Future thought and behaviour change

References

• Achtziger , A. , Fehr , T. , Oettingen , G. , Gollwitzer , P. M. and Rockstroh , B. 2009 . Strategies of intention formation are reflected in continuous MEG activity . Social Neuroscience , 4 : 11 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achtziger , A. , Gollwitzer , P. M. and Sheeran , P. 2008 . Implementation intentions and shielding goal striving from unwanted thoughts and feelings . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 34 : 381 – 393 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adriaanse , M. A. , Oettingen , G. , Gollwitzer , P. M. , Hennes , E. P. , de Ridder , D. T. D. and de Witt , J. B. F. 2010 . When planning is not enough: Fighting unhealthy snacking habits by mental contrasting with implementation intentions (MCII) . European Journal of Social Psychology , 40 : 1277 – 1293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen , I. and Fishbein , M. 1980 . Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , C. A. and Godfrey , S. 1987 . Thoughts about actions: The effects of specificity and availability of imagined behavioural scripts on expectations about oneself and others . Social Cognition , 5 : 238 – 258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson , J. W. and McClelland , D. C. 1948 . The projective expression of needs. II. The effect of different intensities of the hunger drive on thematic apperception . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 38 : 643 – 658 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bagozzi , R. P. , Dholakia , U. M. and Basuroy , S. 2003 . How effortful decisions get enacted: The motivating role of decision processes, desires, and anticipated emotions . Journal of Behavioural Decision Making , 16 : 273 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1977 . Self-efficacy: Towards a unifying theory of behavioural change . Psychological Review , 84 : 191 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1997 . Self-efficacy: The exercise of control , New York : Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. and Locke , E. A. 2003 . Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited . Journal of Applied Psychology , 88 : 87 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister , R. F. and Leary , M. R. 1995 . The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation . Psychological Bulletin , 117 : 497 – 529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , Ward , C. H. , Mendelson , M. , Mock , J. and Erbaugh , J. 1961 . An inventory to measure depression . Archives of General Psychatry , 4 : 561 – 571 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brehm , J. W. and Self , E. A. 1989 . The intensity of motivation . Annual Review of Psychology , 40 : 109 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownley , K. A. , Hurwitz , B. E. and Schneiderman , N. 2000 . “ Cardiovascular psychophysiology ” . In Handbook of psychophysiology , (2nd ed., , Edited by: Cacioppo , J. T. , Tassinary , L. G. and Berntson , G. G. 224 – 264 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brunstein , J. C. and Gollwitzer , P. M. 1996 . Effects of failure on subsequent performance: The importance of self-defining goals . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 70 : 395 – 407 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon , W. B. 1915 . Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear and rage: An account of recent researches into the function of emotional excitement , New York : Appleton .
   Google Scholar
• Cantor , N. , Norem , J. K. , Niedenthal , P. M. , Langston , C. A. and Brower , A. M. 1987 . Life tasks, self-concept ideals, and cognitive strategies in a life transition . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 53 : 1178 – 1191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carstensen , L. L. , Isaacowitz , D. and Charles , S. T. 1999 . Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity . American Psychologist , 54 : 165 – 181 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver , C. S. and Scheier , M. F. 2009 . “ Optimism ” . In Handbook of individual differences in social behaviour , Edited by: Leary , M. R. and Hoyle , R. H. 330 – 342 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Christiansen , S. , Oettingen , G. , Dahme , B. and Klinger , R. 2010 . A short goal-pursuit intervention to improve physical capacity: A randomized clinical trial in chronic back pain patients . Pain , 149 : 444 – 452 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor-Smith , J. K. and Flachsbart , C. 2007 . Relations between personality and coping: A meta-analysis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 93 : 1080 – 1107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Dreu , C. K. W. , Baas , M. and Nijstad , B. A. 2008 . Hedonic tone and activation level in the mood-creativity link: Towards a dual pathway to creativity model . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 94 : 739 – 756 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer , J. 2009 . The propositional approach to associative learning as an alternative for association formation models . Learning & Behaviour , 37 : 1 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci , E. L. and Ryan , R. M. 2004 . Handbook of self-determination research , Rochester , NY : Rochester University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health. 2004 . At least five a week: Evidence on the impact of physical activity and its relationship to health: A report from the Chief Medical Officer , London : Department of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Dishman , R. K. 1991 . Increasing and maintaining exercise and physical activity . Behaviour Therapy , 22 : 345 – 378 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow , G. T. and Mayer , R. E. 2004 . Teaching students to solve insight problems: Evidence for domain specificity in creativity training . Creativity Research Journal , 16 : 389 – 402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckworth , A. L. , Grant , H. , Loew , B. , Oettingen , G. and Gollwitzer , P. M. 2011 . Self-regulation strategies improve self-discipline in adolescents: Benefits of mental contrasting and implementation intentions . Educational Psychology , 31 : 17 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckworth , A. L. , Kirby , T. A. , Gollwitzer , A. and Oettingen , G. 2011 . Teaching self-regulation improves academic performance , Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar
• Duffy , E. 1934 . Emotion: An example of the need of reorientation in psychology . Psychological Review , 41 : 184 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn , C. L. , Hannan , P. J. , Jeffery , R. W. , Sherwood , N. E. , Pronk , N. P. and Boyle , R. 2006 . The comparative and cumulative effects of a dietary restriction and exercise on weight loss . International Journal of Obesity , 30 : 112 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dweck , C. S. and Leggett , E. L. 1988 . A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality . Psychological Review , 95 : 256 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot , A. J. 1997 . “ Integrating the “classic” and “contemporary” approaches to achievement motivation: A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation ” . In Advances in motivation and achievement , Edited by: Maehr , M. and Pintrich , P. 243 – 279 . Greewich , CT : JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Elliot , A. J. 2006 . The hierarchical model of approach-avoidance motivation . Motivation and Emotion , 30 : 111 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstude , K. and Roese , N. J. 2008 . The functional theory of counterfactual thinking . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 12 : 168 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio , R. H. , Sanbonmatsu , D. M. , Powell , M. C. and Kardes , F. R. 1986 . On the automatic activation of attitudes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 : 229 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson , M. J. and Bargh , J. A. 2004 . Liking is for doing: The effects of goal pursuit on automatic evaluation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 87 : 557 – 572 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbach , A. and Dhar , R. 2005 . Goals as excuses or guides: The liberating effect of perceived goal progress on choice . Journal of Consumer Research , 32 : 370 – 377 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbach , A. , Dhar , R. and Zhang , Y. 2006 . Subgoals as substitutes or complements: The role of goal accessibility . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 91 : 232 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbach , A. and Trope , Y. 2005 . The substitutability of external control and self-control in overcoming temptation . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 41 : 256 – 270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein , M. and Ajzen , I. 1975 . Belief, attitude, intention, and behaviour: An introduction to theory and research , Reading , MA : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein , M. and Ajzen , I. 2010 . Predicting and changing behaviour: The reasoned action approach , New York : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Förster , J. , Liberman , N. and Higgins , E. T. 2005 . Accessibility from active and fulfilled goals . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 41 : 220 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gailliot , M. T. , Baumeister , R. F. , DeWall , C. N. , Maner , J. K. , Plant , E. A. Tice , D. M. 2007 . Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 92 : 325 – 336 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawronski , B. and Bodenhausen , G. V. 2006 . Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change . Psychological Bulletin , 132 : 692 – 731 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendolla , G. H. E. and Wright , R. A. 2005 . “ Motivation in social settings: Studies of effort-related cardiovascular arousal ” . In Social motivation , Edited by: Forgas , J. P. , Williams , K. and von Hippel , W. 71 – 90 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , D. T. , Morewedge , C. K. , Risen , J. L. and Wilson , T. D. 2004 . Looking forward to looking backward: The misprediction of regret . Psychological Science , 15 : 346 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert , S. J. , Gollwitzer , P. M. , Cohen , A.-L. , Oettingen , G. and Burgess , P. W. 2009 . Separable brain systems supporting cued versus self-initiated realization of delayed intentions . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 35 : 905 – 915 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollwitzer , A. , Oettingen , G. , Kirby , T. A. , Duckworth , A. L. and Mayer , D. 2011 . Mental contrasting facilitates academic performance in school children . Motivation and Emotion , 35 : 403 – 412 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollwitzer , P. M. 1990 . “ Action phases and mind-sets ” . In The handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behaviour , Edited by: Higgins , E. T. and Sorrentino , R. M. Vol. 2 , 53 – 92 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gollwitzer , P. M. 1999 . Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans . American Psychologist , 54 : 493 – 503 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollwitzer , P. M. and Kirchhof , O. 1998 . “ The willful pursuit of identity ” . In Life-span perspectives on motivation and control , Edited by: Heckhausen , J. and Dweck , C. S. 389 – 423 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gollwitzer , P. M. and Sheeran , P. 2006 . Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , 38 : 69 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouttebarge , V. , Wind , H. , Kuijer , P. P. F. M. and Frings-Dresen , M. H. W. 2004 . Reliability and validity of Functional Capacity Evaluation methods: A systematic review with reference to Blankenship system, Ergos work simulator, Ergo-Kit and Isernhagen work system . International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health , 77 : 527 – 537 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , J. A. and McNaughton , N. 2000 . The neuropsychology of anxiety , (2nd ed.) , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Havighurst , R. J. 1948/1972 . Developmental tasks and education , New York : David McKay .
   Google Scholar
• Hayes-Roth , B. and Hayes-Roth , F. 1979 . A cognitive model of planning . Cognitive Science , 3 : 275 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Heckhausen , H. 1991 . Motivation and action , New York : Springer-Verlag Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Higgins , E. T. 1997 . Beyond pleasure and pain . American Psychologist , 52 : 1280 – 1300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , N. and Stone , W. C. 1997 . Success through a positive mental attitude: Discover the secret of making your dreams come true , Wellingborough , UK : Thorsons .
   Google Scholar
• Holahan , C. J. , Moos , R. H. , Holahan , C. K. , Brennan , P. L. and Schutte , K. K. 2005 . Stress generation, avoidance coping, and depressive symptoms: A 10-year model . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 73 : 658 – 666 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , W. 1890 . Principles of psychology , New York : Holt .
   Google Scholar
• Johannessen , K. B. , Oettingen , G and Mayer , D. Mental contrasting of a dieting wish improves self-reported health behaviour . Psychology & Health , in press doi:10.1080/08870446. 2011.626038
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman , D. and Miller , D. T. 1986 . Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives . Psychological Review , 93 : 136 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman , D. and Tversky , A. 1982 . “ The simulation heuristic ” . In Judgements under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases , Edited by: Kahneman , D. , Slovic , P. and Tversky , A. 201 – 208 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser , S. B. 1996 . The social psychology of clothing: Symbolic appearances in context , New York : Fairchild .
   Google Scholar
• Kappes , A. and Oettingen , G. 2012 . The emergence of goal commitment: Mental contrasting connects future and reality , Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar
• Kappes , A. , Oettingen , G. and Pak , H. “ Mental contrasting and the self-regulation of responding to negative feedback. ” . In Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin in press
   Google Scholar
• Kappes , A. , Singmann , H. and Oettingen , G. Mental contrasting instigates goal-pursuit by linking obstacles of reality with instrumental behavior.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.02.002 . in press
   Google Scholar
• Kappes , A. , Wendt , M. , Reinelt , T. and Oettingen , G. 2012 . Mental contrasting effects on the identification of obstacles , Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar
• Kappes , H. B. , Kappes , A. and Oettingen , G. 2012 . When attainment is all in your mind , Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar
• Kappes , H. B. and Oettingen , G. 2011 . Positive fantasies about idealised futures sap energy . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 47 : 719 – 729 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappes , H. B., Schwörer, B. and Oettingen , G. Needs instigate positive fantasies of idealized futures. European Journal of Social Psychology. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.1854 in press
   Google Scholar
• Kappes , H. B. , Oettingen , G. and Mayer , D. 2012 . Positive fantasies predict low academic achievement in disadvantaged students . European Journal of Social Psychology , 42 : 53 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappes , H. B. , Oettingen , G. , Mayer , D. and Maglio , S. 2011 . Sad mood promotes self-initiated mental contrasting of future and reality . Emotion , 11 : 1206 – 1222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappes , H. B. , Sharma , E. and Oettingen , G. Positive fantasies dampen charitable giving when many resources are demanded. , Journal of Consumer Psychology . in press doi: 10.1016/j.jcps.2012.02.001
   Google Scholar
• Kiesel , A. , Steinhauser , M. , Wendt , M. , Falkenstein , M. , Jost , K. Philipp , A. M. 2010 . Control and compatibility in task switching? A review . Psychological Bulletin , 136 : 849 – 847 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killingsworth , M. A. and Gilbert , D. T. 2010 . A wandering mind is an unhappy mind . Science , 330 : 932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , D. J. and Holowaty , E. J. 2003 . Brief, validated survey instruments for the measurement of fruit and vegetable intakes in adults: A review . Preventive Medicine , 36 : 440 – 447 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk , D. , Oettingen , G. and Gollwitzer , P. M. 2011 . Mental contrasting promotes integrative bargaining . International Journal of Conflict Management , 22 : 324 – 341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk , D. , Oettingen , G. and Gollwitzer , P. M. Promoting integrative bargaining: Mental contrasting with implementation intentions . International Journal of Conflict Management , in press
   Google Scholar
• Klinger , E. 1971 . Structure and functions of fantasy , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Klinger , E. 1975 . Consequences of commitment to and disengagement from incentives . Psychological Review , 82 : 1 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinger , E. 1977 . Meaning and void , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Klinger , E. 1990 . Daydreaming: Using waking fantasy and imagery for self-knowledge and creativity , Los Angeles , CA : Tarcher .
   Google Scholar
• Koo , M. and Fishbach , A. 2008 . Dynamics of self-regulation: How (un)accomplished goal actions affect motivation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 94 : 183 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs , M. 1985 . The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) . Psychopharmacology Bulletin , 21 : 995 – 998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagnado , D. A. , Waldmann , M. R. , Hagmayer , Y. and Sloman , S. A. 2007 . “ Beyond covariation: Cues to causal structure ” . In Causal learning: Psychology, philosophy, and computation , Edited by: Gopnik , A. and Schulz , L. 154 – 172 . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lengua , L. and Sandler , I. 1996 . Self-regulation as a moderator of the relation between coping and symptomatology in children of divorce . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 24 : 681 – 701 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewin , K. 1926 . Vorsatz, Wille und Bedürfnis [Intention, will, and need] . Psychologische Forschung , 7 : 330 – 385 .
   Google Scholar
• Linton , S. J. and Nordin , E. 2006 . A 5-year follow-up evaluation of the health and economic consequences of an early cognitive behavioural intervention for back pain: A randomized, controlled trial . Spine , 31 : 853 – 858 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke , E. A. and Latham , G. P. 1990 . A theory of goal setting and task performance , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Locke , E. A. and Latham , G. P. 2002 . Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task performance: A 35 year odyssey . American Psychologist , 57 : 705 – 717 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke , E. A. , Latham , G. P. and Erez , M. 1988 . The determinants of goal commitment . Academy of Management Review , 13 : 23 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddux , J. E. 1999 . “ Expectancies and the social-cognitive perspective: Basic principles, processes and variables ” . In How expectancies shape experience , Edited by: Kirsch , I. 17 – 39 . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Mahler , W. 1933 . Ersatzhandlungen verschiedenen Realitätsgrades [Compensatory action based on different degrees of reality] . Psychologische Forschung , 18 : 27 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Markman , K. D. , Gavanski , I. , Sherman , S. J. and McMullen , M. N. 1993 . The mental simulation of better and worse possible worlds . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 29 : 87 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markman , K. D. and McMullen , M. 2003 . A reflection and evaluation model of comparative thinking . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 7 : 244 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , L. L. and Tesser , A. 1989 . “ Towards a motivational and structural theory of ruminative thought ” . In Unintended thought , Edited by: Uleman , S. and Bargh , J. A. 306 – 326 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Masicampo , E. J. and Baumeister , R. F. 2011a . Unfulfilled goals interfere with tasks that require executive functions . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 47 : 300 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masicampo , E. J. and Baumeister , R. F. 2011b . Consider it done! Plan making can eliminate the cognitive effects of unfulfilled goals . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 101 : 667 – 683 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research . 2007 . Exercise: 7 benefits of regular activity Retrieved from Mayo Clinic website: www.mayoclinic.com/health/exercise/HQ01676
   Google Scholar
• McClelland , D. C. , Clark , R. A. , Roby , T. B. and Atkinson , J. W. 1949 . The projective expression of needs. IV. The effect of the need for achievement on thematic apperception . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 39 : 242 – 255 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCulloch , K. C. , Fitzsimons , G. R. , Chua , S. N. and Albarracin , D. 2011 . Vicarious goal satiation . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 47 : 685 – 688 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McWilliams , P. 1995 . You can't afford the luxury of a negative thought , Los Angeles, Ca. : Prelude Press .
   Google Scholar
• Meiran , N. 1996 . Reconfiguration of processing mode prior to task performance . Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 22 : 1423 – 1442 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mischel , W. 1973 . Towards a cognitive social learning reconceptualisation of personality . Psychological Review , 80 : 252 – 283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moberly , N. J. and Watkins , E. R. 2008 . Ruminative self-focus, negative life events, and negative affect . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 46 : 1034 – 1039 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morewedge , C. K. , Gilbert , D. T. , Myrseth , K. O. R. , Kassam , K. S. and Wilson , T. D. 2010 . Consuming experience: Why affective forecasters overestimate comparative value . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 46 : 986 – 992 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muraven , M. R. and Baumeister , R. F. 2000 . Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle . Psychological Bulletin , 126 : 247 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , H. A. 1938 . Explorations in personality , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Neely , J. H. 1977 . Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 106 : 226 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema , S. 2000 . The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 109 : 504 – 511 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema , S. , Wisco , B. E. and Lyubomirsky , S. 2008 . Rethinking rumination . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 3 : 400 – 424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obrist , P. A. 1981 . Cardiovascular psychophysiology: A perspective , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oettingen , G. 1996 . “ Positive fantasy and motivation ” . In The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior , Edited by: Gollwitzer , P. M. and Bargh , J. A. 236 – 259 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oettingen , G. 1997 . Culture and future thought . Culture & Psychology , 3 : 353 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oettingen , G. 2000 . Expectancy effects on behaviour depend on self-regulatory thought . Social Cognition , 18 : 101 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oettingen , G. and Gollwitzer , P. M. 2001 . “ Goal setting and goal striving ” . In Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intraindividual processes , Edited by: Tesser , A. and Schwarz , N. 329 – 347 . Oxford , UK : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Oettingen , G. , Hönig , G. and Gollwitzer , P. M. 2000 . Effective self-regulation of goal attainment . International Journal of Educational Research , 33 : 705 – 732 .
   Google Scholar
• Oettingen , G. , Marquardt , M. and Gollwitzer , P. M. Mental contrasting turns positive feedback on creative potential into successful performance . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , in press
   Google Scholar
• Oettingen , G. and Mayer , D. 2002 . The motivating function of thinking about the future: Expectations versus fantasies . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 : 1198 – 1212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oettingen , G. , Mayer , D. and Brinkmann , B. 2010 . Mental contrasting of future and reality: Managing the demands of everyday life in health care professionals . Journal of Personnel Psychology , 9 : 138 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oettingen , G. , Mayer , D. and Portnow , S. 2011 . Positive fantasies about the future predict depressive symptoms , Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar
• Oettingen , G. , Mayer , D. , Sevincer , A. T. , Stephens , E. J. , Pak , H. and Hagenah , M. 2009 . Mental contrasting and goal commitment: The mediating role of energisation . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 35 : 608 – 622 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oettingen , G. , Mayer , D. and Thorpe , J. S. 2010 . Promotion and prevention fantasies and the self-regulation of goal commitment to reduce cigarette consumption . Psychology and Health , 25 : 961 – 977 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oettingen , G. , Mayer , D. , Thorpe , J. S. , Janetzke , H. and Lorenz , S. 2005 . Turning fantasies about positive and negative futures into self-improvement goals . Motivation and Emotion , 29 : 237 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oettingen , G. , Pak , H. and Schnetter , K. 2001 . Self-regulation of goal-setting: Turning free fantasies about the future into binding goals . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 : 736 – 753 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oettingen , G. , Stephens , E. J. , Mayer , D. and Brinkmann , B. 2010 . Mental contrasting and the self-regulation of helping relations . Social Cognition , 28 : 490 – 508 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oettingen , G. and Wadden , T. A. 1991 . Expectation, fantasy, and weight loss: Is the impact of positive thinking always positive . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 15 : 167 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson , J. M. , Roese , N. J. and Zanna , M. P. 1996 . “ Expectancies ” . In Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles , Edited by: Higgins , E. T. and Kruglanski , A. W. 211 – 238 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ostelo , R. W. J. G. , Van Tulder , M. W. , Vlaeyen , J. W. S. , Linton , S. J. , Morley , S. J. and Assendelft , W. J. J. 2005 . Behavioural treatment for chronic low-back pain , Cochrane Database Syst. Rev .
   Google Scholar
• Polivy , J and Herman , C. P. 2002 . If at first you don't succeed; false hopes of change . American Psychologist , 57 : 677 – 689 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peale , N. V. 2003 . The power of positive thinking. The first fireside edition , New York : Fireside .
   Google Scholar
• Radloff , L. S. 1977 . The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population . Applied Psychological Measurement , 1 : 385 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rescorla , R. A. 1985 . “ Conditioned inhibition and facilitation ” . In Information processing in animals: Conditioned inhibition , Edited by: Miller , R. R. and Spear , N. S. 299 – 326 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , R. D. and Monsell , S. 1995 . Costs of a predictable switch between simple cognitive tasks . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 124 : 207 – 231 .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , R. M. and Frederick , C. 1997 . On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being . Journal of Personality , 65 : 529 – 565 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanna , L. J. and Schwarz , N. 2003 . Debiasing the hindsight bias: The role of accessibility experiences and (mis)attributions . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 39 : 287 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schacter , D. L. and Addis , D. R. 2007 . The optimistic brain. Consequences of hippocampal damage across the autobiographical memory network . Nature Neuroscience , 10 : 1345 – 1347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheier , M. F. and Carver , C. S. 1992 . Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 16 : 201 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman , M. E. P. 1972 . Learned helplessness . Annual Review of Medicine , 23 : 407 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman , M. E. P. 1991 . Learned optimism , New York : Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Shah , J. Y. , Friedman , R. and Kruglanski , A. W. 2002 . Forgetting all else: On the antecedents and consequences of goal shielding . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 : 1261 – 1280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheeran , P. , Webb , T. L. and Gollwitzer , P. M. 2005 . The interplay between goal intentions and implementation intentions . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 31 : 87 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer , J. 1975 . The inner world of daydreaming , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Singer , J. L. 1966 . Daydreaming , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Smallman , R. and Roese , N. J. 2009 . Counterfactual thinking facilitates behavioural intentions . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 45 : 845 – 852 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smallwood , J. and Schooler , J. W. 2006 . The restless mind . Psychological Bulletin , 132 : 946 – 958 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stadler , G. , Oettingen , G. and Gollwitzer , P. M. 2009 . Physical activity in women: Effects of a self-regulation intervention . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 36 : 29 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stadler , G. , Oettingen , G. and Gollwitzer , P. M. 2010 . Intervention effects of information and self-regulation on eating fruits and vegetables over two years . Health Psychology , 29 : 274 – 283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szpunar , K. K. 2010 . Episodic future thought: An emerging concept . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 5 : 142 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbot , M. 2009, April 27 . “ Brain gain: The underground world of “neuroenhancing” drugs ” . In The New Yorker
   Google Scholar
• Tashiro , T. and Mortensen , L. 2006 . Translational research: How social psychology can improve psychotherapy . American Psychologist , 61 : 959 – 966 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. E. 1989 . Positive illusions: Creative self-deception and the healthy mind , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. E. and Brown , J. D. 1988 . Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health . Psychological Bulletin , 103 : 193 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. E. , Kemeny , M. E. , Reed , G. M. , Bower , J. E. and Gruenewald , T. L. 2000 . Psychological resources, positive illusions, and health . American Psychologist , 55 : 99 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. E. , Pham , L. B. , Rivkin , I. D. and Armor , D. A. 1998 . Harnessing the imagination: Mental simulation, self-regulation, and coping . American Psychologist , 53 : 429 – 439 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrash , T. M. and Hurst , A. L. 2009 . “ Approach and avoidance motivation in the achievement domain: Integrating the achievement motive and achievement goal traditions ” . In Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation , Edited by: Elliot , A. J. 217 – 234 . New York : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tolman , E. C. 1938 . The determinants of behaviour at a choice point . Psychological Review , 45 : 1 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Tulving , E. 2005 . “ Episodic memory and autonoesis: Uniquely human? ” . In The missing link in cognition , Edited by: Terrace , H. S. and Metcalfe , J. 4 – 56 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tversky , A. and Koehler , D. J. 1994 . Support theory: A nonextensional representation of subjective probability . Psychological Review , 101 : 547 – 567 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Hout , J. H. C. , Vlaeyen , J. W. S. , Heuts , P. H. T. G. , Zijlema , J. H. L and Wijnen , J. A. G. 2003 . Secondary prevention of work-related disability in nonspecific low back pain: Does problem-solving therapy help? A randomized clinical trial . Clinical Journal of Pain , 19 : 87 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldmann , M. R. and Hagmayer , Y. 2001 . Estimating causal strength: The role of structural knowledge and processing effort . Cognition , 82 : 27 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicklund , R. A. and Brehm , J. W. 1976 . Perspectives on cognitive dissonance , Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , T. D. and Gilbert , D. T. 2005 . Affective forecasting: Knowing what to want . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 14 : 131 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf , S. H. 2008 . The meaning of translational research and why it matters . Journal of American Medical Association , 299 : 211 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , R. A. 1996 . “ Brehm's theory of motivation as a model of effort and cardiovascular response ” . In The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behaviour , Edited by: Gollwitzer , P. M. and Bargh , J. A. 424 – 453 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , R. A. , Brehm , J. W. and Bushman , B. J. 1989 . Cardiovascular responses to threat: Effects of the difficulty and availability of a cognitive avoidant task . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 10 : 161 – 171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , R. A. and Kirby , L. D. 2001 . “ Effort determination of cardio-vascular response: An integrative analysis with applications in social psychology ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Zanna , M. P. Vol. 33 , pp. 255–307). San Diego, CA : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Wrosch , C. , Miller , G. E. , Scheier , M. F. and Brun de Pontet , S. 2007 . Giving up on unattainable goals: Benefits for health . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 33 : 251 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrosch , C. , Scheier , M. F. , Miller , G. E. , Schulz , R. and Carver , C. S. 2003 . Adaptive self-regulation of unattainable goals: Goal disengagement, goal reengagement, and subjective well-being . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 29 : 1494 – 1508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , Y. and Fishbach , A. 2010 . Counteracting obstacles with optimistic predictions . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 139 : 16 – 31 .
   Google Scholar