Mindfulness Broadens Awareness and Builds Eudaimonic Meaning: A Process Model of Mindful Positive Emotion Regulation

References

• Abler, B., Hofer, C., Walter, H., Erk, S., Hoffman, H., Traue, H. C., & Kessler, H. (2010). Habitual emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms in healthy subjects predict fMRI brain activation patterns related to major depression. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 183, 105–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Affleck, G., & Tennen, H. (1996). Construing benefits from adversity: Adaptational significance and dispositional underpinnings. Journal of Personality, 64, 899–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonovsky, A. (1993). The structure and properties of the sense of coherence scale. Social Science & Medicine, 36, 725–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., … Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodhi, B. (2011). What does mindfulness really mean? A canonical perspective. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 19–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno, G. A., & Burton, C. L. (2013). Regulatory flexibility: An individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 591–612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen, S., Chawla, N., Collins, S. E., Witkiewitz, K., Hsu, S., Grow, J., & Marlatt, A. (2009). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance use disorders: A pilot efficacy trial. Substance Abuse, 30, 295–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower, J., Low, C., Moskowitz, J., Sepah, S., & Epel, E. (2008). Benefit finding and physical health: Positive psychological changes and enhanced allostasis. Social and Persoanlity Psychology Compass, 2, 223–244.
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, J. A., Elwafi, H. M., & Davis, J. H. (2013). Craving to quit: Psychological models and neurobiological mechanism of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(2), 366–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, F. B., Chadwick, E. D., & Kluwe, K. (2011). Understanding the processes that regulate positive emotional experience: Unsolved problems and future directions for theory and research on savoring. International Journal of Wellbeing, 1(1), 107–126.
   Google Scholar
• Carmody, J., Baer, R. A., Lykins, E. L. B., & Olendzki, N. (2009). An empirical study of the mechanisms of mindfulness in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65, 613–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanagh, S. R., Urry, H. L., & Shin, L. M. (2011). Mood-induced shifts in attentional bias to emotional information predict ill- and well-being. Emotion, 11, 241–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers, R., Gullone, E., & Allen, N. B. (2009). Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 560–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, M. W., Ho, S. M., Tedeschi, R. G., & Leung, C. W. (2012). The valence of attentional bias and cancer-related rumination in post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth among women with breast cancer. Psycho-oncology, 20, 544–552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2010). A systematic review of neurobiological and clinical features of mindfulness meditations. Psychological Medicine, 40(8), 1239–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, S., Ram, N., Boker, S. M., Fujita, F., & Clore, G. (2005). Emotion as a thermostat: Representing emotion regulation using a damped oscillator model. Emotion, 5, 208–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croft, A., Dunn, E. W., & Quoidback, J. (2014). From tribulations to appreciation: Experiencing adversity in the past predicts greater savoring in the present. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(5), 511–516.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, W. A., Zelazo, P. D., Packer, D. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2007). The iterative reprocessing model: A multilevel framework for attitudes and evaluation. Social Cognition, 25, 736–760.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, R. J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli, S. F., … Sheridan, J. (2003). Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 564–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M. C., & Zautra, A. J. (2013). An online mindfulness intervention targeting socioemotional regulation in fibromyalgia: Results of randomized controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 46, 273–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desrosiers, A., Vine, V., Klemanski,   & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2013). Mindfulness and emotion regulation in depression and anxiety: common and distinct mechanisms of action. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 654–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E., & Lucas, R. E. (1999). Personality and Subjective Well-Being. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, N. Schwartz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 213–229). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Dreyfus, G. (2011). Is mindfulness present-centered and non-judgment? A discussion of the cognitive dimensions of mindfulness. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 41–54
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebersole, P., & Flores, J. (1989). Positive impact of life crises. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 4, 463–469.
   Google Scholar
• Ehring, T., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Schnülle, J., Fischer, S., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation and vulnerability to depression: Spontaneous versus instructed use of emotion suppression and reappraisal. Emotion, 10, 563–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellsworth, P. C., & Scherer, K. R. (2002). Appraisal processes in emotion. In R. J. Davidson (Ed.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 572–595). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Farb, N. A. S., Anderson, A. K., Bloch, R., & Segal, Z. V. (2011). Mood-linked responses in medial prefrontal cortex predict relapse in patients with recurrent unipolar depression. Biological Psychiatry, 70, 366–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farb, N. A. S., Anderson, A. K., Mayberg, H. S., Bean, J., McKeon, D., & Segal, Z. V. (2010). Minding one's emotions: Mindfulness training alters the neural expression of sadness. Emotion, 10, 25–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., & Anderson, A. K. (2011). Towards a neuroimaging biomarker of depression vulnerability. Translational Neuroscience, 2, 281–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., & Anderson, A. K. (2013a). Attentional modulation of primary interoceptive and exteroceptive cortices. Cerebral Cortex, 23(1), 114–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., & Anderson, A. K. (2013b). Mindfulness meditation training alters cortical representations of interoceptive attention. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(1), 15–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z., & Anderson, A. K. (2007). Attending to the present: mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, 313–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman, S. (1997). Positive psychological states and coping with severe stress. Social Science and Medicine, 45, 1207–1221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederick, S., & Loewenstein, G. (1999). Hedonic adaptation. In D. Diener, N. Schwarz, & Kahneman (Eds.), Hedonic psychology: Scientific approaches to enjoyment, suffering, and wellbeing (pp. 302–329). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 313–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1045–1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., Grewen, K. M., Algoe, S. B., Firestine, A. M., Arevalo, J. M., Ma, J., & Cole, S. W. (2015). Psychological well-being and the human conserved transcriptional response to adversity. PLOS One, 10, e0121839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., Grewen, K. M., Coffey, K. A., Algoe, S. B., Firestine, A. M., Arevalo, J. M., … Cole, S. W. (2013) A functional genomic perspective on human well-being. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 110, 13684–13689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., Mancuso, R. A., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. M. (2000). The undoing effect of positive emotions. Motivation and Emotion, 24(4), 237–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fresco, D. M., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., & Kennedy, S. (2007). Relationship of posttreatment decentering and cognitive reactivity to relapse in major depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, B. H. (2010). Feelings and the body: The Jamesian perspective on autonomic specificity of emotion. Biological Psychology, 84, 383–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda, N. H., & Sundararajan, L. (2007). Emotion refinement: A theory inspired by Chinese poetics. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 227–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froeliger, B. E., Garland, E. L., Modlin, L. A., & McClernon, F. J. (2012). Neurocognitive correlates of the effects of yoga meditation practice on emotion and cognition: A pilot study. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 6. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00048
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gable, P., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2010). The blues broaden, but the nasty narrows attentional consequences of negative affects low and high in motivational intensity. Psychological Science, 21(2), 211–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland, E. L. (2007). The meaning of mindfulness: A second-order cybernetics of stress, metacognition, and coping. Complementary Health Practice Review, 12, 15–30.
   Google Scholar
• Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B. L., Kring, A. M., Johnson, D. P., Meyer, P. S., & Penn, D. L. (2010). Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 849–864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland, E. L., Froeliger, B., & Howard, M. O. (2014a). Effects of Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement on reward responsiveness and opioid cue-reactivity. Psychopharmacology, 231, 3229–3238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland, E. L., Froeliger, B., & Howard, M. O. (2014b). Neurophysiological evidence for remediation of reward processing deficits in chronic pain and opioid misuse following treatment with mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement: Exploratory ERP findings from a pilot RCT. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38(2), 327–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2011). Positive reappraisal coping mediates the stress-reductive effect of mindfulness: An upward spiral process. Mindfulness, 2, 59–67.
   Google Scholar
• Garland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A., & Park, J. (2009). The role of mindfulness in positive reappraisal. Explore (NY), 5, 37–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garland, E. L., Geschwind, N., Peeters, F., & Wichers, M. (2015). Mindfulness training promotes upward spirals of positive affect and cognition: Multilevel and autoregressive latent trajectory modeling analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 15.
   Google Scholar
• Garland, E. L., Hanley, A., Farb, N. A., & Froeliger, B. (2013). State mindfulness during meditation predicts enhanced cognitive reappraisal. Mindfulness, 6(2), 234–242.
   Google Scholar
• Garland, E. L., & Howard, M. O. (2013). Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement reduces pain attentional bias in chronic pain patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 82, 311–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland, E. L., Manusov, E. G., Froeliger, B., Kelly, A., Williams, J. M., & Howard, M. O. (2014). Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement for chronic pain and prescription opioid misuse: Results from an early-state randomized controlled trail. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82, 448–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland, E. L., Roberts-Lewis, A., Kelley, K., Tronnier, C., & Hanley, A. (2014). Cognitive and affective mechanisms linking trait mindfulness to craving among individuals in addiction recovery. Substance Use & Misuse, 49, 525–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geschwind, N., Peeters, F., Drukker, M., vas Os, J., & Wichers, M. (2011). Mindfulness training increases momentary positive emotions and reward experience in adults vulnerable to depression: a randomized control trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 618–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerzina, H. A., & Porfeli, E. J. (2012): Mindfulness as a predictor of positive reappraisal and burnout in standardized patients. Teaching and Learning in Medicine: An International Journal, 24, 309–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E. M., Gould, N. F., Rowland-Seymour, A., Sharma, R., … Haythornthwaite, J. A. (2014). Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(3), 357–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm, S., Ernst, J., Boesiger, P., Schuepach, D., Hell, D., Boeker, H. & Northoff, G. (2009). Increased self-focus in major depressive disorder is related to neural abnormalities in subcortical-cortical midline structures. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 2617–2627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26, 1–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–24). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hagerty, M. R., Isaacs, J., Brasington, L., Shupe, L., Fetz, E. F., & Cramer, S. C. (2013). Case study of ecstatic meditation: fMRI and EEG evidence of self-stimulating a reward system. Neural Plasticity, 2013, Article ID 653572.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanley, A. W., & Garland, E. L. (2014). Dispositional mindfulness co-varies with self-reported positive reappraisal. Personality & Individual Differences, 66, 146–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley, A., Garland, E. L., & Black, D. (2013). Use of mindful reappraisal coping among experienced and novice meditation practitioners. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70, 294–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley, A. W., Peterson, G. W., Canto, A. I., & Garland, E. L. (2014). The relationship between mindfulness and posttraumatic growth with respect to contemplative practice engagement. Mindfulness, 6(3), 654–662.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanley, A. W., Warner, A., & Garland, E. L. (2014). Associations between mindfulness, psychological well-being, and subjective well-being with respect to contemplative practice. Journal of Happiness Studies. doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9569-5.
   Google Scholar
• Harmon-Jones, E., Gable, P. A., & Price, T. F. (2013). Does negative affect always narrow and positive affect always broaden the mind? Considering the influence of motivational intensity on cognitive scope. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 301–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heady, B. (2008). Life goals matter to happiness: A revision of set-point theory. Social Indicators Research, 86, 213–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiman, J. R., & Meston, C. M. (1997). Empirically validated treatment for sexual dysfunction. Annual Review of Sex Research, 8, 148–194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Helgeson, V. S., Reynolds, K. A., & Tomich, P. L. (2006). A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 797–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, V. P., Clemow, L., Massion, A. O., Hurley, T. G., Druker, S., Hebert, J. R. (2012). The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on psychosocial outcomes and quality of life in early-stage breast cancer patients: A randomized trial. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 131, 99–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgins, H. S. & Adair, K. C. (2010). Attentional processes and meditation. Consciousness and Cognition, 19, 872–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 537–559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, P. Y., Lishner, D. A., & Han, K. H. (2014). Mindfulness and eating: An experiment examining the effect of mindful raisin eating on the enjoyment of sampled food. Mindfulness, 5, 80–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, P. Y., Lishner, D. A., Han, K. H., & Huss, E. A. (2011). The positive impact of mindful eating on expectations of food liking. Mindfulness, 2, 103–113.
   Google Scholar
• Huston, D. C., Garland, E. L., & Farb, N. A. (2011). Mechanisms of mindfulness in communications training. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 39(4), 406–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, T. L., Epel, E. S., Lin, J., Blackburn, E. H., Wolkowitz, O. M., Bridwell, D. A., … Sharon, C. D. (2011). Intensive mindfulness training, immune cells telomerase activity and psychological mediators. Psychoneurendocrinology, 36, 664–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha, A., Krompinger, J., & Baime, M. (2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 109–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone, T., van Reekum, C. M, Urry, H., Kalin, N. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2007) Failure to regulate: Counterproductive recruitment of top-down prefrontal-subcortical circuitry in major depression. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 8877–8884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, S. M. & Hansen, W. (2015). The impact of mindfulness on supportive communication skills: Three exploratory studies. Mindfulness, 6(5), 1115–1128.
   Google Scholar
• Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York, NY: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Kalisch, R. (2009). The functional neuroanatomy of reappraisal: time matters. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 1215–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiken, L. G., & Shook, N. J. (2011). Looking up: Mindfulness increases positive judgments and reduces negativity bias. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 425–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killingsworth, M. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2010). A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Science, 330(6006), 932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick, L. A., Suyenobu, B. Y., Smith, S. R., Bueller, J. A., Goodman, T., Creswell, J. D., & Naliboff, B. D. (2011). Impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on intrinsic brain connectivity. Neuroimage, 56, 290–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, L. A., & Hicks, J. A. (2012). Positive affect and meaning in life: The intersection of hedonism and eudaimonia. In P. T. Wong (Ed.), The human quest for meaning (pp. 125–142). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Koivisto, M., & Revonsuo, A. (2007). How meaning shapes seeing. Psychological Science, 18, 845–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob, G. F., & Le Moal, M. (2001). Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 24, 97–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2008). Facilitating adaptive emotional analysis: Distinguishing distanced-analysis of depressive experiences from immersed-analysis and distraction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 924–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2011). Making meaning out of negative experiences by self-distancing. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 187–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kross, E., & Grossman, I. (2012). Boosting wisdom: Distance from the self enhances wise reasoning, attitudes, and behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General, 141, 43–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyabgon, T. (2007). The practice of lojong: Cultivating compassion through training the mind. Boston, MA: Shambhala.
   Google Scholar
• Labelle, L. E., Lawlor-Savage, L., Campbell, T. S., Faris, P., & Carlson, L. E. (2015). Does self-report mindfulness mediate the effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on spirituality and posttraumatic growth in cancer patients? The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(2), 153–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lama, D. & Cutler, H. C. (1998). The art of happiness. New York, NY: Riverhead Books.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• LeBel, J. L., & Dubé, L. (2001). The impact of sensory knowledge and attentional focus on pleasure and on behavioral responses to hedonic stimuli. Paper presented at the 13th annual American Psychological Society Convention, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, R. E. (2007). Adaptation and the set-point model of subjective well-being: Does happiness change after major life events? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 75–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLean, K. A., Ferrer, E., Aichele, S. R., Bridwell, D. A., Zanesco, A. P., Jacobs, T. L., … Saron, C. D. (2010). Intensive meditation training improves perceptual discrimination and sustained attention. Psychological Science, 21, 820–839.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masters, W. H., & Johnson, V. E. (1970). Human sexual inadequacy. Boston, MA: Little & Brown.
   Google Scholar
• Matousek, R. H., & Dobkin, P. L. (2010). Weathering storms: a cohort study of how participation in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program benefits women after breast cancer treatment. Current Oncology, 17, 62–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2015). Advancing emotion regulation perspectives on psychopathology: The challenge of distress disorders. Psychological Inquiry, 26, 80–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillen, J. C., Smith, E. M., & Fisher, R. H. (1997). Perceived benefit and mental health after three types of disaster. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 733–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modinos, G., Ormel, J., & Aleman, A. (2010). Individual difference in dispositional mindfulness and brain activity involved in reappraisal of emotion. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5, 369–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, A., & Malinowski, P. (2009). Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Consciousness and Cognition, 18, 176–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer, C. A., Donnelly, M. P., Anderson, J. C., Valek, K. C., Huckaby, S. J., Wiederholt, D. A., … Rice, B. L. (2011). Frontal electroencephalographic asymmetry associated with positive emotion is produced by very brief meditation training. Psychological Science, 22, 1277–1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? Psychological Science, 6, 10–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namgyal, D. T. (2006). Mahamudra—the moonlight—quintessence of mind and meditation. Sommerville, MA: Wisdom.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, T. O., Stuart, R. B., Howard, C., & Crowley, M. (1999). Metacognition and clinical psychology: A preliminary framework for research and practice. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 6(2), 73–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyklíček, I., & Kuijpers, K. F. (2008). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention on psychological well-being and quality of life: is increased mindfulness indeed the mechanism? Annals of Behavior Medicine, 35, 331–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(5), 242–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohman, A., Carlsson, K., Lundqvist, D., & Ingvar, M. (2007). On the unconscious subcortical origin of human fear. Physiology & Behavior, 92, 180–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oishi, S., Diener, E., Choi, D., Kim-Prieto, C., & Choi, I. (2007). The dynamics of daily events and well-being across cultures: When less is more. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 685–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivares, O. J. (2010). Meaning making, uncertainty reduction, and the functions of autobiographical memory: A relational framework. Review of General Psychology, 14, 204–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orzech, K. M., Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., & McKay, M. (2009). Intensive mindfulness training-related changes in cognitive and emotional experience. Positive Psychology, 4, 212–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavolv, S. V., Reva, N. V., Loktev, K. V., Korenyok, V. V., & Aftanas, L. I. (2015). Impact of long-term meditation practice on cardiovascular reactivity during perception and reappraisal of affective images. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 95, 363–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porges, S. W. (2007). The polyvagal perspective. Biological Psychology, 74, 116–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quoidback, J., Berry, E. V., Hansenne, M., & Mikolajczak, M. (2010). Positive emotion regulation and wellbeing: Comparing the impact of eight savoring and dampening strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(5), 368–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahula, W. (1959). What the Buddha taught. New York, NY: Grove Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rhyff, C. D. (2014). Self-realisation and meaning making in the face of adversity: A eudaimonic approach to human resilience. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 24(1), 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts-Wolfe, D., Sacchet, M., Hastings, E., Roth, H., & Britton, W. (2012). Mindfulness training alters emotional memory recall compared to controls: Support for an emotional information processing model of mindfulness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 1–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahdra, B. K., MacLean, K. A., Ferrer, E., Shaver, P. R., Rosenberg, E. L., Jacobs, T. L., … Saron, C. D. (2011). Enhanced response inhibition during intensive meditation training predicts improvements in self-reported adaptive socioemotional functioning. Emotion, 11, 299–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz, T. W., & Johnson, S. C. (2007). Relevance to self: A brief review and framework of neural systems underlying appraisal. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 31(4), 585–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroevers, M. J. & Brandsma, R. (2010). Is learning mindfulness associated with improved affect after mindfulness based cognitive therapy? British Journal of Psychology, 101(Part 1), 95–107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwabe, L., & Wolf, O. T. (2009). Stress prompts habit behavior in humans. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 7191–7198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeley, W. W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Glover, G. H., Kenna, H., & Greicius, M. D. (2007). Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 2349–2356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 373–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiota, M. N., & Levenson, R. W. (2012). Turn down the volume or change the channel? Emotional effects of detached versus positive reappraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(3), 416–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stafford, L., Foley, E., Judd, F., Gibson, P., Kiropoulos, L., & Couper, J. (2013). Mindfulness-based cognitive group therapy for women with breast and gynecologic cancer: A pilot study to determine effectiveness and feasibility. Supportive Care in Cancer, 21, 3009–3019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, Y. Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(4), 213–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale, J. D. (1993). Emotion and two kinds of meaning: cognitive therapy and applied cognitive science. Behavior Research and Therapy, 31, 339–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale, J. D., & Chaskalson, M. (2011). How does mindfulness transform suffering? I: the nature and origins of dukkha; II: the transformation of dukkha. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 89–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., & Williams, J. M. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behavior Research and Therapy, 33, 25–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeshi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundation and empirical evidence. Philadelphia, PA: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Todd, R. M., Cunningham, W. A., Anderson, A. K., & Thompson, E. (2012). Affect-biased attention as emotion regulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 365–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troy, A. S., Shallcross, A. J., Davis, T. S., & Mauss, I. B. (2013). History of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is associated with increased cognitive reappraisal ability. Mindfulness, 4(3), 213–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 320–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vago, D. R., & Nakamura, Y. (2011). Selective attentional bias towards pain-related threat in fibromyalgia: Preliminary evidence for effects of mindfulness meditation training. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35, 581–594.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher mental process. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wadlinger, H. A., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2010). Fixing our focus: training attention to regulate emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 75–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, A. (2003). Buddhism with an attitude: The Tibetan seven-point mind-training. New York, NY: Snow Lion.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, B. A., & Shapiro, S. L. (2006). Mental balance and well-being: Building bridges between Buddhism and Western Psychology. American Psychologist, 61, 690–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein, N., Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). A multi-method examination of the effects of mindfulness on stress attribution, coping, and emotional well-being. Journal on Research and Personality, 43, 374–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, J. M. G. (2010). Mindfulness and psychological process. Emotion, 10, 1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witvliet, C., De Young, N. J., Hofelich, A. J., & DeYoung, P. A. (2011). Compassionate reappraisal and emotion suppression as alternative to offense-focused rumination: Implications for forgiveness and psychophysiological well-being. Journal of Positive Psychology, 6, 286–299.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, J., & Liao, Q. (2011). Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic growth among adult survivors one year following 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders, 133, 274–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamasaki, K., Uchida, K., & Katsuma, R. (2009). An intervention study of the effects of the coping strategy of “finding positive meaning” on positive affect and health. International Journal of Psychology, 44, 249–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zautra, A. J., Davis, M. C., Reich, J. W., Nicassario, P., Tennen, H., Finan, P., … Irvin, M. R. (2008). Comparison of cognitive behavioral and mindfulness meditation interventions on adaptation to rheumatoid arthritis for patients with and without history of recurrent depression. Journal Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 408–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar