References
- I have evolved and tested this teaching philosophy in my 3 years teaching experience at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
- This understanding can come from studying psychology, sociology, and related fields.
- Selections by F. Northrop and Marshal McLuhan give these reasons which center around the growth and health of our society.
- Jerome Bruner, On Knowing, p. 115.
- In architecture see selection by F. Wright, in Art see selection by Dr. Zilboorg, in Engineering see John Arnold, in Psychology see Dr. Taylor, in Philosophy see F. C. Northrop and in Education see J. Bruner.
- F. C. Northrop, “Philosophy's Statement of the Problems of Creativity,” in The Nature of Creative Thinking, ed. by The Industrial Research Institute, Inc. 1956, p. 16.
- Similarly stated by Frank Lloyd Wright in Creative Mind and Method, “not by telling young minds how, not even by showing them how, but by their doing them for themselves … a foundation for young architects.” pp. 15–19.
- This frame of reference is necessary for the effective evaluation of the information.
- For a fair range of methods see: Design Methods in Architecture, ed. G. Broadbent and A. Ward, 1969.
- See W. Reitman, “Heuristic Decision Procedures, Open Constraints, and the Structure of Ill-Defined Problems,” in Bryan and Shelly, Human Judgement and Optimality. He reduces all problems to A*B form. A is the initial state, * represents the operations used to change A, and B is the desired final form. All can be described to various degrees of exactness. A solution consists of a set of A' *' B' which fits all the constraints of A*B.
- G. Best, Method and Intent in Architecture, in Design Methods in Architecture, p. 155.
- Open attributes, “one whose definition includes one or more parameters the value of which are left unspecified as a problem is given to a problem-solving system from the outside or transmitted within the system over time.” W. Reitman op. cit., p. 293.
- A well-defined problem inherently defines its own solution. This statement is based on a series of lectures given by C. Eastman for a course in Environmental Design Research Fall 1967, at CMU.
- Tjalling Koopmans, “On Flexibility of Future Preference” in Human Judgements and Optimality, ed. Shelley and Bryan, Ch. 13.
- Ibid.
- W. Reitman, op. cit., p. 302.
- Presently, this is common practice and sometimes the sole purpose of the jury.
- Bruner in the op. cit. feels this is one of the primary goals of education.
Bibliography
- Arnold, John F., “Creativity in Engineering,” in Creativity, Paul Smith, ed., New York, Hastings House, 1959.
- Best, Gordon, “Design Methods in Architecture,” in Methods and Intentions in Architecture, ed. by G. Broadbent and A. Ward, 1969.
- Bruner, Jerome, A Study of Thinking, Science Ed. 1956.
- Bruner, J., On Knowing, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1962.
- Eastman, Charles, The Design Process (not published).
- Koopmans, Tjalling, “On Flexibility of Future Preferences,” in Human Judgements and Optimality, M. W. Shelly and G. L. Bryan, ed., New York, Wiley and Sons Inc., 1964.
- McLuhan, Marshall, Understanding Media, New York, McGraw-Hill. 1964 Part 1.
- Mowrer, Hobart, Learning Theory and Personality Dynamics, New York, The Ronald Press Co., 1950. Ch. 3, 9, 10, 18 & 21.
- Northrop, F., “Philosophy's Statement of the Problems of Creativity,” in The Nature of Creative Thinking, Industrial Research Institute, ed., New York, New York University Press, 1952.
- Reitman, W. “Heuristic Decision Procedures, Open Constraints, and the Structure of Ill-Defined Problems,” in Human Judgments and Optimality, Shelly and Bryan, ed., New York, Wiley and Sons Inc., 1964.
- Shelly, M. W., “Intensional Optimization on a Psychotherapeutic Situation,” in Human Judgements and Optimality, Shelly and Bryan, ed., New York, Wiley & Sons Inc., 1964.
- Shuford, Emir H. “Some Bayesian Learning Processes,” in Human Judgements and Optimality, Shelly and Bryan, ed., New York, Wiley & Sons Inc., 1964.
- Taylor, Irving, “The Nature of the Creative Process,” in Creativity, Paul Smith, ed., New York, Hastings House, 1959.
- Whorf, B. L. Language, Thought and Reality..
- Wright, F. L., “On Architecture,” in The Creative Mind and Method, J. Summerfield and L. Thacher, ed., Austin, Texas, University of Texas Press, 1960.
- Zilboorg, Gregory, “The Psychology of the Creative Personality,” in Creativity, Paul Smith, ed., New York, Hastings House, 1959.