406
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The Functions of the Nontarget Be in the Written Interlanguage of Chinese Learners of English

Pages 279-303 | Received 16 Nov 2012, Accepted 03 Feb 2014, Published online: 19 Jun 2014

REFERENCES

  • Andersen, Roger W. 1979. Creolization as the acquisition of a second language as a first language. Paper presented at the Conference on Theoretical Orientations in Creole Studies, March 8–April 1, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands.
  • Balcom, Patricia. 1997. Why is this happened? Passive morphology and unaccusativity. Second Language Research 13. 1–9.
  • Bickerton, Derek. 1975. Dynamics of a Creole system. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Burzio, Luigi. 1986. Italian syntax: A government-binding approach. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Reidel.
  • Cook, Mary J. 1982. Problems of Southwestern Indian speakers in learning English. In Paul R. Turner (ed.), Bilingualism in the Southwest, 235–243. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
  • Dietrich, Rainer, Wolfgan Klein & Colette Noyau. 1995. Temporality in second language acquisition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Dowty, David. 1979. Word meaning and Montague grammar. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
  • Dulay, Heidi & Marina Burt. 1974. Natural sequences in child second language acquisition. Language Learning 24. 37–53.
  • Ellis, Rod. 1994. The study of second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Ernst, Thomas. 1994. Functional categories and the Chinese Infl. Linguistics 32. 191–212.
  • Flahive, Douglas E. & Becky Gerlach Snow. 1980. Measures of syntactic complexity in evaluating ESL compositions. In John W. Oller & Kyle Perkins ( eds.), Research in language testing, 171–176. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
  • García Mayo, María del Pilar, Amparo Lázaro Ibarrola & Juana M. Liceras. 2005. Placeholders in the English interlanguage of bilingual (Basque/Spanish) children. Language Learning 55. 445–489.
  • Giacalone Ramat, Anna. 1992. Grammaticalization processes in the area of temporal and modal relations. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 14. 297–322.
  • Grondin, Nathalie & Lydia White. 1995. Functional categories in child L2 acquisition of French. Language Acquisition 5. 1–34.
  • Gropen, Jess, Janita Blaskovich & Gale DeDe. 1996. Come it closer: Causative errors in child speech. In Andy Stringfellow, Dalia Cahana-Amitay & Elizabeth Hughes ( eds.), Proceedings of the 20th Boston University Conference on Language Development, 273–283. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
  • Haznedar, Belma. 2001. The acquisition of the IP system in child L2 English. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 23. 1–39.
  • Haznedar, Belma & Bonnie Schwartz. 1997. Are there optional infinitives in child L2 acquisition? In Elezabeth Hughes, Mary Hughes & Annabel Greenhill ( eds.), Proceedings of the 21st Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, 257–268. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
  • Heine, Burnd & Mechthild Reh. 1984. Grammaticalization and reanalysis in African languages. Hamburg, Germany: Helmut Buske Verlag.
  • Ho, Mian-Lian. 1993. Variability of be realization in the Singaporean English speech continuum. ITL Review of Applied Linguistics 101–102. 141–165.
  • Hopper, Paul. 1979. Some observations on the typology of focus and aspect in narrative language. Studies in Language 3. 137–164.
  • Huang, C.-T. James. 1984. On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 15. 531–574.
  • Huang, C.-T. James. 1987. Remarks on empty categories. Linguistic Inquiry 18. 321–337.
  • Huang, C.-T. James. 1989. Pro-drop in Chinese: A generalized control theory. In Osvaldo Jaeggli & Kem Safir ( eds.), The null subject parameter, 185–214. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
  • Hubbard, Philip & Donna Hix. 1988. Where vocabulary meets grammar: Verb subcategorization errors in ESL writers. CATESOL Journal 1. 89–100.
  • Hubbard, Philip L. 1994. Non-transformational theories of grammar: Implications for language teaching. In Terence Odlin (ed.), Perspectives on pedagogical grammar, 49–71. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hunt, Kellogg W. 1965. Grammatical structures written at three grade levels. Urbana, IL: The National Council of Teachers of English.
  • Hyams, Nina. 2008. The acquisition of inflection: A parameter-setting approach. Language Acquisition 15. 192–209.
  • Ionin, Tania & Kenneth Wexler. 2002. Why is “is” easier than “-s”?: Acquisition of tense/agreement morphology by child second language learners of English. Second Language Research 18. 95–136.
  • Izumi, Shinichi & Usha Lakshmanan. 1998. Learnability, negative evidence and the L2 acquisition of the English passive. Second Language Research 14. 62–101.
  • Kondo, Takako. 2005. Overpassivization in second language acquisition. IRAL 43. 129–161.
  • Labov, William & Joshua Waletzky 1997. Narrative analysis: Oral versions of personal experience. Journal of Narrative and Life History 7. 3–38. First published 1967 by University of Washington Press in June Helm (ed.), Essays on the verbal and visual arts, 12–44.
  • Lakshmanan, Usha. 1993/1994. The boy for the cookie: Some evidence for the non-violation of the case filter in child second language acquisition. Language Acquisition 3. 51–97.
  • Lakshmanan, Usha. 2000. Clause structure in child second language grammars. In Alan Juffs, Tim Talpas, Greg Mizera & Brian Burtt ( eds.), University of Pittsburgh Working Papers in Linguistics—GASLA IV, 15–40. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh.
  • Lakshmanan, Usha & Larry Selinker. 1994. The status of CP and the tensed complementizer that in the developing L2 grammars of English. Second Language Research 10. 25–48.
  • Lardiere, Donna. 1998. Case and tense in the “fossilized” steady state. Second Language Research 14. 1–26.
  • Larsen-Freeman, Diane. 1978. An ESL index of development. TESOL Quarterly 12. 439–448.
  • Larsen-Freeman, Diane & Virginia Strom. 1977. The construction of a second language index of development. Language Learning 27. 123–134.
  • Levin, Beth & Malka Rappaport Hovav. 1995. Unaccusativity: At the syntax-lexical semantics interface. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Montrul, Silvina. 1999. Causative errors with unaccusative verbs in L2 Spanish. Second Language Research 15. 191–219.
  • Montrul, Silvina. 2000. Transitivity alternations in L2 acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 22. 229–273.
  • Oshita, Hiroyuki. 1997. The unaccusative trap. Los Angeles, CA: University of Southern California dissertation.
  • Oshita, Hiroyuki. 2000. What is happened may not be what appears to be happening: A corpus study of “passive” unaccusatives in L2 English. Second Language Research 16. 293–324.
  • Perlmutter, David M. 1978. Impersonal passives and unaccusative hypothesis. Berkeley Linguistic Society 4. 157–189.
  • Pinker, Steven. 1989. Learnability and cognition: the Acquisition of argument structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Pinker, Steven. 1996. Language learnability and language development revisited: Introduction to the 2nd edition of Steven Pinker (1984) Language learnability and language development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Poeppel, David & Kenneth Wexler. 1993. The full competence hypothesis of clause structure in early German. Language 69. 1–33.
  • Poon, Anita Y. K. 2010. Language use, and language policy and planning in Hong Kong. Current Issues in Language Planning 11. 1–66.
  • Population and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), People’s Republic of China. 2011. 2011 population census. Summary report. http://www.census2011.gov.hk/pdf/summary-results.pdf
  • Prévos, Philippe & Lydia White. 2000. Missing surface inflection or impairment in second language acquisition? Evidence from tense and agreement. Second Language Research 16. 103–133.
  • Radford, Andrew. 1988: Transformational grammar: A first course. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Richards, Jack C. 1973. A noncontrastive approach to error analysis. In John W. Oller & Jack C. Richards ( eds.), Focus on the learner: Pragmatic perspectives for the language teacher, 96–113. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
  • Roeper, Thomas. 1992. From the initial state to V2 acquisition principles in action In Jügen M. Meisel (ed.), The acquisition of verb placement, 333–379. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
  • Rosen, Carol. 1984. The interface between semantic roles and initial grammatical relations. In David Perlmutter & Carol Rosen ( eds.), Studies in relational grammar 2, 38–77. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Schwartz, Bonnie D. & Rex A. Sprouse. 1996. L2 cognitive states and the Full Transfer/Full Access hypothesis. Second Language Research 12. 4–72.
  • Smith, Carlota A. 1997. The parameter of aspect, 2nd edn. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
  • Vendler, Zeno. 1967. Verbs and times. In Zeno Vendler (ed.), Linguistics in philosophy, 97–121. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Webster, Michael, Alan Ward & Kenneth Craig. 1987. Language errors due to first language interference (Cantonese) produced by Hong Kong students of English. Institute of Language in Education Journal 3. 63–81.
  • Wolfe-Quintero, Kate, Shunji Inagaki & Hae-Young Kim. 1998. Second language development in writing: Measures of fluency, accuracy and complexity. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.
  • Yang, Suying. 1999. The relationship between semantics and syntax from the perspective of the unaccusativity phenomenon. Contemporary Linguistics 1. 30–43.
  • Yang, Suying, Yue Yuan Huang & Nancy Lee. 2000. Some reflections on English textbook input for Hong Kong students—Based on a case study of tense-aspect acquisition problems. Asia Pacific Journal of Language in Education 3. 1–24.
  • Yau, Margaret S. S. 1991. The role of language factors in second language writing. In Liliam M. Malavé & Georges Duquette ( eds.), Language, culture and cognition, 266–283. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
  • Yip, Virginia. 1995. Interlanguage and learnability. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Zaenen, Annie. 1988. Unaccusative verbs in Dutch and the syntax-semantics interface. CSLI Reports, vol. 123. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
  • Zobl, Helmut. 1989. Canonical typological structures and ergativity in English L2 acquisition. In Susan Gass & Jacquelyn Schacter ( eds.), Linguistic perspectives on second language acquisition, 203–221. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Zobl, Helmut & Juana M. Liceras. 1994. Functional categories and the acquisition orders. Language Learning 44. 159–180.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.