Determining Gaseous Emission Factors and Driver’s Particle Exposures during Traffic Congestion by Vehicle-Following Measurement Techniques

References

• Bukowiecki, N.; Dommen, J.; Prévôt, A.S.H., Richter, R.; Weingartner, E.; Baltensperger, U. A Mobile Pollutant Measurement Laboratory— Measuring Gas Phase and Aerosol Ambient Concentrations with High Spatial and Temporal Resolution; Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 5569-5579.
   Google Scholar
• Pirjola, L.; Parviainen, H.; Hussein, T.; Valli, A.; Hämeri, K.; Aaalto, P.; Virtanen, A.; Keskinen, J.; Pakkanen, T.A.; Mäkelä, T.; Hillamo, R.E. “Sniffer”—a Novel Tool for Chasing Vehicles and Measuring Traffic Pollutants; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3625-3635.
   Google Scholar
• Kittelson, D.; Johnson, J.; Watts, W.; Qiang, W.; Drayton, M.; Paulsen, D.; Bukowiecki, N. Diesel Aerosol Sampling in the Atmosphere; SAE Technical Paper Series No. 2000-01-2212; Society of Automotive Engineers: Warrendale, PA, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Vogt, R.; Scheer, V.; Casati, R.; Benter, T. On-Road Measurement of Particle Emission in the Exhaust Plume of a Diesel Passenger Car; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 4070-4076.
   Google Scholar
• Yli-Tuomi, T.; Aarnio, P.; Pirjola, L.; Mäkelä, T.; Hillamo, R.; Jantunen, M. Emissions of Fine Particles, NOx, and CO from On-Road Vehicles in Finland; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 3, 6696-6706.
   Google Scholar
• Giechaskiel, B.; Ntziachristos, L.; Samaras, Z.; Scheer, V.; Casati, R.; Vogt, R. Formation Potential of Vehicle Exhaust Nucleation Mode Particles On-Road and in the Laboratory; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 3191-3198.
   Google Scholar
• Fruin, S.A.; Winer, A.M.; Rodes, C.E. Black Carbon Concentrations in California Vehicles and Estimation of In-Vehicle Diesel Exhaust Particulate Matter Exposures; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 4123-4133.
   Google Scholar
• Canagaratna, M.R.; Jayne, J.T.; Ghertner, D.A.; Herndon, S.; Shi, Q.; Jimenez, J.L.; Silva, P.J.; Williams, P.; Lanni, T.; Drewnick, F.; Demerjian, K.L.; Kolb, C.E.; Worsnop, D.R. Chase Studies of Particulate Emissions from In-Use New York City Vehicles; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 555-573.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Y.; Hao, J.M.; Fu, L.X.; Wang, Z.S.; Tang, U.W. Vertical and Horizontal Profiles of Airborne Particulate Matter Near Major Roads in Macao, China; Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 4907-4918.
   Google Scholar
• Singer, B.C.; Harley, R.A. A Fuel-Based Inventory of Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions in the Los Angeles Area during Summer 1997; Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34, 1783-1795.
   Google Scholar
• Pierson, W.R.; Gertler, A.W.; Robinson, N.F.; Sagebiel, J.C.; Zielinska,B.; Bishop, G.A.; Stedman, D.H.; Zweidinger, R.B.; Ray, W.D. Real-World Automotive Emissions—Summary of Studies in the Fort McHenry and Tuscarora Mountain Tunnels; Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30, 2233-2256.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, J.N.; Hao, J.M.; Fu, L.X.; Wu, Y.; Wang, Z.S.; Tang, U.W. Study on On-Board Measurements and Modeling of Vehicular Emissions; Chin.J. Environ. Sci. 2004, 25, 19-25.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhns, H.D.; Mazzoleni, C.; Moosmüller, H.; Nikolic, D.; Keislar, R.E.; Barber, P.W.; Li, Z.; Etyemezian, V.; Watson, J.G. Remote Sensing of PM, NO, CO and HC Emission Factors for On-Road Gasoline and Diesel Engine Vehicles in Las Vegas, NV; Sci. Total Environ. 2004, 322, 123-137.
   Google Scholar
• Ntziachristos, L.; Samaras, Z.; with contributions from: Eggleston, S.; Gori[H9252]en, N., Hassel, D.; Hickman, A.J.; Joumard, R.; Rijkeboer, R.; White, L.; Zierock, K.H. COPERT III Computer Programme to Calculate Emissions from Road Transport—Methodology and Emission Factors (Version 2.1); Technological Report No. 49; ETC/AEM; European Environment Agency: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, K.S.; Wang, W.C.; Chen, H.M.; Lin, C.F.; Hsu, H.C.; Kao, J.H.; Hu, M.T. Motorcycle Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Urban and Rural Driving Conditions; Sci. Total Environ. 2003, 312, 113-122.
   Google Scholar
• Tong, H.Y.; Hung, W.T. On-Road Motor Vehicle Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Urban Driving Conditions; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 543-554.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, T.L.; Ning, Z.; Leung, C.W.; Cheung, C.S.; Hung, W.T.; Dong, G. On-Road Remote Sensing of Petrol Vehicle Emissions Measurement and Emission Factors Estimation in Hong Kong; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 2055-2066.
   Google Scholar
• National Atmospheric Emission Inventory. Exhaust Emission Factors 2005: Database of Emission Factors; National Atmospheric Emission Inventory (NAEI) of United Kingdom; available at: http://www.naei.org.uk/emissions/index.php (accessed 2005).
   Google Scholar
• Berkowicz, R. Street Scale Models; In: Fenger, J.; Hertel, O.; Palmgren, F., Eds; Urban Air Pollution—European Aspects; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Boston, MA, 1998; pp 223-251.
   Google Scholar
• Fu, L.X.; Hao, J.M.; Hertel, O.; Berkowicz, R. Modeling Traffic-Related Air Pollution in Street Canyons of Beijing; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 2060-2066.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Y.; Hao, J.M.; Fu, L.X.; Hu, J.N.; Wang, Z.S.; Tang, U.W. Chemical Characteristics of Airborne Particulate Matter Near Major Roads and at Background Locations in Macao, China; Sci. Total Environ. 2003, 317, 159-172.
   Google Scholar
• Moosmüller, H.; Gillies, J.A.; Rogers, C.F.; Dubois, D.W.; Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Langston, R. Particulate Emission Rates for Unpaved Shoulders along Paved Roads; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1998, 48, 174-185.
   Google Scholar