The Importance of Sampling Time and Coexposure to Acetone in the Biological Monitoring of Styrene-Exposed Workers

References

• Fields , R. L. and Horstman , S. W. 1979 . Biomonitoring of Industrial Styrene Exposure . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 40 : 451 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apostoli , P. , Brugnone , F. Perbellini , L. 1983 . Occupational Styrene Exposure: Environmental and Biological Monitoring . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 4 : 741 – 754 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugnone , F. , Perbellini , L. Wang , G. Z. 1993 . Blood Styrene Concentrations in a “Normal” Population and in Exposed Workers 16 Hours After the End of the Workshift . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 65 : 125 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolara , P. , Gardeni , G. Lodovici , M. 1984 . Determination of Styrene in the Urine of Workers Manufacturing Polystyrene Plastics . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 28 : 195 – 199 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Imbriani , M. , Ghittori , S. Pezzagno , G. 1985 . Toluene and Styrene in Urine as Biological Exposure Indices . Ann. Am. Conf. Ind. Hyg. , 12 : 351 – 355 .
   Google Scholar
• Pezzagno , G. , Imbriani , M. Ghittori , S. 1985 . Urinary Elimination of Styrene in Experimental and Occupational Exposure . Scand. J. Work Environ. Health , 11 : 371 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillemin , M. P. and Berode , M. 1988 . Biological Monitoring of Styrene: A Review . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 49 : 497 – 505 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1991–1992 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices . American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists . Cincinnati, OH : ACGIH .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , H. K. , Robertson , S. M. Waldron , H. A. 1983 . Effect of Alcohol on the Kinetics of Mandelic Acid Excretion in Volunteers Exposed to Styrene Vapour . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 40 : 75 – 80 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berode , M. , Droz , P. O. Boillat , M. A. 1986 . Effect of Alcohol on the Kinetics of Styrene and Its Metabolites in Volunteers and in Workers . Appl. Ind. Hyg. , 1 : 25 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Ikeda , M. , Ohtsuji , H. and Imamura , T. 1972 . In Vivo Suppression of Benzene and Styrene Oxidation by Co-administered Toluene in Rats and Effects of Phenobarbital . Xenob. , 2 : 101 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda , M. and Hirayama , T. 1978 . Possible Metabolic Interaction of Styrene with Organic Solvents . Scand. J. Work Environ. Health , 4 ( Suppl. 2 ) : 41 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigaeus , E. , Löf , A. and Byfält-Nordqvist , M. 1984 . Uptake, Distribution, Metabolism and Elimination of Styrene in Man. A Comparison Between Single Exposure and Co-exposure to Acetone . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 41 : 539 – 546 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Rosa , E. , Cellini , M. Sessa , G. 1993 . Biological Monitoring of Workers Exposed to Styrene and Acetone . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 65 : S107 – S110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . 1977 . NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods , 2nd ed. , DHEW Pub. No. 77–157-B Vol. II , Cincinnati, OH : NIOSH .
   Google Scholar
• Poggi , G. , Giusiani , M. Palagi , U. 1982 . High Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Quantitative Determination of the Urinary Metabolites of Toluene, Xylene and Styrene . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 50 : 25 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1994–1995 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices . American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists . Cincinnati, OH : ACGIH .
   Google Scholar
• Engström , K. , Härkönen , H. Kalliokoski , P. 1976 . Urinary Mandelic Acid Concentration after Occupational Exposure to Styrene and Its Use as a Biological Exposure Test . Scand. J. Work Environ. Health , 2 : 21 – 26 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Droz , P. O. 1985 . The Use of Simulation Models for Setting BEIs for Organic Solvents . Ann. Am. Conf. Ind. Hyg. , 12 : 339 – 350 .
   Google Scholar
• Westerberg , O. , Sollenberg , J. and Wzangskog , K. 1985 . Evaluation of Determination Made in Urine Samples. Adjustment of Mandelic Acid Concentration Using Creatinine and Density . Ann. Am. Conf. Ind. Hyg. , 12 : 301 – 305 .
   Google Scholar
• Bartolucci , G. B. , De Rosa , E. Gori , G. P. 1986 . Biomonitoring of Occupational Exposure to Styrene . Appl. Ind. Hyg. , 1 : 125 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• Gori , G. P. , Menegus , L. Bartolucci , G. B. 1987 . “ Gas Chromatographic Determination of Urinary Styrene Metabolites Using a Protective Derivatization for Phenylglyoxylic Acid ” . In Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Chemical Organic Compounds , Edited by: Ho , M. H. and Dillon , H. K. 169 – 177 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar