7,283
Views
497
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Technical Paper

Receptor Modeling of Ambient Particulate Matter Data Using Positive Matrix Factorization: Review of Existing Methods

, &
Pages 146-154 | Published online: 29 Feb 2012

References

  • Paatero, P.; Tapper, U. Positive Matrix Factorization: a Non-Negative Factor Model with Optimal Utilization of Error Estimates of Data Values; Envirometrics 1994, 5, 111–126.
  • Malinowski, E.R. Factor Analysis in Chemistry; John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: New York, NY, 2002.
  • Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Speciation Guidance—Final Draft; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1999; available at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/files/ambient/pm25/spec/specfinl.pdf (accessed 2006).
  • Malm, W.C.; Schichtel, B.A.; Pitchford, M.L.; Ashbaugh, L.L.; Eldred, R.A. Spatial and Monthly Trends in Speciated Fine Particle Concentration in the United States. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109, DOI 10.1029/ 2003JD003739.
  • Hansen, D.A.; Edgerton, E.S.; Hartsell, B.E.; Jansen, J.J.; Kandasamy, N.; Hidy, G.M.; Blanchard, C.L. The Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Study: Part 1—Overview; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2003, 53, 1460–1471.
  • Ramadan, Z.; Song, X.-H.; Hopke, P.K. Identification of Sources of Phoenix Aerosol by Positive Matrix Factorization; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000, 50, 1308–1320.
  • Kim, E.; Hopke, P.K. Source Apportionment of Fine Particles in Washington D.C., Utilizing Temperature-Resolved Carbon Fractions; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2004, 54, 773–785.
  • Buzcu, B.; Fraser, M.P.; Kulkarni, P.; Chellam, S. Source Identification and Apportionment of Fine Particulate Matter in Houston, TX, Using Positive Matrix Factorization; Environ. Eng. Sci. 2003, 20, 533–545.
  • Huang, S.; Rahn, K.A.; Arimoto, R. Testing and Optimizing Two Factor-Analysis Techniques on Aerosol at Narragansett, Rhode Island; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 2169–2185.
  • Ito, K.; Xue, N.; Thurston, G. Spatial Variation of PM2.5 Chemical Species and Source-Apportioned Mass Concentrations in New York City; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 5269–5282.
  • Li, Z.; Hopke, P.K.; Husain, L.; Qureshi, S.; Dutkiewicz, V.A.; Schwab, J.J.; Drewnick, F.; Demerjian, K.L. Sources of Fine Particle Composition in New York City; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 6521–6529.
  • Maykut, N.N.; Lewtas, J.; Kim, E.; Larson, T.V. Source Apportionment of PM2.5 at an Urban IMPROVE Site in Seattle, Washington; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 5135–5142.
  • Kim, E.; Hopke, P.K.; Edgerton, E.S. Improving Source Identification of Atlanta Aerosol Using Temperature Resolved Carbon Fractions in Positive Matrix Factorization; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3349–3362.
  • Kim, E.; Hopke, P.K.; Paatero, P.; Edgerton, E.S. Incorporation of Parametric Factors into Multilinear Receptor Model Studies of Atlanta Aerosol; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 5009–5021.
  • Kim, E.; Hopke, P.K.; Edgerton, E.S. Source Identification of Atlanta Aerosol by Positive Matrix Factorization; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2003, 53, 731–739.
  • Liu, W.; Wang, Y.; Russell, A.; Edgerton, E.S. Atmospheric Aerosol over Two Urban-Rural Pairs in the Southeastern United States: Chemical Composition and Possible Sources; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 4453–4470.
  • Ogulei, D.; Hopke, P.K.; Zhou, L.; Paatero, P.; Park, S.S.; Ondov, J.M. Receptor Modeling for Multiple Time Resolved Species: the Baltimore Supersite; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 3751–3762.
  • Poirot, R.L.; Wishinski, P.R.; Hopke, P.K.; Polissar, A.V. Comparative Application of Multiple Receptor Methods to Identify Aerosol Sources in Northern Vermont; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 4622–4636.
