To what degree do situational influences explain spontaneous helping behaviour? A meta-analysis

References

• Alfano, M. (2013). Character as moral fiction. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2007). Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 150–166. doi:10.1177/1088868306294907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D. (2012). A history of prosocial behavior research. In A. W. Kruglanski & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of the history of social psychology (pp. 243–264). New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bleidorn, W., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2015). Virtues in action—The new look of character traits. British Journal of Psychology, 106, 700–723. doi:10.1111/bjop.12117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Bowers, K. S. (1973). Situationism in psychology: An analysis and a critique. Psychological Review, 80, 307–336. doi:10.1037/h0035592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, S. L., Brown, R. M., & Penner, L. A. (2011). Moving beyond self-interest: Perspectives from evolutionary biology, neuroscience, and the social sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., Di Giunta, L., Panerai, L., & Eisenberg, N. (2010). The contribution of agreeableness and self-efficacy beliefs to prosociality. European Journal of Personality, 24, 36–55. doi:10.1002/per.739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Card, N. A. (2012). Applied meta-analysis for social science research. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carlo, G., Okun, M. A., Knight, G. P., & de Guzman, M. R. T. (2005). The interplay of traits and motives on volunteering: Agreeableness, extraversion, and prosocial value motivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1293–1305. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.08.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, M., Charlin, V., & Miller, N. (1988). Positive mood and helping behavior: A test of six hypotheses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 211–229. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.2.211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, M., & Miller, N. (1987). Explanation of the relation between negative mood and helping. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 91–108. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.102.1.91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darley, J. M., & Batson, C. D. (1973). “From Jerusalem to Jericho”: A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 100–108. doi:10.1037/h0034449
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawkins, R. (1989). The selfish gene. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dean, L. G., Kendal, R. L., Schapiro, S. J., Thierry, B., & Laland, K. N. (2012). Identification of the social and cognitive processes underlying human cumulative culture. Science, 335, 1114–1118. doi:10.1126/science.1213969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doris, J. M. (2002). Lack of character: Personality and moral behaviour. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Doris, J. M. (2015). Talking to ourselves: Reflection, ignorance, and agency. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82, 405–432. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). A nonparametric “trim and fill” method of accounting for publication bias in metaanalysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 95, 89–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duval S, Tweedie, R. (2000a). A nonparametric “trim and fill” method of accounting for publication bias in metaanalysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 95:89–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. British Medical Journal, 315, 629–634. doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, S., & O’Brien, E. J. (1985). The person-situation debate in historical and current perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 513–537. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.3.513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein, M., & Brannick, M. T. (2007). Applying theories of institutional helping to informal volunteering: Motives, role identity, and prosocial personality. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 35, 101–114. doi:10.2224/sbp.2007.35.1.101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, P., Krueger, J. I., Greitemeyer, T., Vogrincic, C., Kastenmüller, A., Frey, D., … Kainbacher, M. (2011). The bystander-effect: A meta-analytic review on bystander intervention in dangerous and non-dangerous emergencies. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 517–537. doi:10.1037/a0023304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleeson, W. (2007). Situation-based contingencies underlying trait-content manifestation in behavior. Journal of Personality, 75, 825–862. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00458.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowers, B. J. (2005). Virtue and psychology: Pursuing excellence in ordinary practices. Washington, DC: APA Books.
   Google Scholar
• Fowers, B. J. (2014). Toward programmatic research on virtue assessment: Challenges and prospects. Theory and Research in Education, 12, 309–328. doi:10.1177/1477878514546064
   Google Scholar
• Fowers, B. J. (2015a). The evolution of ethics: Human sociality and the emergence of ethical mindedness. London: Palgrave/McMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Fowers, B. J. (2015b). An Aristotelian analysis of the structure of human action. In J. Martin, J. Sugarman, & K. Slaney (Eds.), The Wiley handbook of theoretical and philosophical psychology: Methods, approaches and new directions for social science (pp. 70–84). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Galen, L. W. (2012). Does religious belief promote prosociality? A critical examination. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 876–906. doi:10.1037/a0028251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graziano, W. G., Habashi, M. M., Sheese, B. E., & Tobin, R. M. (2007). Agreeableness, empathy, and helping: A person X situation perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 583–599. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddock, C. K., Rindskopf, D., & Shadish, W. R. (1998). Using odds ratios as effect sizes for meta-analysis of dichotomous data: A primer on methods and issues. Psychological Methods, 3, 339–353. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.3.3.339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman, G. (1999). Moral philosophy meets social psychology: Virtue ethics and the fundamental attribution error. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 99, 315–331.
   Google Scholar
• Harman, G. (2009). Skepticism about character traits. The Journal of Ethics, 13, 235–242. doi:10.1007/s10892-009-9050-6
   Google Scholar
• Hasselblad, V., & Hedges, L. V. (1995). Meta-analysis of screening and diagnostic tests. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 167–178. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herdt, J. (2015). Frailty, fragmentation, and social dependency in the cultivation of Christian virtue. In N. Snow (Ed.), The cultivation of virtue: Perspectives from philosophy, theology, and psychology (pp. 227–250). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hilbig, B. E., Zettler, I., Leist, F., & Heydasch, T. (2013). It takes two: Honesty–humility and agreeableness differentially predict active versus reactive cooperation. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 598–603. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homiak, M. (2011). Moral character. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-character/
   Google Scholar
• Jayawickreme, E., Meindl, P., Helzer, E. G., Furr, R. M., & Fleeson, W. (2014). Virtuous states and virtuous traits: How the empirical evidence regarding the existence of broad traits does not undermine virtue ethics. Theory and Research in Education, 12, 283–308. doi:10.1177/1477878514545206
   Google Scholar
• John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 102–138). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Keltner, D., Kogan, A., Piff, P. K., & Saturn, S. R. (2014). The sociocultural appraisals, values, and emotions (SAVE) framework of prosociality: Core processes from gene to meme. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 425–460. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korte, C. (1971). Effects of individual responsibility and group communication on help-giving in an emergency. Human Relations, 24, 149–159. doi:10.1177/001872677102400204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristjánsson, K. (2008). An Aristotelian critique of situationism. Philosophy, 83, 55–76. doi:10.1017/S0031819108000302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159–174. doi:10.2307/2529310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapsley, D. K., & Power, F. C. (Eds.). (2005). Character psychology and character education. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lefevor, G. T., & Fowers, B. J. (2016). Traits, situational factors, and their interactions as explanations of helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 92, 159–163. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Meindl, P., Jayawickreme, E., Furr, R. M., & Fleeson, W. (2015). A foundation beam for studying morality from a personological point of view: Are individual differences in moral behaviors and thoughts consistent? Journal of Research in Personality, 59, 81–92. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2015.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, C. B. (2013). Moral character: An empirical theory. New York: Oxford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102, 246–268. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odling-Smee, F. J., Laland, K. N., & Feldman, M. W. (2003). Niche construction: The neglected process in evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Penner, L. A. (2002). Dispositional and organizational influences on sustained volunteerism: An interactionist perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 447–467. doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, J. A. (1996). Qualitative descriptors of strength of association and effect size. Journal of Social Service Research, 21, 37–59. doi:10.1300/J079v21n04_02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sreenivasan, G. (2013). The situationist critique of virtue ethics. In D. Russell (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to virtue ethics (pp. 290–314). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tomasello, M. (2014). The ultra-social animal. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 187–194. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracy, J. L., Robins, R. W., & Sherman, J. W. (2009). The practice of psychological science: Searching for Cronbach’s two streams in social-personality psychology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1206–1225. doi:10.1037/a0015173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Lange, P. A. M. (1999). The pursuit of joint outcomes and equality in outcomes: An integrative model of social value orientation. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 77(2), 337–349. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.2.337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36, 1–48. doi:10.18637/jss.v036.i03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, G. D. (2009). The person-situation interaction is increasingly outpacing the person-situation debate in the scientific literature: A 30-year analysis of publication trends, 1978-2007. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 278–279. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zettler, I., Hilbig, B. E., & Heydasch, T. (2013). Two sides of one coin: Honesty–Humility and situational factors mutually shape social dilemma decision making. Journal of Research in Personality, 47, 286–295. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.01.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar