Semi-Volatile Species in PM_2.5: Comparison of Integrated and Continuous Samplers for PM_2.5Research or Monitoring

REFERENCES

• Vedal, S. Critical Review. Ambient Particles and Health: Lines that Divide; /. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1997, 47, 551–581.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J.; Dockery, D.W.; Neas, L.M. Is Daily Mortality Associated Specifically with Fine Particles? /. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1996, 46, 927–939.
   Google Scholar
• Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter; EPA/600/P-95/001cF; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Schaefer, G.; Hamilton, W.; Mathai, C.V. Implementing the Revised NAAQS and the FACA Subcommittee for Ozone, Particulate Matter and Regional Haze; Environ. Managers, October 1997, 22–28.
   Google Scholar
• Musick, D. A Summary of the Ambient Air Program for PM2 5; Environ. Managers, February 1999, 17–20.
   Google Scholar
• Gas and Particle Partition Measurements of Atmospheric Organic Compounds; Lane, D.L., Ed.; Gordon & Breach Science: Amsterdam, The
   Google Scholar
• Netherlands, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Eatough, D.J.; Obeidi, F.; Pang, Y.; Ding, Y.; Eatough, N.L.; Wilson, W.E. Integrated and Real-Time Diffusion Denuder Samplers for PM2.5 Based on BOSS, PC and TEOM Technology; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 2835–2844.
   Google Scholar
• Ding, Y.; Pang, Y.; Eatough, D.J. A High Volume Diffusion Denuder Sampler for the Routine Monitoring of Fine Particulate Matter: I. Design and Optimization of the PC-BOSS; J. Aerosol Sci., in press.
   Google Scholar
• Eatough, D.J.; Pang, Y.; Eatough, N. Determination of PM25 Sulfate and Nitrate with a PC-BOSS Designed for Routine Sampling for Semi-Volatile Particulate Matter; /. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1999, 49, 69–75.
   Google Scholar
• Pang, Y.; Eatough, D.J.; Eatough, N. PM25 Semi-Volatile Organic Material at Riverside, CA: Implications for PM2.5 Federal Reference Method Sampler; Aerosol Sci. Technol., submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Pang, Y.; Eatough, D.J.; Eatough, N. PM2.5 Semi-Volatile Material Effects on PM2.5 Measurement by Federal Reference Method Samplers at Bakersfield, CA; Aerosol Sci. Technol., submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Obeidi, F.; Eatough, D.J. Continuous Measurement of Semi-Volatile Fine Particulate Mass in Provo, UT; Aerosol Sci. Technol., submitted for publication, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Obeidi, F.; Eatough, N.L.; Eatough, D.J. Semi-Volatile Fine Particulate Matter at Riverside and Bakersfield, California; Aerosol Sci. Technol., submitted for publication, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Eatough, D.J.; Eatough, N.L.; Obeidi, F.; Pang,Y.; Modey, W.; Long, R. Continuous Determination of PM2.5 Mass, Including Semi-Volatile Species; Aerosol Sci. Technol., in press.
   Google Scholar
• Eatough, D.J.; Wadsworth, A.; Eatough, D.A.; Crawford, J.W.; Hansen, L.D.; Lewis, E.A. A Multiple-System, Multichannel Diffusion Denuder Sampler for the Determination of Fine-Particulate Organic Material in the Atmosphere; Atmos. Environ. 1993, 27A, 1213–1219.
   Google Scholar
• Cui, W.; Eatough, D.J.; Eatough, N.L. Fine Particulate Organic Material in the Los Angeles Basin—I: Assessment of the High-Volume Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System, BIG BOSS; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1998, 48, 1024–1037.
   Google Scholar
• Eatough, D.J.; Tang, H.; Cui, W.; Machir, J. Determination of the Size Distribution and Chemical Composition of Fine Particulate Semi-Volatile Organic Material in Urban Environments Using Diffusion Denuder Technology; Inhal. Toxicol. 1995, 7, 691–710.
   Google Scholar
• Tang, H.; Lewis, E.A.; Eatough, D.J.; Burton, R.M.; Farber, R.J. Determination of the Particle Size Distribution and Chemical Composition of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds in Atmospheric Fine Particles; Atmos. Environ. 1994, 28, 939–947.
   Google Scholar
• Ding, Y.; Eatough, D.J. Determination of Semi-Volatile PM2.5 Losses Using an Extractable Carbon Sorbent Filter; manuscript in preparation.
   Google Scholar
• Sioutas, C.; Koutrakis, P.; Olson, B.A. Development and Evaluation of a Low Cutpoint Virtual Impactor; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1994, 21, 223–235.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, T.; Lippmann, M. Particle Collection Efficiencies of Air Sampling Cyclones: An Empirical Theory; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1977, 11, 377–382.
   Google Scholar
• Pang, Y.; Eatough, D.J. Comparison of Particulate Nitrate Determined by Different Annular Denuder Samplers; Aerosol Sci. Technol., submitted for publication, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Rupprecht, E.; Patashnick, H. Continuous PM10 Measurement Using the Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1991, 41, 1079–1083.
   Google Scholar
• Eatough, D.J. BOSS, the Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System: Determination of Particulate Carbonaceous Material Using Diffusion Denuder Sampling Technology. In Gas and Particle Phase Partition Measurements of Atmospheric Organic Compounds; Lane, D.L., Ed.; Gordon & Breach Science: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1999; pp 233–286.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, E.; Novakov, T. Application of Thermal Analysis to the Characterization of Organic Aerosol Particles; Sci. Total Environ. 1982, 23, 227–238.
   Google Scholar
• Turpin, B.J.; Lim, H.J. Species Contributions to PM2.5 Mass Concentrations: Revisiting Common Assumptions for Estimating Organic Mass; Aerosol Sci. Technol., in press.
   Google Scholar
• Hering, S.; Cass, G. The Magnitude of Bias in the Measurement of PM2 . 5 Arising from Volatilization of Particulate Nitrate from Teflon Filter; /. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1999, 49, 725–733.
   Google Scholar
• Koutrakis, P.; Wolfson, J.M.; Salter, J.L.; Brauer, M.; Spengler, J.D.; Stevens, R.K.; Stone, C.L. Evaluation of an Annular Denuder/Filter Pack System to Collect Acidic Aerosols and Gases; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1988, 22, 1463–1468.
   Google Scholar
• Benner, C.L.; Eatough, D.J.; Eatough, N.L; Bhardwaja, P. Comparison of Annular Denuder and Filter Pack Collection of HNO3(g), HNO2(g), and SO2(g), and Particulate-Phase Nitrate, Nitrite, and Sulfate in the Southwest Desert; Atmos. Environ. 1991, 25A, 1537–1545.
   Google Scholar
• Cui, W.; Machir, J.; Lewis, L.; Eatough, N.L.; Eatough, D.J. Fine Par-ticulate Organic Material at Meadview during the Project MOHAVE Summer Intensive Study; /. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1997, 47, 357369.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, X.Q.; McMurry, P.H. Theoretical Analysis of Evaporative Losses from Impactor and Filter Deposits; Atmos. Environ. 1987, 21, 17791789.
   Google Scholar
• Caka, F.M.; Lewis, E.A.; Eatough, D.J. Sulfate and Nitrate Formation in the Utah Valley during Winter Inversions. Presented at the 85th Annual Meeting & Exhibition of A&WMA, Kansas City, MO, June 21-26, 1992; Paper No. 92–62.05.
   Google Scholar