  • Polissar, A.V.; Hopke, P.K.; Poirot, R.L. Atmospheric Aerosol over Vermont: Chemical Composition and Sources; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 4604–4621.
  • Polissar, A.V.; Hopke, P.K.; Paatero, P.; Malm, W.C.; Sisler, J.F. Atmospheric Aerosol over Alaska 2. Elemental Composition and Sources; J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103, 19045–19057.
  • Kim, E.; Larson, T.V.; Hopke, P.K.; Slaughter, C.; Sheppard, L.E.; Clai-born, C. Source Identification of PM2.5 in an Arid Northwest U.S. City by Positive Matrix Factorization; Atmos. Res. 2003, 66, 291–305.
  • Liu, W.; Hopke, P.K.; Han, Y.-J.; Yi, S.-M.; Holsen, T.M.; Cybart, S.; Kozlowski, K.; Milligan, M. Application of Receptor Modeling to Atmospheric Constituents at Potsdam and Stockton, NY; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 4997–5007.
  • Kim, E.; Hopke, P.K. Improving Source Identification of Fine Particles in a Rural Northeastern U.S. Area Utilizing Temperature-Resolved Carbon Fractions. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109, DOI 10.1029/ 2003JD004199.
  • Lee, J.H.; Yoshida, Y.; Turpin, B.J.; Hopke, P.K.; Poirot, R.L.; Lioy, P.J.; Oxley, J.C. Identification of Sources Contributing to Mid-Atlantic Regional Aerosol; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2002, 52, 1186–1205.
  • Zhao, W.; Hopke, P.K. Source Apportionment for Ambient Particles in the San Gorgonio Wilderness; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 5901–5910.
  • Begum, B.A.; Kim, E.; Biswas, S.K.; Hopke, P.K. Investigation of Sources of Atmospheric Aerosol at Urban and Semi-Urban Areas in Bangladesh; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3025–3038.
  • Chueinta, W.; Hopke, P.K.; Paatero, P. Investigation of Sources of Atmospheric Aerosol at Urban and Suburban Residential Areas of Thailand by Positive Matrix Factorization; Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34, 3319–3329.
  • Gong, S.L.; Barrie, L.A. Trends of Heavy Metal Components in the Arctic Aerosols and Their Relationship to the Emissions in the Northern Hemispere; Sci. Total Environ. 2005, 342, 175–183.
  • Hedberg, E.; Gidhagen, L.; Johansson, C. Source Contributions to PM10 and Arsenic Concentrations in Central Chile Using Positive Matrix Factorization; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 549–561.
  • Hien, P.D.; Bac, V.T.; Thinh, N.T.H. PMF. Receptor Modelling of Fine and Coarse PM10 in Air Masses Governing Monsoon Conditions in Hanoi, Northern Vietnam; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 189–201.
  • Huang, S.; Arimoto, R.; Rahn, K.A. Sources and Source Variations for Aerosol at Mace Head, Ireland; Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 1421–1437.
  • Yuan, Z.; Lau, A.K.H.; Zhang, H.; Yu, J.Z.; Louie, P.K.K.; Fung, J.C.H. Identification and Spatiotemporal Variations of Dominant PM10 Sources over Hong Kong; Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 1803–1815.
  • Yuan, Z.B.; Yu, J.Z.; Lau, A.K.H., Louie, P.K.K., Fung, J.C.H;. Application of Positive Matrix Factorization in Estimating Aerosol Secondary Organic Carbon in Hong Kong and Its Relationship with Secondary Sulfate; Atmos. Chem. Physics 2006, 6, 25–34.
  • Lee, E.; Chan, C.K.; Paatero, P. Application of Positive Matrix Factorization in Source Apportionment of Particulate Pollutants in Hong Kong; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 3201–3212.
  • Tsai, J.; Owega, S.; Evans, G.; Jervis, R.; Fila, M.; Tan, P.; Malpica, O. Chemical Composition and Source Apportionment of Toronto Summertime Urban Fine Aerosol (PM2 . 5); J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2004, 259, 193–197.
  • Lee, P.K.H., Brook, J.R.; Dabek-Zlotorzynska, E.; Mabury, S. Identification of the Major Sources Contributing to PM2 . 5 Observed in Toronto; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 4831–4840.
  • Lei, C.; Landsberger, S.; Basunia, S.; Tao, Y. Study of PM2 . 5 in Beijing Suburban Site by Neutron Activation Analysis and Source Apportionment; J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2004, 261, 87–94.
  • Sun, Y.; Zhuang, G.; Wang, Y.; Han, L.; Guo, J.; Dan, M.; Zhang, W.; Wang, Z.; Hao, Z. The Air-Borne Particulate Pollution in Beijing— Concentration, Composition, Distribution and Sources; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 5991–6004.
  • Prendes, P.; Andrade, J.M.; Lopez-Mahia, P.; Prada, D. Source Apportionment of Inorganic Ions in Airborne Urban Particles from Coruna City (N.W. of Spain) Using Positive Matrix Factorization; Talanta 1999, 49, 165–178.
  • Wang, H.; Shooter, D. Source Apportionment of Fine and Coarse Atmospheric Particles in Auckland, New Zealand; Sci. Total Environ. 2005, 340, 189–198.
  • Qin, Y.; Oduyemi, K. Atmospheric Aerosol Source Identification and Estimates of Source Contributions to Air Pollution in Dundee, UK; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 1799–1809.
  • Yli-Tuomi, T.; Paatero, P.; Raunemaa, T. The Soil Factor in Rautavaara Aerosol in Positive Matrix Factorization Solutions with 2 to 8 Factors; J. Aerosol Sci. 1996, 27, S671–S672.
  • Hien, P.D.; Bac, V.T.; Thinh, N.T.H. Investigation of Sulfate and Nitrate Formation on Mineral Dust Particles by Receptor Modeling; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 7231–7239.
  • Paatero, P. The Multilinear Engine—a Table-Driven, Least Squares Program for Solving Multilinear Problems, Including the N-Way Parallel Factor Analysis Model; J. Computat. Graph. Stat. 1999, 8, 854–888.
  • EPA PMF 1.1 User’s Guide; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2004; available at: http://www.epa.gov/heasd/products/pmf/pmf.htm (accessed 2006).
  • Polissar, A.V.; Hopke, P.K.; Malm, W.C.; Sisler, J.F. The Ratio of Aerosol Optical Absorption Coefficients to Sulfur Concentrations, as an Indicator of Smoke from Forest Fires when Sampling in Polar Regions; Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30, 1147–1157.
  • Kim, E.; Hopke, P.K.; Qin, Y. Estimation of Organic Carbon Blank Values and Error Structures of the Speciation Trends Network Data for Source Apportionment; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2005, 55, 1190–1199.
  • Kim, E.; Hopke, P.K.; Kenski, D.M.; Koerber, M. Sources of Fine Particles in a Rural Midwestern U.S. Area; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 4953–4960.
  • Sirois, A.; Barrie, L.A. Arctic Lower Tropospheric Aerosol Trends and Composition at Alert, Canada: 1980–1995; J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104, 11599–11618.
  • Kim, E.; Hopke, P.K. Improving Source Apportionment of Fine Particles in the Eastern United States Utilizing Temperature-Resolved Carbon Fractions; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 2005, 55, 1456–1463.
  • Chow, J.C.; Watson, J.G.; Pritchett, L.C.; Pierson, W.R.; Frazier, C.A.; Purcell, R.G. The DRI Thermal/Optical Reflectance Carbon Analysis System: Description, Evaluation and Application in US Air Quality Studies; Atmos. Environ. 1993, 27A, 1185–1201.
  • Song, X.H.; Faber, N.M.; Hopke, P.K.; Seuss, D.T.; Prather, K.A.; Schauer, J.J.; Cass, G.R. Source Apportionment of Gasoline and Diesel by Multivariate Calibration Based on Single Particle Mass Spectral Data; Anal. Chim. Acta 2001, 446, 327–343.
  • Paatero, P.; Hopke, P.K. Discarding or Downweighting High-Noise Variables in Factor Analytic Models; Anal. Chim. Acta 2003, 490, 277–289.
  • Kim, E.; Hopke, P.K.; Larson, T.V.; Maykut, N.N.; Lewtas, J. Factor Analysis of Seattle Fine Particles; Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 724–738.
  • Liu, W.; Hopke, P.K.; VanCuren, R.A. Origins of Fine Aerosol Mass in the Western United States Using Positive Matrix Factorization; J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108, DOI 10.1029/2003JD003678.
  • Paatero, P. User’s Guide for the Multilinear Engine Program “ME2” for Fitting Multilinear and Quasi-Multilinear Models; University of Helsinki: Helsinki, Finland, 2000.
  • Paatero, P. User’s Guide for Positive Matrix Factorization Programs PMF2 and PMF3; University of Helsinki: Helsinki, Finland, 2004.
  • Han, J.; Moon, K.; Lee, S.; Kim, Y.; Ryu, S.; Cliff, S.; Yi, S. Size-Resolved Source Apportionment of Ambient Particles by Positive Matrix Factorization at Gosan Background Site in East Asia; Atmos. Chem. Physics 2006, 6, 211–223.
  • Yli-Tuomi, T.; Hopke, P.K.; Paatero, P.; Basunia, M.S.; Landsberger, S.; Viisanen, Y.; Paatero, J. Atmospheric Aerosol over Finnish Arctic: Source Analysis by the Multilinear Engine and the Potential Source Contribution Function; Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 4381–4392.
  • Henry, R.C. Current Factor Analysis Receptor Models Are Ill-Posed; Atmos. Environ.1987, 21, 1815–1820.
  • Paatero, P.; Hopke, P.K.; Song, X.-H.; Ramadan, Z. Understanding and Controlling Rotations in Factor Analytic Models; Chemometrics Intell. Lab. Systems 2002, 60, 253–264.
  • Paatero, P.; Hopke, P.K.; Begum, B.A.; Biswas, S.K. A Graphical Diagnostic Method for Assessing the Rotation in Factor Analytical Models of Atmospheric Pollution; Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 193–201.
  • Begum, B.A.; Hopke, P.K.; Zhao, W. Source Identification of Fine Particles in Washington, DC, by Expanded Factor Analysis Modeling; Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 1129–1137.
  • Paatero, P.; Hopke, P.K;. Utilizing Wind Direction and Wind Speed as Independent Variables in Multilinear Receptor Modeling Studies; Chemometrics Intell. Lab. Systems 2002, 60, 25–41.
  • Zhou, L.; Hopke, P.K.; Paatero, P.; Ondov, J.M.; Pancras, J.P.; Pekney, N.J.; Davidson, C.I. Advanced Factor Analysis for Multiple Time Resolution Aerosol Composition Data; Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 4909–4920.
  • Efron, B.; Tibshirani, R.J. An Introduction to the Bootstrap; Chapman and Hall: New York, NY, 1993.
  • Beck, L. SPECIATE—EPA’s Database of Speciated Emission Profiles. In Proceedings of A&WMA’s 99th Annual Conference and Exhibition, Healthy Environments: Rebirth & Renewal, New Orleans, June 20–23, 2006; Paper No. 229.
  • Dakins, M.E.; Porter, P.S.; West, M.; Rao, S.T. Using Uncensored Trace-Level Measurements to Detect Trends in Ground Water Contamination; Water Resources Bull. 1996, 32, 799–805.
  • Rao, S.T.; Ku, J.-Y.; Rao, K.S. Analysis of Toxic Air Contaminant Data Containing Concentrations below the Limit of Detection; J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 1991, 41, 442–448.
  • Bjerga, J.M.; Small, G.W. Automated Selection of Library Subsets for Infrared Spectral Searching; Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 226–233.
  • Xie, Y.-L.; Hopke, P.K.; Paatero, P.; Barrie, L.A.; Li, S.-M. Identification of Source Nature and Seasonal Variations of Arctic Aerosol by the Multilinear Engine; Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 2549–2562.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.