Beyond Screen Time: Identity Development in the Digital Age

References

• Aalbers, G., McNally, R. J., Heeren, A., de Wit, S., & Fried, E. (2019). Social media and depression symptoms: A network perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 148(8), 1454–1462. doi:10.1037/xge0000528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, G. R., & Marshall, S. K. (1996). A developmental social psychology of identity: Understanding the person-in-context. Journal of Adolescence, 19(5), 429–442. doi:10.1006/jado.1996.0041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler, A. (1956). The individual psychology of Alfred Adler. New York, NY: Harper.
   Google Scholar
• Adler, J. M. (2012). Living into the story: Agency and coherence in a longitudinal study of narrative identity development and mental health over the course of psychotherapy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(2), 367–389. doi:10.1037/a0025289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler, J. M., & McAdams, D. P. (2007). The narrative reconstruction of psychotherapy. Narrative Inquiry, 17(2), 179–202. doi:10.1075/ni.17.2.03adl
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler, J. M., Skalina, L. M., & McAdams, D. P. (2008). The narrative reconstruction of psychotherapy and psychological health. Psychotherapy Research: Research, 18(6), 719–734. doi:10.1080/10503300802326020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler, J. M., Turner, A. F., Brookshier, K. M., Monahan, C., Walder-Biesanz, I., Harmeling, L. H., … Oltmanns, T. F. (2015). Variation in narrative identity is associated with trajectories of mental health over several years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(3), 476–496. doi:10.1037/a0038601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler, J. M., Wagner, J. W., & McAdams, D. P. (2007). Personality and the coherence of psychotherapy narratives. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(6), 1179–1198. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, K., Farrer, L., Gulliver, A., & Griffiths, K. M. (2015). Online peer-to-peer support for young people with mental health problems: A systematic review. JMIR Mental Health, 2(2), e19. doi:10.2196/mental.4418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alizadeh, M., Weber, I., Cioffi-Revilla, C., Fortunato, S., & Macy, M. (2019). Psychology and morality of political extremists: Evidence from Twitter language analysis of alt-right and Antifa. EPJ Data Science, 8(1), 17. doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-019-0193-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, N. B., Nelson, B. W., Brent, D., & Auerbach, R. P. (2019). Short-term prediction of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in adolescents: Can recent developments in technology and computational science provide a breakthrough? Journal of Affective Disorders, 250, 163–169. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, M., & Jiang, J. (2018, May 31). Teens, social media & technology 2018. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/05/31/teens-social-media-technology-2018/
   Google Scholar
• Angyal, A. (1965). Neurosis and treatment: A holistic theory. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Appel, H., Gerlach, A. L., & Crusius, J. (2016). The interplay between Facebook use, social comparison, envy, and depression. Current Opinion in Psychology, 9, 44–49. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.0006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arseniev-Koehler, A., Lee, H., McCormick, T., & Moreno, M. A. (2016). #Proana: Pro-eating disorder socialization on Twitter. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(6), 659–664. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.02.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athena, P. [ParissAthena] (2019, March 28). # Is there a specific moment in your life that altered everything for you and led to your success? I’ll post first [Tweet]. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/ParissAthena/status/1111407796434534400
   Google Scholar
• Babic, M. J., Smith, J. J., Morgan, P. J., Eather, N., Plotnikoff, R. C., & Lubans, D. R. (2017). Longitudinal associations between changes in screen-time and mental health outcomes in adolescents. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 12, 124–131. doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2017.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baerger, D. R., & McAdams, D. P. (1999). Life story coherence and its relation to psychological well-being. Narrative Inquiry, 9(1), 69–96. doi:10.1075/ni.9.1.05bae
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, L., & Chandler, M. J. (1989). Identity formation in suicidal and nonsuicidal youth: The role of self-continuity. Development and Psychopathology, 1(3), 257–275. doi:10.1017/S0954579400000444
   Google Scholar
• Bamberg, M. (2004). Considering counter narratives. In M. Bamberg & M. Andrews (Eds.), Considering counter narratives: Narrating, resisting, making sense (pp. 351–371). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, J. J., & McAdams, D. P. (2004). Personal growth in adults' stories of life transitions. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 573–602. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00273.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, K. (2019, July 23). Snapchat is more popular than ever. Mashable. Retrieved from https://mashable.com/article/snap-q2-2019-earnings/?europe=true
   Google Scholar
• Bell, V. (2007). Online information, extreme communities and internet therapy: Is the internet good for our mental health? Journal of Mental Health, 16(4), 445–457. doi:10.1080/09638230701482378
   Google Scholar
• Bernazzani, S. (2019, October 1). Instagram stories: What they are and how to make one like a pro. Hubspot. Retrieved from https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/instagram-stories
   Google Scholar
• Berryman, C., Ferguson, C. J., & Negy, C. (2018). Social media use and mental health among young adults. The Psychiatric Quarterly, 89(2), 307–314. doi:10.1007/s11126-017-9535-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessière, K., Seay, A. F., & Kiesler, S. (2007). The ideal elf: Identity exploration in World of Warcraft. Cyberpsychology & Behavior: Behavior, 10(4), 530–535. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.9994
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bevelander, K. E., Smit, C. R., van Woudenberg, T. J., Buijs, L., Burk, W. J., & Buijzen, M. (2018). Youth’s social network structures and peer influences: Study protocol MyMovez project–Phase I. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 504. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5353-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beyers, W., & Luyckx, K. (2016). Ruminative exploration and reconsideration of commitment as risk factors for suboptimal identity development in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 47, 169–178. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.10.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Development, 78(1), 246–263. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakemore, S. J., & Mills, K. L. (2014). Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing? Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 187–207. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluck, S., & Alea, N. (2009). Thinking and talking about the past: Why remember? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23(8), 1089–1104. doi:10.1002/1cp.1612
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boers, E., Afzali, M. H., Newton, N., & Conrod, P. (2019). Association of screen time and depression in adolescence. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(9), 853–859. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohanek, J. G., Marin, K. A., Fivush, R., & Duke, M. P. (2006). Family narrative interaction and children's sense of self. Family Process, 45(1), 39–54. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2006.00079.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booker, C. L., Kelly, Y. J., & Sacker, A. (2018). Gender differences in the associations between age trends of social media interaction and well-being among 10–15 year olds in the UK. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 321. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5220-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bosma, H. A., & Kunnen, E. S. (2001). Determinants and mechanisms in ego identity development: A review and synthesis. Developmental Review, 21(1), 39–66. doi:10.1006/drev.2000.0514
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd, D. (2010). Social network sites as networked publics: Affordances, dynamics, and implications. In Z. Papacharissi (Ed.), A networked self. Identity, community, and culture on social network sites (pp. 47–66). Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd, D. (2014). It's complicated: The social lives of networked teens. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boyes, M. C., & Chandler, M. J. (1992). Cognitive development, epistemic doubt and identity formation in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21(3), 277–304. doi:10.1007/BF01537019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brechwald, W. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2011). Beyond homophily: A decade of advances in understanding peer influence processes. Journal of Research on Adolescence: Adolescence, 21(1), 166–179. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00721.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, B. B. (2004). Adolescents’ relationships with peers. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 363–394). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, B. B., & Larson, J. (2009). Peer relationships in adolescence. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Bruner, J. (1986). Actual minds, possible worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cain, S. (2012). Quiet: The power of introverts in a world that can't stop talking. London, UK: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, J. D., Assanand, S., & Di Paula, A. (2003). The structure of the self-concept and its relation to psychological adjustment. Journal of Personality, 71(1), 115–140. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.t01-1-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler, M. J. (1994a). Adolescent suicide and the loss of personal continuity. In D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.), Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology: Disorders and dysfunctions of the self (pp. 371–390). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chandler, M. J. (1994b). Self-continuity in suicidal and nonsuicidal adolescents. In G. Noam & S. Borst (Eds.), Children, youth and suicide: Developmental perspectives (pp. 55–70). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Chandler, M. J., & Lalonde, C. E. (1994). Folk theories of mind and self: A cross-cultural study of suicide in native and non-native groups. In A. Marchetti & O. Sempio (Eds.), The development of theories of mind and the construction of cognitive abilities. Milano, Italy: Franco Angeli.
   Google Scholar
• Chandler, M. J., Lalonde, C. E., Sokol, B. W., Hallett, D., & Marcia, J. E. (2003). Personal persistence, identity development, and suicide: A study of native and non-native North American adolescents. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68(2), vii–viii, 1–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chudacoff, H. P. (2007). Children at play: An American history. New York, NY: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, G. L., Garcia, J., Apfel, N., & Master, A. (2006). Reducing the racial achievement gap: A social-psychological intervention. Science, 313(5791), 1307–1310. doi:10.1126/science.1128317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, W. A., & Steinberg, L. (2006). Adolescent development in interpersonal context. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (pp. 551–592). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0316
   Google Scholar
• Collins, W. A., Laursen, B., Mortensen, N., Luebker, C., & Ferreira, M. (1997). Conflict processes and transitions in parent and peer relationships: Implications for autonomy and regulation. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12(2), 178–198. doi:10.1177/0743554897122003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway, M. A., & Holmes, A. (2004). Psychosocial stages and the accessibility of autobiographical memories across the life cycle. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 461–480. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00269.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppersmith, G., Leary, R., Crutchley, P., & Fine, A. (2018). Natural language processing of social media as screening for suicide risk. Biomedical Informatics Insights, 10, 117822261879286. doi:10.1177/1178222618792860
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coveney, P. V., Dougherty, E. R., & Highfield, R. R. (2016). Big data need big theory too. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 374(2080), 20160153. doi:10.1098/rsta.2016.0153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyne, S. M., Rogers, A. A., Zurcher, J. D., Stockdale, L., & Booth, M. (2020). Does time spent using social media impact mental health?: An eight year longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106160. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.106160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crone, E. A., & Konijn, E. A. (2018). Media use and brain development during adolescence. Nature Communications, 9(1), 1–10. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03126-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dahl, R. E. (2004). Adolescent brain development: A period of vulnerabilities and opportunities. Keynote address. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 1–22. doi:10.1196/annals.1308.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Choudhury, M., & De, S. (2014, May). Mental health discourse on reddit: Self-disclosure, social support, and anonymity. Paper presented at the Eighth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, Ann Arbor, MI. Abstract received from https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM14/paper/view/8075/8107
   Google Scholar
• De Choudhury, M., & Kiciman, E. (2017, May). The language of social support in social media and its effect on suicidal ideation risk. Paper presented at the Eleventh International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Abstract received from https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM17/paper/view/15662/14792
   Google Scholar
• De Choudhury, M., Kiciman, E., Dredze, M., Coppersmith, G., & Kumar, M. (2016). Discovering shifts to suicidal ideation from mental health content in social media. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, San Jose, CA (pp. 2098–2110).
   Google Scholar
• De Graaf, R., ten Have, M., van Gool, C., & van Dorsselaer, S. (2012). Prevalence of mental disorders and trends from 1996 to 2009. Results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(2), 203–213. doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0334-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degusta, M. (2012, May 9). Are smart phones spreading faster than any technology in human history? MIT Technology Review. Retrieved from http://technologyreview.com/news/427787/are-smart-phones-spreading-faster-than-any/.
   Google Scholar
• Deutsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. (1955). A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51(3), 629–636. doi:10.1037/h0046408
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dickson, K., Richardson, M., Kwan, I., Macdowall, W., Burchett, H., Stansfield, C., … Thomas, J. (2019). Screen-based activities and children and young people’s mental health and psychosocial wellbeing: A systematic map of reviews. London, UK: EPPI Centre, Social Science Research Unit. Retrieved from http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/Portals/0/PDF%20reviews%20and%20summaries/Systematic%20Map%20of%20Reviews%20on%20Screen-based%20activties_08.01.19.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dishion, T. J., & Snyder, J. J. (Eds.). (2016). The Oxford handbook of coercive relationship dynamics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dishion, T. J., & Tipsord, J. M. (2011). Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 189–214. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond, A., & Sauer, J. D. (2019). Divergent meta-analyses do not present uniform evidence that violent video game content increases aggressive behaviour. PsyArXiv. doi:10.31234/osf.io/xms5u
   Google Scholar
• Ducheneaut, N., & Moore, R. J. (2005). More than just ‘XP’: Learning social skills in massively multiplayer online games. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 2(2), 89–100. doi:10.1108/17415650580000035
   Google Scholar
• Duchesne, S., Vitaro, F., Larose, S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2008). Trajectories of anxiety during elementary-school years and the prediction of high school noncompletion. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(9), 1134–1146. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9224-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dweck, C. S. (2017). From needs to goals and representations: Foundations for a unified theory of motivation, personality, and development. Psychological Review, 124(6), 689–719. doi:10.1037/rev0000082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dweck, C. S., & Molden, D. C. (2005). Self-theories: Their impact on competence motivation and acquisition. In A. J. Elliot & C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (pp. 122–140). New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenreich, S. E., & Underwood, M. K. (2016). Peer coercion and electronic messaging. In T. J. Dishion & J. Snyder (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of coercive relationship dynamics (pp. 140–153). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eichhorn, K. (2019). The end of forgetting: Growing up with social media. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elhai, J. D., Dvorak, R. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 251–259. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhai, J. D., Tiamiyu, M. F., Weeks, J. W., Levine, J. C., Picard, K. J., & Hall, B. J. (2018). Depression and emotion regulation predict objective smartphone use measured over one week. Personality and Individual Differences, 133, 21–28. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, D. A. (2019). Are smartphones really that bad? Improving the psychological measurement of technology-related behaviors. Computers in Human Behavior, 97, 60–66. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, D. A., Davidson, B. I., Shaw, H., & Geyer, K. (2019). Do smartphone usage scales predict behavior? International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 130, 86–92. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
   Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Eysenbach, G., Powell, J., Englesakis, M., Rizo, C., & Stern, A. (2004). Health related virtual communities and electronic support groups: Systematic review of the effects of online peer to peer interactions. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 328(7449), 1166. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7449.1166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrant, K., & Reese, E. (2000). Maternal style and children's participation in reminiscing: Stepping stones in children's autobiographical memory development. Journal of Cognition and Development, 1(2), 193–225. doi:10.1207/S15327647JCD010203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, C. J. (2015). Do angry birds make for angry children? A meta-analysis of video game influences on children’s and adolescents’ aggression, mental health, prosocial behavior, and academic performance. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(5), 646–666. doi:10.1177/1745691615592234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, C. J. (2019). A preregistered longitudinal analysis of aggressive video games and aggressive behavior in Chinese youth. The Psychiatric Quarterly, 90(4), 843–847. doi:10.1007/s11126-019-09669-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, C. J., & Wang, J. C. (2019). Aggressive video games are not a risk factor for future aggression in youth: A longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(8), 1439–1451. doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01069-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1950). Informal social communication. Psychological Review, 57(5), 271–282. doi:10.1037/h0056932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fivush, R. (1991). The social construction of personal narratives. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 37(1), 59–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fivush, R. (1993). Developmental perspectives on autobiographical recall. In G. S. Goodman & B. L. Bottoms (Eds.), Child victims, child witnesses: Understanding and improving testimony (pp. 1–24). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fivush, R. (2011). The development of autobiographical memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 559–582. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fivush, R., Haden, C. A., & Reese, E. (2006). Elaborating on elaborations: Role of maternal reminiscing style in cognitive and socioemotional development. Child Development, 77(6), 1568–1588. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00960.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Molnar, C., & Cashman, L. (1995). Change in rape narratives during exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(4), 675–690. doi:10.1007/BF02102894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, J., & Ralston, R. (2016). Queer identity online: Informal learning and teaching experiences of LGBTQ individuals on social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 635–642. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1927). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 18). London, UK: Hogarth Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fromme, K., Corbin, W. R., & Kruse, M. I. (2008). Behavioral risks during the transition from high school to college. Developmental Psychology, 44(5), 1497–1504. doi:10.1037/a0012614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuentes, A., & Desrocher, M. (2012). Autobiographical memory in emerging adulthood: Relationship with self-concept clarity. Journal of Adult Development, 19(1), 28–39. doi:10.1007/s10804-011-9131-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gore, F. M., Bloem, P. J., Patton, G. C., Ferguson, J., Joseph, V., Coffey, C., … Mathers, C. D. (2011). Global burden of disease in young people aged 10–24 years: A systematic analysis. The Lancet, 377(9783), 2093–2102. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60512-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granic, I., & Lamey, A. V. (2000). The self-organization of the Internet and changing modes of thought. New Ideas in Psychology, 18(1), 93–107. doi:10.1016/S0732-118X(99)00039-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granic, I., & Patterson, G. R. (2006). Toward a comprehensive model of antisocial development: A dynamic systems approach. Psychological Review, 113(1), 101–131. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.113.1.101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granic, I., Hollenstein, T., & Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A. (2016). A survey of dynamic systems methods for developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology (pp. 717–759). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Granic, I., Lobel, A., & Engels, R. C. (2014). The benefits of playing video games. The American Psychologist, 69(1), 66–78. doi:10.1037/a0034857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffioen, N., Van Rooij, M. M. J. W., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., & Granic, I. (2020). A stimulated recall method for the improved assessment of quantity and quality of social media use. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(1), e15529. doi:10.2196/15529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermas, T., & Bluck, S. (2000). Getting a life: The emergence of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 748–769. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, J. A. (2018). When is social media use social interaction? Defining mediated social interaction. New Media and Society, 20(1), 162–179. doi:10.1177/1461444816660782
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammack, P. L. (2008). Narrative and the cultural psychology of identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review: Review, 12(3), 222–247. doi:10.1177/1088868308316892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammack, P. L. (2011). Narrative and the politics of meaning. Narrative Inquiry, 21(2), 311–318. doi:10.1075/ni.21.2.09ham
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harley, D., Morgan, J., & Frith, H. (2018). Having a social life. In D. Harley, J. Morgan, & H. Frith (Eds.), Cyberpsychology as everyday digital experience across the lifespan (pp. 77–104). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Harris Interactive. (2015, June). Pearson student mobile device survey 2015. Retrieved from https://www.pearsoned.com/wp-content/uploads/2015-Pearson-Student-Mobile-Device-Survey-Grades-4-12.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, S. (2019, August 28). No one's happy with YouTube's content moderation policies. Wired. Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/story/no-ones-happy-youtubes-content-moderation/
   Google Scholar
• Hatchel, T. J., Subrahmanyam, K., & Birkett, M. (2017). The digital development of LGBTQ youth: Identity, sexuality, and intimacy. In M. F. Wright (Ed.), Identity, sexuality, and relationships among emerging adults in the digital age (pp. 61–74). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Heffer, T., Good, M., Daly, O., MacDonell, E., & Willoughby, T. (2019). The longitudinal association between social-media use and depressive symptoms among adolescents and young adults: An empirical reply to Twenge et al. (2018). Clinical Psychological Science, 7(3), 462–470. doi:10.1177/2167702618812727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hekler, E. B., Klasnja, P., Chevance, G., Golaszewski, N. M., Lewis, D., & Sim, I. (2019). Why we need a small data paradigm. BMC Medicine, 17(1), 133. doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1366-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hilgard, J., Engelhardt, C. R., & Rouder, J. N. (2017). Overstated evidence for short-term effects of violent games on affect and behavior: A re-analysis of Anderson et al. (2010). Psychological Bulletin, 143(7), 757–774. doi:10.1037/bul0000074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A., & Reid, S. A. (2006). Social identity, self-categorization, and the communication of group norms. Communication Theory, 16(1), 7–30. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00003.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Infinite Fall. (2017). Night in the woods [video game]. Grand Rapids, MI: Finji.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, M., George, M. J., Russell, M. R., & Odgers, C. L. (2019). Young adolescents’ digital technology use and mental health symptoms: Little evidence of longitudinal or daily linkages. Clinical Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 7(6), 1416–1433. doi:10.1177/2167702619859336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, C. (2016, August 5). Snapchat, Instagram Stories, and the Internet of Forgetting. The New Yorker. Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/snapchat-instagram-stories-and-the-internet-of-forgetting
   Google Scholar
• Journey Stories. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://journeystories.tumblr.com
   Google Scholar
• Juarascio, A. S., Shoaib, A., & Timko, C. A. (2010). Pro-eating disorder communities on social networking sites: A content analysis. Eating Disorders, 18(5), 393–407. doi:10.1080/10640266.2010.511918
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Juvonen, J., & Galván, A. (2009). Bullying as a means to foster compliance. In M. J. Harris (Ed.), Bullying, rejection, and peer victimization: A social cognitive neuroscience perspective (pp. 299–318). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2017). How does the time children spend using digital technology impact their mental well-being, social relationships and physical activity?: An evidence-focused literature review. Florence, Italy: UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti.
   Google Scholar
• Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 410–422. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keenan-Miller, D., Hammen, C. L., & Brennan, P. A. (2007). Health outcomes related to early adolescent depression. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(3), 256–262. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.03.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, K. (2019, February 12). AR will spark the next big tech platform—call it mirrorworld. Wired. Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/story/mirrorworld-ar-next-big-tech-platform/
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, Y., Zilanawala, A., Booker, C., & Sacker, A. (2018). Social media use and adolescent mental health: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. EClinicalMedicine, 6, 59–68. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.12.005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2006). A Multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity: Theory and research. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 283–357. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38006-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. H. S. (2017). The impact of online social networking on adolescent psychological well-being (WB): A population-level analysis of Korean school-aged children. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22(3), 364–376. doi:10.1080/02673843.2016.1197135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, L. A., & Hicks, J. A. (2007). Whatever happened to “What might have been”? Regrets, happiness, and maturity. The American Psychologist, 62(7), 625–636. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.7.625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, L. A., & Smith, N. G. (2004). Gay and straight possible selves: Goals, identity, subjective well‐being, and personality development. Journal of Personality, 72(5), 967–994. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00287.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, D. N., Torpey, D. C., Bufferd, S. J., & Dyson, M. W. (2008). Depressive disorders. In T. P. Beauchaine & S. P. Hinshaw (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (pp. 477–509). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Kroger, J., & Marcia, J. E. (2011). The identity statuses: Origins, meanings, and interpretations. In S. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 31–53). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kroger, J., Martinussen, M., & Marcia, J. E. (2010). Identity status change during adolescence and young adulthood: A meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 33(5), 683–698. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, R., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). The experience sampling method. In M. Csikszentmihalyi (Ed.), Flow and the foundations of positive psychology (pp. 21–34). Dordrecht, NL: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lenhart, A. (2015, April 9). Teens, social media & technology overview 2015. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2015/04/PI_TeensandTech_Update2015_0409151.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Lenhart, A. (2015, August 6). Teens, technology and friendships. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2015/08/06/teens-technology-and-friendships/.
   Google Scholar
• Levine, M. P., & Chapman, K. (2011). Media influence on body image. In T. F. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention (2nd ed., pp. 101–109). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., van Geert, P., Bosma, H., & Kunnen, S. (2008). Time and identity: A framework for research and theory formation. Developmental Review, 28(3), 370–400. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2008.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilgendahl, J. P., & McAdams, D. P. (2011). Constructing stories of self‐growth: How individual differences in patterns of autobiographical reasoning relate to well‐being in midlife. Journal of Personality, 79(2), 391–428. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00688.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lind, M. N., Byrne, M. L., Wicks, G., Smidt, A. M., & Allen, N. B. (2018). The Effortless Assessment of Risk States (EARS) tool: An interpersonal approach to mobile sensing. JMIR Mental Health, 5(3), e10334. doi:10.2196/10334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone, S. (2008). Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: Teenagers' use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression. New Media & Society, 10(3), 393–411. doi:10.1177/1461444808089415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone, S., Ólafsson, K., & Staksrud, E. (2011). Social networking, age and privacy. London, UK: EU Kids Online. Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/35849/1/Social%20networking,%20age%20and%20privacy%20%28LSERO.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone, S., & Third, A. (2017). Children and young people’s rights in the digital age: An emerging agenda. New Media & Society, 19(5), 657–670. doi:10.1177/1461444816686318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke, K. D. (2015). Agentic and communal social motives. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9(10), 525–538. doi:10.1111/spc3.12201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loevinger, J. (1976). Ego development: Conceptions and theories. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Lysaker, P. H., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., Johannesen, J. K., Nicolò, G., Procacci, M., & Semerari, A. (2005). Metacognition amidst narratives of self and illness in schizophrenia: Associations with neurocognition, symptoms, insight and quality of life. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112(1), 64–71. doi:10.1353/ppp.2017.0021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madden, M., Lenhart, A., Cortesi, S., Gasser, U., Duggan, M., & Smith, A. (2013, May 21). Teens, social media, and privacy. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/05/21/teens-social-media-and-privacy/.
   Google Scholar
• Madden, M., Lenhart, A., Duggan, M., Cortesi, S., & Gasser, U. (2013, March 13). Teens and technology 2013. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewinternet.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/media/Files/Reports/2013/PIP_TeensandTechnology2013.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Manikonda, L., & De Choudhury, M. (2017, May). Modeling and understanding visual attributes of mental health disclosures in social media. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Denver, CO (pp. 170–181).
   Google Scholar
• Marchant, A., Hawton, K., Stewart, A., Montgomery, P., Singaravelu, V., Lloyd, K., … John, A. (2017). A systematic review of the relationship between internet use, self-harm and suicidal behaviour in young people: The good, the bad and the unknown. PLOS One, 12(8), e0181722. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551–558. doi:10.1037/h0023281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino, C., Gini, G., Vieno, A., & Spada, M. M. (2018). The associations between problematic Facebook use, psychological distress and well-being among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 226, 274–281. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markey, P. M., & Ferguson, C. J. (2017). Moral combat: Why the war on violent video games is wrong. Dallas, TX: BenBella Books, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396. doi:10.1037/h0054346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 167–195. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathur, M. B., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2019). Finding common ground in meta-analysis “wars” on violent video games. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 14(4), 705–708. doi:10.1177/1745691619850104
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matt Makes Games. (2018). Celeste [video game]. Canada: Matt Makes Games. Retrieved from http://www.celestegame.com/
   Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P. (1985). Power, intimacy, and the life story: Personological inquiries into identity. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P. (1995). What do we know when we know a person? Journal of Personality, 63(3), 365–396. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00500.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P. (2006). The redemptive self: Stories Americans live by. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P. (2018). Narrative identity: What is it? What does it do? How do you measure it? Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 37(3), 359–372. doi:10.1177/0276236618756704
   Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P., Hoffman, B. J., Day, R., & Mansfield, E. D. (1996). Themes of agency and communion in significant autobiographical scenes. Journal of Personality, 64(2), 339–377. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00514.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P., & McLean, K. C. (2013). Narrative identity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(3), 233–238. doi:10.1177/0963721413475622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P., & Pals, J. L. (2006). A new Big Five: Fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality. The American Psychologist, 61(3), 204–217. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.3.204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P., Reynolds, J., Lewis, M., Patten, A., & Bowman, P. J. (2001). When bad things turn good and good things turn bad: Sequences of redemption and contamination in life narrative, and their relation to psychosocial adaptation in midlife adults and in students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(4), 474–483. doi:10.1177/0146167201274008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, A., & Peterson, C. (Eds.). (1991a). Developing narrative structure. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• McCabe, A., & Peterson, C. (1991b). Getting the story: A longitudinal study of parental styles in eliciting narratives and developing narrative skill. In A. McCabe & C. Peterson (Eds.), Developing narrative structure (pp. 217–253). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• McGonigal, J. (2012). Reality is broken. Why games make us better and how they can change the world. London, UK: Vintage publishing.
   Google Scholar
• McGonigal, J. (2015). Superbetter. A revolutionary approach to getting stronger, happier, braver and more resilient. London, UK: Penguin Press.
   Google Scholar
• McInroy, L. B. (2019). Building connections and slaying basilisks: Fostering support, resilience, and positive adjustment for sexual and gender minority youth in online fandom communities. Information, Communication, and Society, 1–18. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2019.1623902
   Google Scholar
• McLean, K. C. (2005). Late adolescent identity development: Narrative meaning making and memory telling. Developmental Psychology, 41(4), 683–691. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, K. C., & Syed, M. (2015). Personal, master, and alternative narratives: An integrative framework for understanding identity development in context. Human Development, 58(6), 318–349. doi:10.1159/000445817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeus, W., Iedema, J., Helsen, M., & Vollebergh, W. (1999). Patterns of adolescent identity development: Review of literature and longitudinal analysis. Developmental Review, 19(4), 419–461. doi:10.1006/drev.1999.0483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., … Swendsen, J. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980–989. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michikyan, M., Subrahmanyam, K., & Dennis, J. (2014). Can you tell who I am? Neuroticism, extraversion, and online self-presentation among young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 179–183. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., & Han, B. (2016). National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics, 138(6), e20161878. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, M. (2018, February 18). Night in the Woods isn’t about growing up, but becoming an adult. The Verge. Retrieved from https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/18/17008282/night-in-the-woods-playstation-4-xbox-one-switch-short-play
   Google Scholar
• Mundt, M. P., Mercken, L., & Zakletskaia, L. (2012). Peer selection and influence effects on adolescent alcohol use: A stochastic actor-based model. BMC Pediatrics, 12, 115. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-12-115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, K., & Fivush, R. (2020). The development of autobiographical memory, autobiographical narratives, and autobiographical consciousness. Psychological Reports, 123(1), 71–96. doi:10.1177/0033294119852574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesi, J., Choukas-Bradley, S., & Prinstein, M. J. (2018). Transformation of adolescent peer relations in the social media context: Part 2—application to peer group processes and future directions for research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 21(3), 295–319. doi:10.1007/s10567-018-0262-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcombe, R., & Reese, E. (2004). Evaluations and orientations in mother–child narratives as a function of attachment security: A longitudinal investigation. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(3), 230–245. doi:10.1080/01650250344000460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noam, G., Chandler, M. J., & Lalonde, C. E. (1995). Clinical-developmental psychology: Constructivism and social cognition in the study of psychological dysfunction. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Volume 1 (pp. 424–466). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Nock, M. K., Green, J. G., Hwang, I., McLaughlin, K. A., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2013). Prevalence, correlates, and treatment of lifetime suicidal behavior among adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey replication adolescent supplement. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(3), 300–310. doi:10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–424. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Donnell, N. H. (2018). Storied lives on Instagram: Factors associated with the need for personal-visual identity. Visual Communication Quarterly, 25(3), 131–142. doi:10.1080/15551393.2018.1490186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olfson, M., Druss, B. G., & Marcus, S. C. (2015). Trends in mental health care among children and adolescents. The New England Journal of Medicine, 372(21), 2029–2038. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1413512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ophir, Y., Lipshits-Braziler, Y., & Rosenberg, H. (2020). New-media screen time is not (necessarily) linked to depression: Comments on Twenge, Joiner, Rogers, and Martin (2018). Clinical Psychological Science, 8(2), 374–378. doi:10.1177/2167702619849412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orben, A., Dienlin, T., & Przybylski, A. K. (2019). Social media’s enduring effect on adolescent life satisfaction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(21), 10226–10228. doi:10.1073/pnas.1902058116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orben, A., & Przybylski, A. K. (2019a). The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(2), 173–182. doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0506-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orben, A., & Przybylski, A. K. (2019b). Screens, teens, and psychological well-being: Evidence from three time-use-diary studies. Psychological Science, 30(5), 682–696. doi:10.1177/0956797619830329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pals, J. L. (2006). Narrative identity processing of difficult life experiences: Pathways of personality development and positive self‐transformation in adulthood. Journal of Personality, 74(4), 1079–1110. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00403.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, L. (2013, August 2). A Journey to make video games into art. The New Yorker. Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/a-journey-to-make-video-games-into-art.
   Google Scholar
• Pasupathi, M., & Hoyt, T. (2010). Silence and the shaping of memory: How distracted listeners affect speakers' subsequent recall of a computer game experience. Memory, 18(2), 159–169. doi:10.1080/09658210902992917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peña, J., & Hancock, J. T. (2006). An analysis of socioemotional and task communication in online multiplayer video games. Communication Research, 33(1), 92–109. doi:10.1177/0093650205283103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8(3), 162–166. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J.W., Boyd, R.L., Jordan, K., & Blackburn, K. (2015). The development and psychometric properties of LIWC2015. Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin.
   Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W., & Chung, C. K. (2011). Expressive writing: Connections to physical and mental health. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of health psychology (pp. 417–437). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W., & King, L. A. (1999). Linguistic styles: Language use as an individual difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1296–1312. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W., Mayne, T. J., & Francis, M. E. (1997). Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(4), 863–871. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.4.863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W., Mehl, M. R., & Niederhoffer, K. G. (2003). Psychological aspects of natural language use: Our words, our selves. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 547–577. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez, S. (2017, August 25). Facebook adds new ways to revisit your memories and milestones. TechCrunch. Retrieved from https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/25/facebook-adds-new-ways-to-revisit-your-memories-and-milestones/
   Google Scholar
• Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2013). The effects of internet communication on adolescents' psychosocial development: An assessment of risks and opportunities. In E. Scharrer (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of media studies (pp. 678–697). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Petersen, A. C. (1988). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 583–607. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.39.020188.003055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, C., Jesso, B., & McCabe, A. (1999). Encouraging narratives in preschoolers: An intervention study. Journal of Child Language, 26(1), 49–67. doi:10.1017/S0305000998003651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piaget, J. (1954). The construction of reality in the child. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Polanczyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2015). Annual Research Review: A meta‐analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 56(3), 345–365. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polkinghorne, D. (1988). Narrative knowing and the human sciences. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Popcannibal. (2019). Kind words [video game]. Boston, MA: Popcannibal.
   Google Scholar
• Prescott, A. T., Sargent, J. D., & Hull, J. G. (2018). Metaanalysis of the relationship between violent video game play and physical aggression over time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(40), 9882–9888. doi:10.1073/pnas.1611617114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prinstein, M. J., & Giletta, M. (2016). Peer relations and developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology (pp. 1–53). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy112.
   Google Scholar
• Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841–1848. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2017). A large-scale test of the Goldilocks Hypothesis: Quantifying the relations between digital-screen use and the mental well-being of adolescents. Psychological Science, 28(2), 204–215. doi:10.1177/0956797616678438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyrooz, D. C., LaFree, G., Decker, S. H., & James, P. A. (2018). Cut from the same cloth? A comparative study of domestic extremists and gang members in the United States. Justice Quarterly, 35(1), 1–32. doi:10.1080/07418825.2017.1311357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramírez-Esparza, N., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2006). Do good stories produce good health?: Exploring words, language, and culture. Narrative Inquiry, 16, 211–219. doi:10.1075/ni.16.1.26ram
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, G. G., & Boyer, W. (2013). Social network sites and young adolescent identity development. Childhood Education, 89(4), 243–253. doi:10.1080/00094056.2013.815554
   Google Scholar
• Reinecke, L., & Trepte, S. (2014). Authenticity and well-being on social network sites: A two-wave longitudinal study on the effects of online authenticity and the positivity bias in SNS communication. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 95–102. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rideout, V. (2015). The Common Sense census: Media use by tweens and teens. San Francisco, CA: Common Sense Media.
   Google Scholar
• Rideout, V. (2017). The Common Sense census: Media use by kids age zero to eight. San Francisco, CA: Common Sense Media.
   Google Scholar
• Riehm, K. E., Feder, K. A., Tormohlen, K. N., Crum, R. M., Young, A. S., Green, K. M., … Mojtabai, R. (2019). Associations between time spent using social media and internalizing and externalizing problems among US youth. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(12), 1266–1273. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rime, B., Mesquita, B., Boca, S., & Philippot, P. (1991). Beyond the emotional event: Six studies on the social sharing of emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 5(5–6), 435–465. doi:10.1080/02699939108411052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, M. J., & Thomas, R. J. (2012). Searching for a mate: The rise of the Internet as a social intermediary. American Sociological Review, 77(4), 523–547. doi:10.1177/0003122412448050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, M. J., Thomas, R. J., & Hausen, S. (2019). Disintermediating your friends: How online dating in the United States displaces other ways of meeting. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(36), 17753–17758. doi:10.1073/pnas.1908630116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozgonjuk, D., Levine, J. C., Hall, B. J., & Elhai, J. D. (2018). The association between problematic smartphone use, depression and anxiety symptom severity, and objectively measured smartphone use over one week. Computers in Human Behavior, 87, 10–17. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. The American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. doi:10.1037/110003-066X.55.1.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sarbin, T. R. (1986). Narrative psychology: The storied nature of human conduct. New York, NY: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Sawyer, S. M., Azzopardi, P. S., Wickremarathne, D., & Patton, G. C. (2018). The age of adolescence. The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health, 2(3), 223–228. doi:10.1016/S2352(18)30022-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schleider, J., & Weisz, J. (2018). A single-session growth mindset intervention for adolescent anxiety and depression: 9-Month outcomes of a randomized trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 59(2), 160–170. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schleider, J. L., Abel, M. R., & Weisz, J. R. (2015). Implicit theories and youth mental health problems: A random-effects meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 35, 1–9. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid Mast, M., Gatica-Perez, D., Frauendorfer, D., Nguyen, L., & Choudhury, T. (2015). Social sensing for psychology: Automated interpersonal behavior assessment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(2), 154–160. doi:10.1177/0963721414560811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, B. (2000). Self-determination: The tyranny of freedom. The American Psychologist, 55(1), 79–88. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sentse, M., Scholte, R., Salmivalli, C., & Voeten, M. (2007). Person–group dissimilarity in involvement in bullying and its relation with social status. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(6), 1009–1019. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9150-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sewall, C., Rosen, D., & Bear, T. M. (2019). Examining the accuracy of estimated smartphone use: How well-being and usage level predict discrepancies between estimated and actual use. PsyArXiv. doi:10.31234/osf.io/3sju4
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, E., & De Choudhury, M. (2018). Mental health support and its relationship to linguistic accommodation in online communities. Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Honolulu, HI (p. 641). doi:10.1145/3173574.3174215
   Google Scholar
• Sierra-Arevalo, M., & Papachristos, A. V. (2015). Social network analysis and gangs. In S. H. Decker & D. C. Pyrooz (Eds.), The handbook of gangs (pp. 157–177). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Singer, J. A. (2004). Narrative identity and meaning making across the adult lifespan: An introduction. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 437–460. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00268.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth, J., True, N., & Souto, J. (2001). Effects of writing about traumatic experiences: The necessity for narrative structuring. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(2), 161–172. doi:10.1521/jscp.20.2.161.22266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snijders, T. A., Van de Bunt, G. G., & Steglich, C. E. (2010). Introduction to stochastic actor-based models for network dynamics. Social Networks, 32(1), 44–60. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2009.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squire, K. (2006). From content to context: Videogames as designed experience. Educational Researcher, 35(8), 19–29. doi:10.3102/0013189X035008019
   Google Scholar
• Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 261–302. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60229-4
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, L. (1990). Autonomy, conflict, and harmony in the family relationships. In S. Feldman & G. Elliot (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 255–276). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, L. (2008). A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking. Developmental Review: DR, 28(1), 78–106. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, L., & Monahan, K. C. (2007). Age differences in resistance to peer influence. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 1531–1543. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stice, E. (1994). Review of the evidence for a sociocultural model of bulimia nervosa and an exploration of the mechanisms of action. Clinical Psychology Review, 14(7), 633–661. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(94)90002-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subrahmanyam, K., & Greenfield, P. (2008). Online communication and adolescent relationships. The Future of Children, 18(1), 119–146. doi:10.1353/foc.0.0006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subrahmanyam, K., & Šmahel, D. (2011). Constructing identity online: Identity exploration and self-presentation. In K. Subrahmanyam & D. Šmahel (Eds.), Digital youth (pp. 59–80). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Subrahmanyam, K., Šmahel, D., & Greenfield, P. (2006). Connecting developmental constructions to the Internet: Identity presentation and sexual exploration in online teen chat rooms. Developmental Psychology, 42(3), 395–406. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.3.395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. Cyberpsychology & Behavior: Behavior, 7(3), 321–326. doi:10.1089/1094931041291295
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sweetser, P., & Wyeth, P. (2005). GameFlow: A model for evaluating player enjoyment in games. ACM Computers in Entertainment, 3(3), 1–24. doi:10.1145/1077246.1077253
   Google Scholar
• Syed, M., & McLean, K. C. (2016). Understanding identity integration: Theoretical, methodological, and applied issues. Journal of Adolescence, 47, 109–118. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tausczik, Y. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2010). The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29(1), 24–54. doi:10.1177/0261927X09351676
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavernier, R., & Willoughby, T. (2012). Adolescent turning points: The association between meaning-making and psychological well-being. Developmental Psychology, 48(4), 1058–1068. doi:10.1037/a0026326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000). Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review, 107(3), 411–429. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.107.3.411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thapar, A., Collishaw, S., Pine, D. S., & Thapar, A. K. (2012). Depression in adolescence. The Lancet, 379(9820), 1056–1067. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60871-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thatgamecompany. (2012). Journey [video game]. San Mateo, CA: Sony Interactive Entertainment.
   Google Scholar
• Thorne, A., & McLean, K. C. (2003). Telling traumatic events in adolescence: A study of master narrative positioning. In R. Fivush & C. Haden (Eds.), Connecting culture and memory: The development of an autobiographical self (pp. 169–185). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Tondello, G. F., Wehbe, R. R., Orji, R., Ribeiro, G., & Nacke, L. E. (2017). A framework and taxonomy of videogame playing preferences. Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play, Amsterdam, NL (pp. 329–340). doi:10.1145/3116595.3116629
   Google Scholar
• Turkle, S. (1995). Life on the screen: Identity in the age of the Internet. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2019). Media use is linked to lower psychological well-being: Evidence from three datasets. Psychiatric Quarterly, 90(2), 311–331. doi:10.1007/s11126-019-09630-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2018). Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(1), 3–17. doi:10.1177/2167702617723376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twenge, J. M., Martin, G. N., & Campbell, W. K. (2018). Decreases in psychological well-being among American adolescents after 2012 and links to screen time during the rise of smartphone technology. Emotion, 18(6), 765–780. doi:10.1037/emo0000403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twomey, C., & O’Reilly, G. (2017). Associations of self-presentation on Facebook with mental health and personality variables: A systematic review. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(10), 587–595. doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0247/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2008). Adolescents' identity experiments on the Internet: Consequences for social competence and self-concept unity. Communication Research, 35(2), 208–231. doi:10.1177/0093650207313164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkenburg, P. M., Schouten, A. P., & Peter, J. (2005). Adolescents’ identity experiments on the Internet. New Media and Society, 7(3), 383–402. doi:10.1177/1461444805052282
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Minnen, A., Wessel, I., Dijkstra, T., & Roelofs, K. (2002). Changes in PTSD patients' narratives during prolonged exposure therapy: A replication and extension. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(3), 255–258. doi:10.1023/A:1015263513654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Prooijen, J. W., & Krouwel, A. P. (2019). Psychological features of extreme political ideologies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(2), 159–163. doi:10.1177/0963721418817755
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Woudenberg, T. J., Simoski, B., Fernandes de Mello Araújo, E., Bevelander, K. E., Burk, W. J., Smit, C. R., … Buijzen, M. (2019). Identifying influence agents that promote physical activity through the simulation of social network Interventions: Agent-based modeling study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(8), e12914. doi:10.2196/12914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vartanian, L. R. (2009). When the body defines the self: Self-concept clarity, internalization, and body image. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(1), 94–126. doi:10.1521/jscp.2009.28.1.94
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vartanian, L. R., & Hopkinson, M. M. (2010). Social connectedness, conformity, and internalization of societal standards of attractiveness. Body Image, 7(1), 86–89. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventura, M., Shute, V., & Zhao, W. (2013). The relationship between video game use and a performance-based measure of persistence. Computers and Education, 60(1), 52–58. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verduyn, P., Ybarra, O., Résibois, M., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2017). Do social network sites enhance or undermine subjective well‐being? A critical review. Social Issues and Policy Review, 11(1), 274–302. doi:10.1111/sipr.12033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viner, R. M., Aswathikutty-Gireesh, A., Stiglic, N., Hudson, L. D., Goddings, A. L., Ward, J. L., & Nicholls, D. E. (2019). Roles of cyberbullying, sleep, and physical activity in mediating the effects of social media use on mental health and wellbeing among young people in England: A secondary analysis of longitudinal data. The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health, 3(10), 685–696. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30186-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Visser, M., Antheunis, M. L., & Schouten, A. P. (2013). Online communication and social well‐being: How playing World of Warcraft affects players' social competence and loneliness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(7), 1508–1517. doi:10.1111/jasp.12144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vodanovich, S., Shen, K. N., & Sundaram, D. (2015). Social competence of digital natives: Impact of Social Networking Sites (SNS) use. AMCIS 2015 Proceedings, Association for Information Systems, Fajardo, PR (pp. 1–9). Retrieved from https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1719&context=dubaipapers
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, K. (2018, August 8). ‘Stories’ was Instagram’s smartest move yet. Can it become Facebook’s next big business? Vox. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/2018/8/8/17641256/instagram-stories-kevin-systrom-facebook-snapchat
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications (Vol. 8). New York, NY: Cambridge university press.
   Google Scholar
• Wesselhoeft, R., Sørensen, M. J., Heiervang, E. R., & Bilenberg, N. (2013). Subthreshold depression in children and adolescents—a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(1), 7–22. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitlock, J., & Masur, P. K. (2019). Disentangling the association of screen time with developmental outcomes and well-being: Problems, challenges, and opportunities. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(11), 1021–1022. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D., Ducheneaut, N., Xiong, L., Zhang, Y., Yee, N., & Nickell, E. (2006). From tree house to barracks: The social life of guilds in World of Warcraft. Games and Culture, 1(4), 338–361. doi:10.1177/1555412006292616
   Google Scholar
• Winnicott, D. W. (1965). The maturational processes and the facilitating environment. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
   Google Scholar
• Woong Yun, G., & Park, S. Y. (2011). Selective posting: Willingness to post a message online. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 16(2), 201–227. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2010.01533.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank Group. (2018). Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people). Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2?end=2017&start=2017&view=map.
   Google Scholar
• Worthman, C. M., Plotsky, P. M., Schechter, D. S., & Cummings, C. A. (Eds.). (2010). Formative experiences: The interaction of caregiving, culture, and developmental psychobiology. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K. J., Palmer, N. A., & Reisner, S. L. (2015). Online social support as a buffer against online and offline peer and sexual victimization among US LGBT and non-LGBT youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 39, 123–136. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee, N. (2017, January 19). Beyond 50/50: Breaking down the percentage of female gamers by Genre [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://quanticfoundry.com/2017/01/19/female-gamers-by-genre/
   Google Scholar
• Yeshua-Katz, D. (2015). Online stigma resistance in the pro-ana community. Qualitative Health Research, 25(10), 1347–1358. doi:10.1177/1049732315570123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), 1816–1836. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar