Nonisocyanate Exposures in Three Flexible Polyurethane Manufacturing Facilities

References

• Boeniger , M. 1991 . Air Concentration of Toluenediisocyanate and Total Isocyanate Group in Three Flexible Polyurethane Foam Facilities . Appl. Environ. Occup. Hyg. , 6 ( 10 ) : 853 – 858 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoshino , H. and Tonooka , H. 1979 . Carcinogenicity of Triethanolamine in Mice and Its Mutagenicity after Reaction with Sodium Nitrate in Bacteria . Cancer Res. , 39 : 3918 – 3921 .
   Google Scholar
• Rounbehler , D. P. and Fajen , J. M. 1983 . N-Nitroso Compounds in the Factory Environment Cincinnati, OH : National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 830114.
   Google Scholar
• Duff , P. B. The Fate of TDI in the Environment. Polyurethane—New Paths to Progress—Marketing—Technology. Proceedings of the SPI 6th International Technical/Marketing Conference . 1982 , San Diego, CA. New Canaan, CN : International Isocyanates Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Holdren , M. W. , Spicer , C. W. and Riggin , R. W. 1984 . Gas Phase Reaction of Toluene Diisocyanate with Water Vapor . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 45 ( 9 ) : 626 – 633 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthrie , J. L. and McKinney , R. W. 1977 . Determination of 2, 4- and 2, 6-Diaminotoluene in Flexible Urethane Foams . Anal. Chem. , 48 ( 12 ) : 1676 – 1680 .
   Google Scholar
• National Cancer Institute . 1979 . Bioassay of 2, 4-TDA for Possible Carcinogenicity Bethesda, MD : NCI . DHEW (NIH) Pub. No. 79–1718.
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1979 . Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. II, Some Monomers, Plastics, and Synthetic Elastomers Lyon, , France : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1979 . Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 20, Some Halogenated Hydrocarbons Lyon, , France : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura , A. , Tateno , N. and Kojima , S. 1979 . The Mutagenicity of Halogenated Alkanols and Their Phosphoric Acid Esters for S. typhimurium. Mut . Res. , 66 : 373 – 380 .
   Google Scholar
• Matsuoka , A. , Hayashi , M. and Ishidate , M. 1979 . Chromosomal Abberation Test on 29 Chemicals Combined with S9 Mix in vitro. Mut . Res. , 66 : 277 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• Woolrich , P. F. 1984 . Health Risks of Finished Polyurethanes and Polyisocyanurates . Presented at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference . 1984 , Detroit, MI.
   Google Scholar
• Stemmer , K. L. , Bingham , E. and Barkley , W. 1975 . Pulmonary Response to Polyurethane Dust . Environ. Health Perspect. , 11 : 109 – 113 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mooreman , W. 1981 . Pulmonary Effects of Chronic Exposure to Rigid Polyurethane Foam . Toxicologist , 40 : 970
   Google Scholar
• Chambers , J. 1976 . The Thermal Decomposition of Some Polyurethane Foams . Polymer J. , 8 ( 2 ) : 48 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Napier , D. H. 1972 . Toxic Products from the Combustion of Polyurethane Foams . Br. Polymer J. , 4 ( 1 ) : 45 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Wooley , W. D. and Mifire , E. 1974 . The Production of Free Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) from the Thermal Decomposition of Flexible Polyurethane Foams . Combust. Toxicol. , 1 ( 11 ) : 259 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Einhorn , I. N. 1975 . Physiological and Toxicological Aspects of Smoke Produced During the Combustion of Polymeric Materials . Environ. Health Perspect. , 11 ( 6 ) : 163 – 89 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parent , R. A. , Dilley , J. V. and Simmon , V. F. 1979 . Mutagenic Activity of Smoke Condensates from Non-Flaming Combustion of Ten Flexible Polyurethane Foams Using the Salmonella/Microsome Assay . J. Combust. Toxicol. , 6 ( 11 ) : 256 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Paciorek , K. J.L. , Kratzer , R. H. and Kaufman , J. 1978 . Thermal Oxidative Degradation Studies of Phosphate Esters . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 39 ( 8 ) : 633 – 637 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen , M. , Binder , M. L. and Kiel , P. 1980 . Mutagenic Action of Isocyanates Used in the Production of Polyurethanes . Scand. J. Work Environ. Health , 6 : 221 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley , J. Personal communication Woburn, MA : Thermedics, Inc. . 470 Wildwood Ave.
   Google Scholar
• Boeniger , M. , Choudhary , G. and Foley , G. D. 1987 . Sampling and Analysis of Airborne Triethylenediamine and 2, 2-Oxybis(N, N-Dimethyl)ethylamine in the Workplace . Appl. Ind. Hyg. , 2 : 218 – 221 .
   Google Scholar
• Dalene , M. , Mathiasson , L. and Jonsson , J. 1981 . Trace Analysis of Free Amines by Gas-Liquid Chromatography . J. Chromatogr. , 207 : 37 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Audunsson , G. and Mathiasson , L. 1983 . Simultaneous Determination of Amines and Isocyanates in Working Atmospheres by Gas-Liquid Chromatography . J. Chromatogr. , 261 : 253 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . 1986 . “ 2, 4 and 2.6-Toluenediamine in Air, Method Number 5516. ” . In NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed., Supplement Cincinnati, OH : NIOSH .
   Google Scholar
• Choudary , G. 1987 . Determination of 2, 3-Dibromopropanol in Air . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 48 : 809 – 813 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stauffer Chemical Company . March 1980 . Personal Monitoring Method for the Determination of Fyrol[rgrave]FR-2 in Ambient Air. ERC Procedure No. 230 March , Westport, CT : Stauffer Chemical Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Ames , B. N. , McCann , J. and Yamasaki , E. 1976 . Methods for Detecting Carcinogens and Mutagens with Salmonella/Mammalian Microsome Mutagenicity Test . Mut. Res. , 31 : 347 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong , T-M. , Stewart , J. , Whong , W-Z. and Boeniger , M. 1987 . Mutagenists Assays of Airborne Particles from Three Polyurethane Foam Manufacturing Facilities . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 11 : 475 – 483 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rounbehler , D. Personal communication Woburn, MA : Thermedics, Inc. . 470 Wildwood Ave., 617/938–3786
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . 1986 . Methylene Chloride. Current Intelligence Bulletin 46, DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 86–114 Cincinnati, OH : NIOSH .
   Google Scholar
• National Toxicology Program . 1985 . Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Dichloromethane in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) Bethesda, MD : National Institute of Health . DHHS (NTP) Pub. No. 85–024.
   Google Scholar
• Torkelson , T. R. and Rowe , V. K. 1981 . “ Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. ” . In Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 3rd ed., Vol. 2B, Toxicology Edited by: Clayton , G.D. and Clayton , F.E. New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Bouyoucos , S. A. and Melcher , R. G. 1986 . Collection of Ethanolamines in Air and Determination by Mobile Phase Ion Chromatography . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 47 : 185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrecht , W. N. and Stephenson , R. L. 1988 . Health Hazards of Tertiary Amine Catalysts . Scand. J. Work Environ. Health , 14 : 209 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellerio , J. and Weale , R. A. 1966 . Hazy Vision in Amine Plant Operatives . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 23 : 153 – 154 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Potts , A. M. , Rouse , E. F. , Eiferman , R. A. and Au , P. C. 1986 . An Unusual Type of Keratopathy Observed in Polyurethane Workers and Its Reproduction in Experimental Animals . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 9 : 203 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hileman , F. D. , Voorhees , F. D. and Wojcik , L. H. 1975 . Pyrolysis of a Flexible Urethane Foam . J. Polymer Sci. , 13 : 571 – 584 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ames , B. W. 1979 . “ A Strategy to Minimize Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals Causing Cancer and Genetic Birth Defects. ” . In Mutagenesis in Sub-Mammalian Systems: Status and Significance 29 – 52 . Baltimore : Universal Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brusick , D. 1983 . “ Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity Correlation Between Bacteria and Rodents. ” . In Cellular Systems for Toxicity Testing Edited by: Williams , G.M. , Dunkel , V.C. and Ray , V.A. Vol. 407 , 164 – 176 . Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. .
   Google Scholar
• McCann , J. and Ames , B. W. 1976 . Detection of Carcinogens as Mutagens in Salmonella/Microsome Test: Assay of 300 Chemicals: Discussion . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 73 : 950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyrby , T. and Ingvardsen , P. 1983 . Sensitivity of Different E. coli and Salmonella Strains in Mutagenicity Testing Calculated on the Basis of Selected Literature . Mutat. Res. , 123 : 47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ehrenberg , L. 1979 . “ Induced Mutation in Microorganisms: Validity for Estimating Risk to Man. ” . In Mutagenesis in Sub-Mammalian Systems, Status and Significance Edited by: Paget , G.E. 73 – 88 . Baltimore : University Park Press .
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . 1984 . “ Methylene Chloride, Method 1005. ” . In NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH : NIOSH . DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 84–100.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . 1984 . “ Nitrogen Dioxide, Method 6700. ” . In NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH : NIOSH . DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 84–100.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . 1984 . “ Nuisance Dust, Respirable, Method 600. ” . In NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH : NIOSH . DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 84–100.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . 1984 . “ Acrylonitrile, Method 1604. ” . In NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH : NIOSH . DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 84–100.
   Google Scholar
• Gagnon , Y. and Posner , J. 1979 . Recovery of Acrylonitrile from Charcoal Tubes at Low Levels . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 40 : 923 – 925 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . 1977 . “ Pyridine in Air, Method S161. ” . In NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 2nd ed. Cincinnati, OH : NIOSH . DHEW (NIOSH) Pub. No. 77–157-C.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . 1984 . “ Acrolein, Method 2501. ” . In NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH : NIOSH . DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 84–100.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . 1984 . “ Vinyl Chloride, Method 1007. ” . In NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH : NIOSH . DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 84–100.
   Google Scholar