References
- Abrams, D., Wetherell, M., Cochrane, S., Hogg, M. A., & Turner, J. C. (1990). Knowing what to think by knowing who you are: Self‐categorization and the nature of norm formation, conformity and group polarization. British Journal of Social Psychology, 29(2), 97–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00892.x
- Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. Harper.
- Allport, F. H. (1924). Social psychology. Houghton Mifflin.
- Arcuri, L., Castelli, L., Galdi, S., Zogmaister, C., & Amadori, A. (2008). Predicting the vote: Implicit attitudes as predictors of the future behaviour of decided and undecided voters. Political Psychology, 29(3), 369–387. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00635.x
- Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Schimel, J. (1999). Creativity and terror management: Evidence that creative activity increases guilt and social projection following mortality salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.19
- Asch, S. E. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 70(9), 1–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093718
- Back, M. D., & Kenny, D. A. (2010). The social relations model: How to understand dyadic processes. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(10), 855–870. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00303.x
- Bandura, A. (2000). Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(3), 75–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00064
- Barberá, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A., & Bonneau, R. (2015). Tweeting from left to right: Is online political communication more than an echo chamber? Psychological Science, 26(10), 1531–1542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615594620
- Bar-Tal, D. (2000). Shared beliefs in a society: Social psychological analysis. Sage.
- Bishop, B. (2009). The big sort: Why the clustering of like-minded America is tearing us apart. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
- Boutyline, A., & Willer, R. (2017). The social structure of political echo chambers: Variation in ideological homophily in online networks. Political Psychology, 38(3), 551–569. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12337
- Brandt, M. J., Reyna, C., Chambers, J. R., Crawford, J. T., & Wetherell, G. (2014). The ideological-conflict hypothesis: Intolerance among both liberals and conservatives. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413510932
- Brunswik, E. (1955). Representative design and probabilistic theory in a functional psychology. Psychological Review, 62(3), 193. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047470
- Cameron, N., & Margaret, A. (1951). Behaviour pathology. Houghton Mifflin.
- Cattell, R. B. (1944). Projection and the design of projective tests of personality. Journal of Personality, 12(3), 177–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1944.tb01956.x
- Choma, B. L., & Hafer, C. L. (2009). Understanding the relation between explicitly and implicitly measured political orientation: The moderating role of political sophistication. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 964–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.024
- Cohen, G. L. (2003). Party over policy: The dominating impact of group influence on political beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 808. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.808
- Coleman, M. D. (2018). Emotion and the false consensus effect. Current Psychology, 37(1), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9489-0
- Correll, J., & Park, B. (2005). A model of the ingroup as a social resource. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9(4), 341–359. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0904_4
- Crawford, J. T. (2014). Ideological symmetries and asymmetries in political intolerance and prejudice toward political activist groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 284–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.08.002
- Davis, M. H. (2017). Social projection to liked and disliked targets: The role of perceived similarity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 70, 286–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.11.012
- Drutman, L. (2019). The moderate middle is a myth. FiveThirtyEight. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-moderate-middle-is-a-myth/
- Dvir-Gvirsman, S. (2015a). Size matters: The effects of political orientation, majority status, and majority size on misperceptions of public opinion. Public Opinion Quarterly, 79(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfu061
- Dvir-Gvirsman, S. (2015b). Testing our quasi‐statistical sense: News use, political knowledge, and false projection. Political Psychology, 36(6), 729–747. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12203
- Echterhoff, G., Higgins, E. T., & Groll, S. (2005). Audience-tuning effects on memory: The role of shared reality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(3), 257. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.257
- Epley, N., Keysar, B., Van Boven, L., & Gilovich, T. (2004). Perspective taking as egocentric anchoring and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(3), 327. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.327
- Federico, C. M., & Malka, A. (2018). The contingent, contextual nature of the relationship between needs for security and certainty and political preferences: Evidence and implications. Political Psychology, 39, 3–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12477
- Feldman, S. (2003). Enforcing social conformity: A theory of authoritarianism. Political Psychology, 24(1), 41–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00316
- Festinger, L. (1950). Informal social communication. Psychological Review, 57(5), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0056932
- Festinger, L., & Bramel, D. (1962). The reactions of humans to cognitive dissonance. In A. J. Bachrach (Ed.), Experimental foundations of clinical psychology (pp. 244–280). Basic Books.
- Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Black, K. (1950). Social pressures in informal groups. Stanford University Press.
- Fields, J. M., & Schuman, H. (1976). Public beliefs about the beliefs of the public. Public Opinion Quarterly, 40(4), 427–448. https://doi.org/10.1086/268330
- Flink, C., & Park, B. (1991). Increasing consensus in trait judgments through outcome dependency. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27(5), 453–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(91)90003-O
- Freud, A. (1936). The ego and the mechanisms of defence. Karnac Books.
- Frimer, J. A., Skitka, L. J., & Motyl, M. (2017). Liberals and conservatives are similarly motivated to avoid exposure to one another’s opinions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 72, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.04.003
- Gawronski, B., & Cesario, J. (2013). Of mice and men: What animal research can tell us about context effects on automatic responses in humans. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17(2), 187–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868313480096
- Gibson, C. B., Randel, A. E., & Earley, P. C. (2000). Understanding group efficacy: An empirical test of multiple assessment methods. Group & Organization Management, 25(1), 67–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601100251005
- Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1029–1046. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015141
- Graham, J., Nosek, B. A., & Haidt, J. (2012). The moral stereotypes of liberals and conservatives: Exaggeration of differences across the political spectrum. PloS One, 7(12), 12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050092
- Hardin, C. D., & Higgins, E. T. (1996). Shared reality: How social verification makes the subjective objective. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: The interpersonal context (Vol. 3, pp. 28–84). Guilford Press.
- Hawkins, C. B., & Nosek, B. A. (2012). Motivated independence? Implicit party identity predicts political judgments among self-proclaimed independents. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(11), 1437–1452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212452313
- Henrich, J., & Boyd, R. (1998). The evolution of conformist transmission and the emergence of between-group differences. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 19(4), 215–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(98)00018-X
- Higgins, E. T. (1998). The aboutness principle: A pervasive influence on human inference. Social Cognition, 16(1), 173–198. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1998.16.1.173
- Higgins, E. T. (2019). Shared reality: What makes us strong and tears us apart. Oxford University Press.
- Hoch, S. J. (1987). Perceived consensus and predictive accuracy: The pros and cons of projection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(2), 221. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.2.221
- Holmes, D. S. (1968). Dimensions of projection. Psychological Bulletin, 69(4), 248–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025725
- Holmes, D. S. (1978). Projection as a defense mechanism. Psychological Bulletin, 85(4), 677. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.85.4.677
- Holtz, R. (2004). Group Cohesion, Attitude Projection, and Opinion Certainty: Beyond Interaction. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 8(2), 112. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.8.2.112
- Holtz, R., & Miller, N. (1985). Assumed similarity and opinion certainty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(4), 890. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.890
- Horney, K. (1945). Our inner conflicts: A constructive theory of neurosis. Routledge.
- Howell, J. L., & O’Mara, E. M. (2020). Political behaviour, perceived similarity to the candidates, and defensiveness: The curious case of a group of first-time voters in a bellwether-swing-state in 2016. Self and Identity, 19(2), 164–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1546225
- Janoff-Bulman, R., & Carnes, N. C. (2013). Surveying the moral landscape: Moral motives and group-based moralities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17(3), 219–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868313480274
- Jost, J. T., Federico, C. M., & Napier, J. L. (2009). Political ideology: Its structure, functions, and elective affinities. Annual Review of Psychology, 60(1), 307–337. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163600
- Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 339. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339
- Jost, J. T., & Krochik, M. (2014). Ideological differences in epistemic motivation: Implications for attitude structure, depth of information processing, susceptibility to persuasion, and stereotyping. In A. J. Elliot (Eds.), Advances in motivation science (Vol. 1, pp. 181–231). Elsevier.
- Jost, J. T., Ledgerwood, A., & Hardin, C. D. (2008). Shared reality, system justification, and the relational basis of ideological beliefs. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00056.x
- Jost, J. T., Sterling, J., & Stern, C. (2018). Getting closure on conservatism, or the politics of epistemic and existential motivation. In C. Kopetz & A. Fishbach (Eds.), The Motivation-Cognition Interface, From the Lab to the Real World: A Festschrift in Honor of Arie W. Kruglanski (Vol. I, pp. 56–87). Routledge.
- Jost, J. T., van der Linden, S., Panagopoulos, C., & Hardin, C. D. (2018). Ideological asymmetries in conformity, desire for shared reality, and the spread of misinformation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 23, 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.01.003
- Jurkowitz, M., Mitchell, A., Shearer, E., & Walker, M. (2020). U.S. Media Polarization and the 2020 Election: A Nation Divided. Pew Research Center. https://www.journalism.org/2020/01/24/u-s-media-polarization-and-the-2020-election-a-nation-divided/
- Kenny, D. A. (1994). Interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis. Guilford Press.
- Kenny, D. A., & Acitelli, L. K. (2001). Accuracy and bias in the perception of the partner in a close relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(3), 439. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.439
- Kleiman, T., Hassin, R. R., & Trope, Y. (2014). The control-freak mind: Stereotypical biases are eliminated following conflict-activated cognitive control. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 143(2), 498. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033047
- Klein, M. (1940). Mourning and its relationship with manic-depressive states. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 21, 47–82.
- Klein, R. A., Vianello, M., Hasselman, F., Adams, B. G., Adams, R. B., Jr, Alper, S., Batra, R., Babalola, M. T., Bahník, Š., Batra, R., Berkics, M., Bernstein, M. J., Berry, D. R., Bialobrzeska, O., Binan, E. D., Bocian, K., Brandt, M. J., Busching, R., Rédei, A. C., Nosek, B. A., & Aveyard, M. (2018). Many Labs 2: Investigating variation in replicability across samples and settings. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 443–490. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918810225
- Koudenburg, N., Postmes, T., & Gordijn, E. H. (2011). If they were to vote, they would vote for us. Psychological Science, 22(12), 1506–1510. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611420164
- Krueger, J., & Clement, R. W. (1994). The truly false consensus effect: An ineradicable and egocentric bias in social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 596. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.596
- Krueger, J., & Clement, R. W. (1997). Estimates of social consensus by majorities and minorities: The case for social projection. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1(4), 299–313. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0104_2
- Kruglanski, A. W., Pierro, A., Mannetti, L., & De Grada, E. (2006). Groups as epistemic providers: Need for closure and the unfolding of group-centrism. Psychological Review, 113(1), 84–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.113.1.84
- Kurman, J. (2003). Why is self-enhancement low in certain collectivist cultures? An investigation of two competing explanations. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 34(5), 496–510. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022103256474
- Leonardelli, G. J., Pickett, C. L., & Brewer, M. B. (2010). Optimal distinctiveness theory: A framework for social identity, social cognition, and intergroup relations. In M.P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 43, pp. 63–113). Academic Press.
- Malka, A., Soto, C. J., Inzlicht, M., & Lelkes, Y. (2014). Do needs for security and certainty predict cultural and economic conservatism? A cross-national analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(6), 1031. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036170
- Marks, G., & Miller, N. (1982). Target attractiveness as a mediator of assumed attitude similarity. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 8(4), 728–735. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167282084020
- McAdams, D. P., Albaugh, M., Farber, E., Daniels, J., Logan, R. L., & Olson, B. (2008). Family metaphors and moral intuitions: How conservatives and liberals narrate their lives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(4), 978. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012650
- Mitchell, A., Gottfried, J., Kiley, J., & Matsa, K. A. (2014). Political polarization & media habits. Pew Research Center. https://www.journalism.org/2014/10/21/political-polarization-media-habits/
- Morisi, D., Jost, J. T., & Singh, V. (2019). An asymmetrical “president-in-power” effect. American Political Science Review, 113(2), 614–620. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000850
- Mullen, B., Atkins, J. L., Champion, D. S., Edwards, C., Hardy, D., Story, J. E., & Vanderklok, M. (1985). The false consensus effect: A meta-analysis of 115 hypothesis tests. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21(3), 262–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(85)90020-4
- Mullen, B., Driskell, J. E., & Smith, C. (1989). Availability and social projection: The effects of sequence of measurement and wording of question on estimates of consensus. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 15(1), 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167289151008
- Mullen, B., & Hu, L. T. (1988). Social projection as a function of cognitive mechanisms: Two meta‐analytic integrations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 27(4), 333–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00836.x
- Murray, H. A., Jr. (1933). The effect of fear upon estimates of the maliciousness of other personalities. The Journal of Social Psychology, 4(3), 310–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1933.9919325
- Murstein, B. I. (1957). Studies in projection: A critique. Journal of Projective Techniques, 21(2), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853126.1957.10380760
- Okimoto, T. G., & Gromet, D. M. (2016). Differences in sensitivity to deviance partly explain ideological divides in social policy support. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000080
- Ondish, P., & Stern, C. (2018). Liberals possess more national consensus on political attitudes in the United States: An examination across 40 years. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(8), 935–943. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617729410
- Onraet, E., Van Hiel, A., Dhont, K., & Pattyn, S. (2013). Internal and external threat in relationship with right‐wing attitudes. Journal of Personality, 81(3), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12011
- Poushter, J., & Kent, N. (2020). The global divide on homosexuality persists. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/
- Prusaczyk, E., & Hodson, G. (2019). Re-examining left-right differences in abortion opposition: The roles of sexism and shared reality. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 26(3), 431–445. doi:10.4473/TPM26.3.8
- Rabinowitz, M., Latella, L., Stern, C., & Jost, J. T. (2016). Beliefs about childhood vaccination in the United States: Political ideology, false consensus, and the illusion of uniqueness. PloS One, 11(7), 7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158382
- Robbins, J. M., & Krueger, J. I. (2005). Social projection to ingroups and outgroups: A review and meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9(1), 32–47. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0901_3
- Robinson, R. J., Keltner, D., Ward, A., & Ross, L. (1995). Actual versus assumed differences in construal: “Naive realism” in intergroup perception and conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(3), 404. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.404
- Rodriguez, C. G., Moskowitz, J. P., Salem, R. M., & Ditto, P. H. (2017). Partisan selective exposure: The role of party, ideology and ideological extremity over time. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 3(3), 254. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000121
- Ross, L., Greene, D., & House, P. (1977). The “false consensus effect”: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13(3), 279–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(77)90049-X
- Ruisch, B., & Stern, C. (in press). The confident conservative: Ideological differences in judgment and decision-making confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General.
- Saad, L. (2019). U.S. still leans conservative, but liberals keep recent gains. In Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/245813/leans-conservative-liberals-keep-recent-gains.aspx
- Sanders, G. S., & Mullen, B. (1983). Accuracy in perceptions of consensus: Differential tendencies of people with majority and minority positions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 13(1), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420130104
- Schaller, M., Boyd, C., Yohannes, J., & O’Brien, M. (1995). The prejudiced personality revisited: Personal need for structure and formation of erroneous group stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(3), 544. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.544
- Scherer, A. M., Windschitl, P. D., & Graham, J. (2015). An ideological house of mirrors: Political stereotypes as exaggerations of motivated social cognition differences. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(2), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550614549385
- Sherif, M. (1935). A study of some social factors in perception. Archives of Psychology, 27 (187), 1–60. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1936-01332-001
- Sherif, M. (1936). The psychology of social norms. Harper.
- Shook, N. J., & Fazio, R. H. (2009). Political ideology, exploration of novel stimuli, and attitude formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 995–998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.003
- Skitka, L. J., Mullen, E., Griffin, T., Hutchinson, S., & Chamberlin, B. (2002). Dispositions, scripts, or motivated correction? Understanding ideological differences in explanations for social problems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(2), 470. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.470
- Smith, K. B., Oxley, D., Hibbing, M. V., Alford, J. R., & Hibbing, J. R. (2011). Disgust sensitivity and the neurophysiology of left-right political orientations. PloS One, 6(10), e25552. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025552
- Snyder, C. R., & Fromkin, H. L. (1977). Abnormality as a positive characteristic: The development and validation of a scale measuring need for uniqueness. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86(5), 518. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.86.5.518
- Snyder, C. R., & Fromkin, H. L. (1980). Uniqueness: The pursuit of human difference. New York: Plenum.
- Stern, C., & Crawford, J. (in press). Ideological conflict and prejudice: An adversarial collaboration examining correlates and ideological (a)symmetries. Social Psychological and Personality Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620904275
- Stern, C., & Kleiman, T. (2015). Know thy outgroup: Promoting accurate judgments of political attitude differences through a conflict mindset. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(8), 950–958. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550615596209
- Stern, C., & Ondish, P. (2018). Political aspects of shared reality. Current Opinion in Psychology, 23, 11–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.11.004
- Stern, C., & West, T. V. (2016). Ideological differences in anchoring and adjustment during social inferences. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(11), 1466–1479. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216664058
- Stern, C., West, T. V., Jost, J. T., & Rule, N. O. (2013). The politics of gaydar: Ideological differences in the use of gendered cues in categorizing sexual orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(3), 520. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031187
- Stern, C., West, T. V., Jost, J. T., & Rule, N. O. (2014). “Ditto Heads”: Do conservatives perceive greater consensus within their ranks than liberals? Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(9), 1162–1177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214537834
- Stern, C., West, T. V., & Schmitt, P. G. (2014). The liberal illusion of uniqueness. Psychological Science, 25(1), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613500796
- Strimling, P., Vartanova, I., Jansson, F., & Eriksson, K. (2019). The connection between moral positions and moral arguments drives opinion change. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(9), 922–930. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0647-x
- Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selective exposure. Political Behaviour, 30(3), 341–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-007-9050-9
- Suls, J., & Wan, C. K. (1987). In search of the false-uniqueness phenomenon: Fear and estimates of social consensus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 211. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.211
- Tamir, D. I., & Mitchell, J. P. (2013). Anchoring and adjustment during social inferences. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 142(1), 151. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028232
- Tidwell, N. D., Eastwick, P. W., & Finkel, E. J. (2013). Perceived, not actual, similarity predicts initial attraction in a live romantic context: Evidence from the speed‐dating paradigm. Personal Relationships, 20(2), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2012.01405.x
- Van Boven, L., Judd, C. M., & Sherman, D. K. (2012). Political polarization projection: Social projection of partisan attitude extremity and attitudinal processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028145
- van Prooijen, J. W., & Krouwel, A. P. (2019). Psychological features of extreme political ideologies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(2), 159–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418817755
- van Zomeren, M., Spears, R., Fischer, A. H., & Leach, C. W. (2004). Put your money where your mouth is! Explaining collective action tendencies through group-based anger and group efficacy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(5), 649. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.649
- Waytz, A., Iyer, R., Young, L., & Graham, J. (2016). Ideological differences in the expanse of empathy. In P. Valdesolo & J. Graham (Eds.), Social psychology of political polarization (pp. 61–77). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Waytz, A., Iyer, R., Young, L., Haidt, J., & Graham, J. (2019). Ideological differences in the expanse of the moral circle. Nature Communications, 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12227-0
- West, T. V., & Kenny, D. A. (2011). The truth and bias model of judgment. Psychological Review, 118(2), 357. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022936
- West, T. V., Magee, J. C., Gordon, S. H., & Gullett, L. (2014). A little similarity goes a long way: The effects of peripheral but self-revealing similarities on improving and sustaining interracial relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(1), 81. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036556
- Westfall, J., Van Boven, L., Chambers, J. R., & Judd, C. M. (2015). Perceiving political polarization in the United States: Party identity strength and attitude extremity exacerbate the perceived partisan divide. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 145–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615569849
- Wetzel, C. G., & Walton, M. D. (1985). Developing biased social judgments: The false-consensus effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(5), 1352. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.5.1352
- Woltin, K. A., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (in press). From regulation to projection: Reliance on regulatory mode in predictions about others. European Journal of Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2660