to front-of-package nutrition labeling programs: Potential consumer and retail store benefits. Journal of Retailing, 90(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2013.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Núñez-Fernández, M., Pérez-Villarreal, H. H., & Mayett-Moreno, Y. (2021). Comparing models with positive anticipated emotions, food values, attitudes and subjective norms as influential factors in fast-food purchase intention during the COVID-19 pandemic in two channels: Restaurants and mobile apps. Sustainability, 13(22), 12857. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212857
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Villarreal, H. H., Martínez-Ruiz, M. P., Izquierdo-Yusta, A., & Gómez-Cantó, C. M. (2020). Food values, benefits and their influence on attitudes and purchase intention: Evidence obtained at fast-food hamburger restaurants. Sustainability, 12(18), 7749. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, S., Jongenelis, M. I., Jones, A., Hercberg, S., & Julia, C. (2023). An 18-country analysis of the effectiveness of five front-of-pack nutrition labels. Food Quality and Preference, 104, 104691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104691
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poinski, M. (2023, January 26). FDA plans consumer study on front-of-pack labeling. FOODDIVE. https://www.fooddive.com/news/fda-plans-consumer-study-on-front-of-pack-labeling/641252/.
   Google Scholar
• Rana, J., & Paul, J. (2017). Consumer behavior and purchase intention for organic food: A review and research agenda. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 38, 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2017.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rather, R. A. (2021). Monitoring the impacts of tourism-based social media, risk perception and fear on tourist’s attitude and revisiting behaviour in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(23), 3275–3283. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1884666
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitkin, S. B., & Pablo, A. L. (1992). Reconceptualizing the determinants of risk behavior. Academy of Management Review, 17(1), 9–38. https://doi.org/10.2307/258646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic, P. (2016). Understanding perceived risk: 1978–2015. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 58(1), 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.2016.1112169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonnenberg, L., Gelsomin, E., Levy, D. E., Riis, J., Barraclough, S., & Thorndike, A. N. (2013). A traffic light food labeling intervention increases consumer awareness of health and healthy choices at the point-of-purchase. Preventive Medicine, 57(4), 253–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talati, Z., Pettigrew, S., Hughes, C., Dixon, H., Kelly, B., Ball, K., & Miller, C. (2016). The combined effect of front-of-pack nutrition labels and health claims on consumers’ evaluation of food products. Food Quality and Preference, 53, 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.05.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorndike, A. N., Riis, J., Sonnenberg, L. M., & Levy, D. E. (2014). Traffic-light labels and choice architecture: Promoting healthy food choices. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(2), 143–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsiros, M., & Heilman, C. M. (2005). The effect of expiration dates and perceived risk on purchasing behavior in grocery store perishable categories. Journal of Marketing, 69(2), 114–129. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.69.2.114.60762
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanEpps, E. M., Roberto, C. A., Park, S., Economos, C. D., & Bleich, S. N. (2016). Restaurant menu labeling policy: Review of evidence and controversies. Current Obesity Reports, 5(1), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-016-0193-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein, N. D., & Nicolich, M. (1993). Correct and incorrect interpretations of correlations between risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Health Psychology, 12, 235–245. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.12.3.235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2020, April). Healthy diet: Key facts. World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet
   Google Scholar
• Yan, D., & Sengupta, J. (2013). The influence of base rate and case information on health-risk perceptions: A unified model of self-positivity and self-negativity. The Journal of Consumer Research, 39(5), 931–946. https://doi.org/10.1086/666596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar