2,518
Views
110
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Technical Paper

Quantification of Ozone Levels in Indoor Environments Generated by Ionization and Ozonolysis Air Purifiers

, &
Pages 601-610 | Published online: 29 Feb 2012

References

  • Air Cleaners: Behind the Hype; Consumer Reports. 2003, 68 26-29.
  • Li, N.; Sioutas, C.; Cho, A.; Schmitz, D.; Misra, C.; Sempf, J.; Wang, M.; Oberley, T.; Froines, J.; Nel, A. Ultrafine Particulate Pollutants Induce Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage; Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111, 455-460.
  • von Klot, S.; Woelke, G.; Tuch, T.; Heinrich, J.; Dockery, D. W.; Schwartz, J.; Kreyling, W.G.; Wichmann, H.E.; Peters, A. Increased Asthma Medication Use in Association with Ambient Fine and Ultra-fine Particles; Eur. Respir. J. 2002, 20, 691-702.
  • Pope, C.A., III; Burnett, R.T.; Thun, M.J.; Calle, E.E.; Krewski, D.; Ito, K.; Thurston, G.D. Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2002, 287, 1132-1141.
  • Delfino, R.J.; Zeiger, R.S.; Seltzer, J.M.; Street, D.H.; McLaren, C.E. Association of Asthma Symptoms with Peak Particulate Air Pollution and Effect Modification by Anti-inflammatory Medication Use; Environ. Health Perspect. 2002, 110, A607–A617.
  • Brown, S.K. Assessment of Pollutant Emissions from Dry-Process Photocopiers; Indoor Air 1999, 9, 259-267.
  • Leovic, K.W.; Sheldon, L.S.; Whitaker, D.A.; Hetes, R.G.; Calcagni, J.A.; Baskir, J.N. Measurement of Indoor Air Emissions from Dry-Process Photocopy Machines; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1996, 46, 821-829.
  • Finlayson-Pitts, B.J.; Pitts, J.N. Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere: Theory, Experiments, and Applications; Academic Press, San Diego, CA: 2000.
  • Weschler, C.J. Ozone in Indoor Environments: Concentration and Chemistry; Indoor Air 2000, 10, 269-288.
  • Bailey, P.S. Organic Chemistry, Vol. 39, Pt. 1: Ozonation in Organic Chemistry, Vol. 1: Olefinic Compounds; Academic Press, New York, NY: 1978.
  • Nazaroff, W.W.; Weschler, C.J. Cleaning Products and Air Fresheners: Exposure to Primary and Secondary Air Pollutants; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 2841-2865.
  • Bailey, P.S. Organic Chemistry, Vol. 39, Pt. 2: Ozonation in Organic Chemistry, Vol. 2: Nonolefinic Compounds; Academic Press, New York, NY: 1982.
  • Weschler, C. J. New Directions: Ozone-Initiated Reaction Products Indoors May Be More Harmful than Ozone Itself; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 5715-5715.
  • Wolkoff, P.; Clausen, P.A.; Wilkins, C.K.; Nielsen, G.D. Formation of Strong Airway Irritants in Terpene/Ozone Mixtures; Indoor Air 2000, 10, 82-91.
  • Nojgaard, J.K.; Christensen, K.B.; Wolkoff, P. The Effect on Human Eye Blink Frequency of Exposure to Limonene Oxidation Products and Methacrolein; Toxicol. Lett. 2005, 156, 241-251.
  • Wilkins, C.K.; Wolkoff, P.; Clausen, P.A.; Hammer, M.; Nielsen, G.D. Upper Airway Irritation of Terpene/Ozone Oxidation Products (TOPS). Dependence on Reaction Time, Relative Humidity and Initial Ozone Concentration; Toxicol. Lett. 2003, 143, 109-114.
  • Kleno, J.; Wolkoff, P. Changes in Eye Blink Frequency as a Measure of Trigeminal Stimulation by Exposure to Limonene Oxidation Products, Isoprene Oxidation Products and Nitrate Radicals; Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2004, 77, 235-243.
  • Paulson, S.E.; Chung, M.Y.; Hasson, A.S. OH Radical Formation from Gas-Phase Reaction of Ozone with Terminal Alkenes and the Relationship between Structure and Mechanism; J. Phys. Chem. A. 1999, 103, 8125-8138.
  • Kroll, J.H.; Clarke, J.S.; Donahue, N.M.; Anderson, J.G.; Demerjian, K.L. Mechanism of HOx Formation in the Gas-Phase Ozone-Alkene Reaction. 1. Direct, Pressure-Dependent Measurements of Prompt OH Yields; J. Phys. Chem. A. 2001, 105, 1554-1560.
  • Rickard, A.R.; Johnson, D.; McGill, C.D.; Marston, G. OH Yields in the Gas-Phase Reactions of Ozone with Alkenes; J. Phys. Chem. A. 1999, 103, 7656-7664.
  • Atkinson, R.; Arey, J. Gas-Phase Tropospheric Chemistry of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds: A Review; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, S197–S219.
  • Liu, X.; Mason, M.; Krebs, K.; Sparks, L. Full-Scale Chamber Investigation and Simulation of Air Freshener Emissions in the Presence of Ozone; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 2802-2812.
  • Rohr, A.C.; Weschler, C.J.; Koutrakis, P.; Spengler, J.D. Generation and Quantification of Ultrafine Particles Through Terpene/Ozone Reaction in a Chamber Setting; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 65-78.
  • Wainman, T.; Zhang, J.; Weschler, C.J.; Lioy, P.J. Ozone and Limonene in Indoor Air: A Source of Submicron Particle Exposure; Environ. Health Perspect. 2000, 108, 1139-1145.
  • Ozone Generators That Are Sold as Air Cleaners: An Assessment of Effectiveness and Health Consequences; available on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency web site, http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/ozonegen.html (accessed March 24, 2006).
  • Boeniger, M.F. Use of Ozone Generating Devices to Improve Indoor Air Quality; Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1995, 56, 590-598.
  • ARB Warns, Danger from Popular “Air Purifying” Machines; ARB Press Release 05-02, California Environmental Protection Agency: Sacremento, CA, 2005.
  • Indoor Air Pollution in California: Report to the California Legislature; California Air Resources Board: Sacremento, CA, 2005.
  • Hoeppe, P.; Praml, G.; Rabe, G.; Lindner, J.; Fruhmann, G.; Kessel, R. Environmental Ozone Field Study on Pulmonary and Subjective Responses of Assumed Risk Groups; Environ. Res. 1995, 71, 109-121.
  • Nielsen, G.D.; Hougaard, K.S.; Larsen, S.T.; Hammer, M.; Wolkoff, P.; Clausen, P.A.; Wilkins, C.K.; Alarie, Y. Acute Airway Effects of Form-aldehyde and Ozone in BALB/c Mice; Human Exp. Toxicol. 1999, 18, 400-409.
  • Alexeeff, G.V.; Budroe, J.D.; Collins, J.F.; Lam, R.H.F.; Lewis, D.C.; Lipsett, M.J.; Marty, M.A.; Parker, T.R. Determination of Acute Reference Exposure Levels for Airborne Toxicants; Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment: Sacremento, CA, 1999.
  • Moore, C.; Bates, D. Smog: Nature’s Most Powerful Purifying Agent. In Health & Clean Air Newsletter; 2002. Available on the Health & Clean Air Web site, http://www.healthandcleanair.org/ (accessed March 24, 2006).
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment. Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants; 2006; available on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency web site, http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid[H11005]137307 (accessed March 24, 2006).
  • Air Quality Guidelines for Europe (Ed. 2). WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 91; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2000.
  • Bell, M.L.; McDermott, A.; Zeger, S.L.; Samet, J.M.; Dominici, F. Ozone and Short-Term Mortality in 95 US Urban Communities, 1987-2000;J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2004, 292, 2372-2378.
  • Moriske, H-J.; Ebert, G.; Konieczny, L.; Menk, G. Concentrations and Decay Rates of Ozone in Indoor Air in Dependence on Building and Surface Materials; Toxicol. Lett. 1998, 96, 319-323.
  • Grontoft, T.; Raychaudhuri, M.R. Compilation of Tables of Surface Deposition Velocities for O3, NO2 and SO2 to a Range of Indoor Surfaces; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 533-544.
  • Kleno, J.G.; Clausen, P.A.; Weschler, C.J.; Wolkoff, P. Determination of Ozone Removal Rates by Selected Building Products Using the FLEC Emission Cell; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 2548-2553.
  • Sabersky, R.H.; Sinema, D.A.; Shair, F.H. Concentrations, Decay Rates, and Removal of Ozone and Their Relation to Establishing Clean Indoor Air; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1973, 7, 347-353.
  • Thomas, E.R.; Frost, G.J.; Rudich, Y. Reactive Uptake of Ozone by Proxies for Organic Aerosols: Surface-Bound and Gas-Phase Products; J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106, 3045-3056.
  • Lai, C.C.; Yang, S.H.; Finlayson-Pitts, B.J. Interactions of Monolayers of Unsaturated Phosphocholines with Ozone at the Air-Water Interface; Langmuir. 1994, 10, 4637-4644.
  • Moise, T.; Rudich, Y. Reactive Uptake of Ozone by Aerosol-Associated Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Kinetics, Mechanism, and Products; J. Phys. Chem. A. 2002; 106, 6469-6476.
  • Dubowski, Y.; Vieceli, J.; Tobias, D. J.; Gomez, A.; Lin, A.; Nizkorodov, S.A.; McIntire, T.M.; Finlayson-Pitts, B.J. Interaction of Gas-Phase Ozone at 296 K with Unsaturated Self-Assembled Monolayers: A New Look at an Old System. J. Phys. Chem. A. 2004, 108, 10473-10485.
  • Knudsen, H.N.; Nielsen, P.A.; Clausen, P.A.; Wilkins, C.K.; Wolkoff, P. Sensory Evaluation of Emissions from Selected Building Products Exposed to Ozone; Indoor Air 2003, 13, 223-231.
  • Weschler, C.J.; Hodgson, A.T.; Wooley, J.D. Indoor Chemistry: Ozone, Volatile Organic Compounds, and Carpets; Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26, 2371-2377.
  • Morrison, G.C.; Nazaroff, W.W. The Rate of Ozone Uptake on Carpets: Experimental Studies; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 4963-4968.
  • Morrison, G.C.; Nazaroff, W.W. Ozone Interactions with Carpet: Secondary Emissions of Aldehydes; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 2185-2192.
  • California Adopts New Ozone Standard. Children’s Health Focus of New Requirement; ARB Press Release 05-08, California Environmental Protection Agency: Sacremento, CA, 2005.
  • Maximum Acceptable Level of Ozone; Code of Federal Regulations, Part 801.415, Title 21, 1976.
  • Mauersberger, K.; Hanson, D.; Barnes, J.; Morton, J. Ozone Vapor Pressure and Absorption Cross-Section Measurements: Introduction of an Ozone Standard; J. Geophys. Res. 1987, 92, 8480-8482.
  • Phillips, T.J.; Bloudoff, D.P.; Jenkins, P.L.; Stroud, K.R. Ozone Emissions From a “Personal Air Purifier”; J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1999, 9, 594-601.
  • Poeschl, U.; Letzel, T.; Schauer, C.; Niessner, R. Interaction of Ozone and Water Vapor with Spark Discharge Soot Aerosol Particles Coated with Benzo[a]pyrene: O3 and H2O Adsorption, Benzo[a]pyrene Degradation, and Atmospheric Implications; J. Phys. Chem. A. 2001, 105, 4029-4041.
  • Cano-Ruiz, J.A.; Kong, D.; Balas, R.B.; Nazaroff, W.W. Removal of Reactive Gases at Indoor Surfaces: Combining Mass Transport and Surface Kinetics; Atmos. Environ. 1993, 27A, 2039-2050.
  • Lee, K.; Vallarino, J.; Dumyahn, T.; Ozkaynak, H.; Spengler, J.D. Ozone Decay Rates in Residences; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1999, 49, 1238-1244.
  • South Coast Air Quality Management District. Historic Ozone Air Quality Trends; available on the Air Quality Management District web site, http://www.aqmd.gov/smog/o3trend.html (accessed March 24, 2006).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.