Food Safety Risk and Visual Attention: The Moderating Effect of Prototype Perception and Social Distance

References

• Adasme-Berríos, C., Aliaga-Ortega, L., Schnettler, B., Sánchez, M., Pinochet, C., & Lobos, G. (2020). What dimensions of risk perception are associated with avoidance of buying processed foods with warning labels? Nutrients, 12(10), 2987. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan, P. D., Palmer, C., Chan, F., Lyons, R., Nicholson, O., Rose, M., Hales, S., & Baker, M. G. (2018). Food safety labelling of chicken to prevent campylobacteriosis: Consumer expectations and current practices. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 414. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5322-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Auler, D. P., Teixeira, R., & Nardi, V. (2017). Food safety as a field in supply chain management studies: A systematic literature review. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 20(1), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.22434/IFAMR2016.0003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babin, B. J., Darden, W. R., & Griffin, M. (1994). Work and/or fun: Measuring hedonic and utilitarian shopping value. The Journal of Consumer Research, 20(4), 644–656. https://doi.org/10.1086/209376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bichot, N. P., & Schall, J. D. (1999). Effects of similarity and history on neural mechanisms of visual selection. Nature Neuroscience, 2(6), 549–554. https://doi.org/10.1038/9205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocker, A., & Hanf, C. H. (2000). Confidence lost and - partially - regained: Consumer response to food scares. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 43(4), 471–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2681(00)00131-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breugelmans, E., Campo, K., & Gijsbrechts, E. (2007). Shelf sequence and proximity effects on online grocery choices. Marketing Letters, 18(1–2), 117–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-006-9002-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brom, F. W. A., & Gremmen, B. (2000). Food ethics and consumer concerns. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 12(2), 111–112. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009526327701
   Google Scholar
• Caputo, V. (2020). Does information on food safety affect consumers’ acceptance of new food technologies? The case of irradiated beef in South Korea under a new labelling system and across different information regimes. The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 64(4), 1003–1033. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12393
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrasco, M. (2006). Covert attention increases contrast sensitivity: Psychophysical, neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies. Progress in Brain Research, 154, 33–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(06)54003-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castagna, A. C., Pinto, D. C., Mattila, A., & de Barcellos, M. D. (2021). Beauty-is-good, ugly-is-risky: Food aesthetics bias and construal level. Journal of Business Research, 135, 633–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.06.063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandon, P., Hutchinson, J. W., Bradlow, E. T., & Young, S. H. (2009). Does in-store marketing work? Effects of the number and position of shelf facings on brand attention and evaluation at the point of purchase. Journal of Marketing, 73(6), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.73.6.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T., Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology, Vols. 1 and 2 (4th ed., pp. 151–192). New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Dalmaso, M., Castelli, L., Scatturin, P., & Galfano, G. (2021). Can attitude similarity shape social inhibition of return? Visual Cognition, 29(7), 463–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2021.1922566
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danelon, M. S., & Salay, E. (2012). Development of a scale to measure consumer perception of the risks involved in consuming raw vegetable salad in full-service restaurants. Appetite, 59(3), 713–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.07.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jonge, J., Van Trijp, H., Renes, R. J., & Frewer, L. J. (2010). Consumer confidence in the safety of food and newspaper coverage of food safety issues: A longitudinal perspective. Risk Analysis, 30(1), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01320.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, J., & Humphreys, G. W. (1989). Visual search and stimulus similarity. Psychological Review, 96(3), 433. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.96.3.433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J., & Friedman, R. (2017). Approach—avoidance: A central characteristic 01 personal goals. In Personal project pursuit goals, action, and human flourishing (pp. 97–118). Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gallo, M., Ferrara, L., Calogero, A., Montesano, D., & Naviglio, D. (2020). Relationships between food and diseases: What to know to ensure food safety. Food Research International, 137, 109414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., Zhao, L., Russell, D. W., & Reis-Bergan, M. (1999). The effect of peers’ alcohol consumption on parental influence: A cognitive mediational model. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 13(s13), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsas.1999.s13.32
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons, F. X., & Gerrard, M. (1995). Predicting young adults’ health risk behavior. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 69(3), 505–517. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.3.505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godfray, H. C. J., Beddington, J. R., Crute, I. R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J. F. & Toulmin, C. (2010). Food security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science, 327(5967), 812–818. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gracia, A., & de Magistris, T. (2016). Consumer preferences for food labeling: What ranks first? Food Control, 61, 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.09.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunert, K. G., & Wills, J. M. (2007). A review of European research on consumer response to nutrition information on food labels. Journal of Public Health, 15(5), 385–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-007-0101-9
   Google Scholar
• Hall, C., & Osses, F. (2013). A review to inform understanding of the use of food safety messages on food labels. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 37(4), 422–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, R. W., & Thompson, D. V. (2007). Is there a substitute for direct experience? Comparing consumers’ preferences after direct and indirect product experiences. The Journal of Consumer Research, 34(4), 546–555. https://doi.org/10.1086/520073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, B., Juaneda, C., Sénécal, S., & Léger, P. M. (2021). “Now you see me”: The attention-grabbing effect of product similarity and proximity in online shopping. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 54(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2020.08.004
   Google Scholar
• Jaeger, S. R., Machín, L., Aschemann-Witzel, J., Antúnez, L., Harker, F. R., & Ares, G. (2018). Buy, eat or discard? A case study with apples to explore fruit quality perception and food waste. Food Quality and Preference, 69, 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon, Y., Cho, M. S., & Oh, J. (2021). A study of customer perception of visual information in food stands through eye-tracking. British Food Journal, 123(12), 4436–4450. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-12-2020-1082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawakami, K., Friesen, J. P., Williams, A., Vingilis-Jaremko, L., Sidhu, D. M., Rodriguez-Bailón, R., Cañadas, E., & Hugenberg, K. (2021). Impact of perceived interpersonal similarity on attention to the eyes of same-race and other-race faces. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 6(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-021-00336-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny, D. A., & West, T. V. (2010). Similarity and agreement in self-and other perception: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(2), 196–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309353414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumpal, I. (2013). Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: A literature review. Quality & Quantity, 47(4), 2025–2047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-011-9640-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladeira, W. J., Lim, W. M., Santini, F. D. O., Rasul, T., Rice, J. L., & Azhar, M. (2024). Fostering conative loyalty in tourism and hospitality loyalty programs: An eye-tracking experiment of reward timing, fairness perception, and visual attention. Tourism Recreation Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2024.2369487
   Google Scholar
• Ladeira, W. J., Rasul, T., Santini, F. D. O., & Perin, M. G. (2023). The bright side of disorganization: When surprise generates low-price signals. Journal of Retailing & Consumer Services, 73, 103340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103340
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon, F. A. D., Spers, E. E., & de Lima, L. M. (2020). Self-esteem and visual attention in relation to congruent and non-congruent images: A study of the choice of organic and transgenic products using eye tracking. Food Quality and Preference, 84, 103938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103938
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2014). Traversing psychological distance. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(7), 364–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberman, N., Trope, Y., McCrea, S. M., & Sherman, S. J. (2007). The effect of level of construal on the temporal distance of activity enactment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(1), 143–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, W. M. (2015). Enriching information science research through chronic disposition and situational priming: A short note for future research. Journal of Information Science, 41(3), 399–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551515577913
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, W. M. (2021). Conditional recipes for predicting impacts and prescribing solutions for externalities: The case of COVID-19 and tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(2), 314–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2021.1881708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, W. M., Ahmed, P. K., & Ali, M. Y. (2019). Data and resource maximization in business-to-business marketing experiments: Methodological insights from data partitioning. Industrial Marketing Management, 76, 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2018.08.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, W. M., Ahmed, P. K., & Ali, M. Y. (2022). Giving electronic word of mouth (eWOM) as a prepurchase behavior: The case of online group buying. Journal of Business Research, 146, 582–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.03.093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindström, A., Berg, H., Nordfält, J., Roggeveen, A. L., & Grewal, D. (2016). Does the presence of a mannequin head change shopping behavior? Journal of Business Research, 69(2), 517–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.04.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liviatan, I., Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2008). Interpersonal similarity as a social distance dimension: Implications for perception of others’ actions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(5), 1256–1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobb, A. E., Mazzocchi, M., & Traill, W. B. (2007). Modelling risk perception and trust in food safety information within the theory of planned behaviour. Food Quality and Preference, 18(2), 384–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2006.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lourenco, J. S., Ciriolo, E., Almeida, S. R., & Dessart, F. (2016). Behavioural insights applied to policy-Country overviews 2016. European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, L., & Soon, J. M. (2016). Building strategic resilience in the food supply chain. British Food Journal, 118(6), 1477–1493. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-10-2015-0350
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marucheck, A., Greis, N., Mena, C., & Cai, L. N. (2011). Product safety and security in the global supply chain: Issues, challenges and research opportunities. Journal of Operations Management, 29(7–8), 707–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2011.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montoya, R. M., Horton, R. S., & Kirchner, J. (2008). Is actual similarity necessary for attraction? A meta-analysis of actual and perceived similarity. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships, 25(6), 889–922. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407508096700
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira, M. J., García-Díez, J., de Almeida, J., & Saraiva, C. (2021). Consumer knowledge about food labeling and fraud. Foods, 10(5), 1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10051095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrkva, K., Cole, J. C., & Van Boven, L. (2021). Attention increases environmental risk perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 150(1), 83–102. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000772
   Google Scholar
• Nardi, V. A. M. (2019). I am the target! Effects of food safety risk perception on consumer behavior: The moderation role of prototype perception and visual attention to safety labels. Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos.
   Google Scholar
• Nardi, V. A. M., Teixeira, R., Ladeira, W. J., & Santini, F. D. O. (2020). A meta-analytic review of food safety risk perception. Food Control, 112, 107089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narrod, C., Roy, D., Okello, J., Avendaño, B., Rich, K., & Thorat, A. (2009). Public–private partnerships and collective action in high value fruit and vegetable supply chains. Food Policy, 34(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieters, R., & Wedel, M. (2004). Attention capture and transfer in advertising: Brand, pictorial, and text-size effects. Journal of Marketing, 68(2), 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.68.2.36.27794
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieters, R., Wedel, M., & Batra, R. (2010). The stopping power of advertising: Measures and effects of visual complexity. Journal of Marketing, 74(5), 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.74.5.048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rammstedt, B., & John, O. P. (2007). Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the big five inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ran, T., Yue, C., & Rihn, A. (2017). Does nutrition information contribute to grocery shoppers’ willingness to pay? Journal of Food Products Marketing, 23(5), 591–608. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454446.2015.1048027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rihn, A., Wei, X., & Khachatryan, H. (2019). Text vs. logo: Does eco-label format influence consumers’ visual attention and willingness-to-pay for fruit plants? An experimental auction approach. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 82, 101452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2019.101452
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roosen, J. (2003). Marketing of safe food through labeling. Journal of Food Distribution Research, 34, 77–82. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.27058
   Google Scholar
• Roth, A. V., Tsay, A. A., Pullman, M. E., & Gray, J. V. (2008). Unraveling the food supply chain: Strategic insights from China and the 2007 recalls. The Journal of Supply Chain Management, 44(1), 22–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-493X.2008.00043.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samant, S. S., & Seo, H.-S. (2016). Effects of label understanding level on consumers’ visual attention toward sustainability and process-related label claims found on chicken meat products. Food Quality and Preference, 50, 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, T. R., Watanabe, K., Thompson, K. G., & Schall, J. D. (2003). Effect of target-distractor similarity on FEF visual selection in the absence of the target. Experimental Brain Research, 151(3), 356–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-003-1461-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafir, E., & LeBoeuf, R. A. (2002). Rationality. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 491. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegrist, M., & Hartmann, C. (2020). Consumer acceptance of novel food technologies. Nature Food, 1(6), 343–350. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-0094-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slovic, P. (1987). Perception of risk. Science, 236(4799), 280–285. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3563507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence, C., Okajima, K., Cheok, A. D., Petit, O., & Michel, C. (2016). Eating with our eyes: From visual hunger to digital satiation. Brain & Cognition, 110, 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2015.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, L., Hu, L., Zheng, F., Sun, Y., Cao, H., & Wu, L. (2021, July). Influence of HNB product packaging health warning design on risk perception based on eye tracking. International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Washington, DC (pp. 390–402). Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Süssenbach, P., Niemeier, S., & Glock, S. (2013). Effects of and attention to graphic warning labels on cigarette packages. Psychology & Health, 28(10), 1192–1206. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2013.799161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanemura, N., & Hamadate, N. (2022). Association between consumers’ food selection and differences in food labeling regarding efficacy health information: Food selection based on differences in labeling. Food Control, 131, 108413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, B., Gibbons, F. X., & Gerrard, M. (2002). Risk perception and prototype perception: Independent processes predicting risk behavior. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(7), 986–999. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616720202800711
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Herpen, E., van Nierop, E., & Sloot, L. (2012). The relationship between in-store marketing and observed sales for organic versus fair trade products. Marketing Letters, 23(1), 293–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-011-9154-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertheimer, M. (1938). Laws of organization in perceptual forms. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
   Google Scholar
• Wongprawmas, R., Canavari, M., & Waisarayutt, C. (2015). A multi-stakeholder perspective on the adoption of good agricultural practices in the Thai fresh produce industry. British Food Journal, 117(9), 2234–2249. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-08-2014-0300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2019, June 4). Food safety key facts. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-safety
   Google Scholar
• Yang, R. J., Huang, W., Zhang, L. S., Thomas, M., & Pei, X. F. (2009). Milk adulteration with melamine in China: Crisis and response. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 1(2), 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-837X.2009.00018.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, I., Reimer, D., Greig, J., Turgeon, P., Meldrum, R., & Waddell, L. (2017). Psychosocial and health-status determinants of safe food handling among consumers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Control, 78, 401–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.03.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zellmer-Bruhn, M. E., Maloney, M. M., Bhappu, A. D., & Salvador, R. (2008). When and how do differences matter? An exploration of perceived similarity in teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 107(1), 41–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar