References
- Aaker, J. L., & Williams, P. (1998). Empathy versus pride: The influence of emotional appeals across cultures. Journal of Consumer Research, 25(3), 241–261. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/209537
- Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage.
- Amatulli, C., Angelis, M. D., Pino, G., & Guido, G. (2017). Unsustainable luxury and negative word-of-mouth: The role of shame and consumers’ cultural orientation. Advances in Consumer Research, 45, 498–499. https://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/1023733/volumes/v45/NA-45
- Anolli, L., & Pascucci, P. (2005). Guilt and guilt-proneness, shame and shame-proneness in Indian and Italian young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(4), 763–773. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.03.004
- Banyard, V. L. (2008). Measurement and correlates of pro-social bystander behavior: The case of interpersonal violence. Violence and Victims, 23(1), 85–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.23.1.83
- Banyard, V. L., Rizzo, A. J., Bencosme, Y., Cares, A. C., & Moynihan, M. M. (2018). How community and peer perceptions promote college students’ pro-social bystander actions to prevent sexual violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518777557
- Bell, J., Grekul, J., Lamba, N., Minas, C., & Harrell, W. A. (2001). The impact of cost on student helping behavior. Journal of Social Psychology, 135(1), 49–56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1995.9711401
- Beltramini, R. F. (1988). Perceived believability of warning label information presented in cigarette advertising. Journal of Advertising, 17(1), 26–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1988.10673110
- Bernardo, A. B. I. (2010). Extending hope theory: Internal and external locus of trait hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(8), 944–949. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.036
- Bernardo, A. B. I., & Estrellado, A. F. (2017). Locus of hope and help-seeking intentions of Filipino women victims of intimate partner violence. Current Psychology, 36(1), 66–75. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9385-z
- Brennan, L., & Binney, W. (2010). Fear, guilt and shame appeals in social marketing. Journal of Business Research, 63(2), 140–146. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.02.006
- Burke, M. C., & Edell, J. A. (1986). Ad reactions over time: Capturing changes in the real world. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(1), 114–118. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/209051
- Cismaru, M., Jensen, G., & Lavack, A. M. (2010). If the noise coming from next door were loud music, you’d do something about it: Mass media campaigns encouraging bystander intervention to stop partner violence. Journal of Advertising, 39(4), 69–82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2753/JOA0091-3367390405
- Cohen, S., & McKay, G. (1984). Social support, stress, and the buffering hypothesis: A theoretical analysis. In A. Baum, S. E. Taylor, & J. E. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of psychology and health (pp. 253–267). Erlbaum.
- Cook, D. R. (1988). Measuring shame: The internalized shame scale. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 4(2), 197–215. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1300/J020v04n02_12
- De Mello, G., MacInnis, D. J., & Stewart, D. W. (2007). Threats to hope: Effects on reasoning about product information. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(2), 153–161. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/519144
- Garcia-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A. F. M., Ellsberg, M., & Naved, R. (2006). Prevalence of intimate partner violence: Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. The Lancet, 368(9543), 1260–1269. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69523-8
- Gordon, R. A. (1987). Social desirability bias: A demonstration and technique for its reduction. Teaching of Psychology, 14(1), 40–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1401_11
- Gregson, S., Zhuwau, T., Ndlovu, J., & Nyamukapa, C. A. (2002). Methods to reduce social desirability bias in sex surveys in low-development settings: Experience in Zimbabwe. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 29(10), 568–575. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200210000-00002
- Gülaçti, F. (2010). The effect of perceived social support on subjective well-being. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 3844–3849. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.602
- Heller, K., Swindle, R. W., & Dusenbury, L. (1986). Component social support processes: Comments and integration. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(4), 466–470. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.54.4.466
- Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences. Sage.
- Kalokhe, A., Del Rio, C., Dunkle, K., Stephenson, R., Metheny, N., Paranjape, A., & Sahay, S. (2017). Domestic violence against women in India: A systematic review of a decade of quantitative studies. Global Public Health, 12(4), 498–513. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2015.1119293
- Kam, C. C. S., & Bond, M. H. (2008). Role of emotions and behavioral responses in mediating the impact of face loss on relationship deterioration: Are Chinese more face-sensitive than Americans? Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 11(2), 175–184. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2008.00254.x
- Kaur, P., & Singh, R. (2007). Uncovering retail shopping motives of Indian youth. Young Consumers: Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers, 8(2), 128–138. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/17473610710757491
- Kecojevic, A., Basch, C. H., Kernan, W. D., Montalvo, Y., & Lankenau, S. E. (2019). Perceived social support, problematic drug use behaviors, and depression among prescription drugs-misusing young men who have sex with men. Journal of Drug Issues, 49(2), 324–337. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042619829246
- Kelley, D. E., Kent, E. E., Litzelman, K., Mollica, M. A., & Rowland, J. H. (2019). Dyadic associations between perceived social support and cancer patient and caregiver health: An actor‐partner interdependence modeling approach. Psycho‐Oncology, 28(7), 1453–1460. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5096
- Kemp, E., Bui, M., Krishen, A., Homer, P. M., & LaTour, M. S. (2017). Understanding the power of hope and empathy in healthcare marketing. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 34(2), 85–95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-04-2016-1765
- Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, V. (1997). Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: Self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(6), 1245–1267.
- Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., & Cunningham, P. H. (2005). Principles of marketing. Prentice Hall.
- Krishen, A. S., & Bui, M. (2015). Fear advertisements: Influencing consumers to make better health decisions. International Journal of Advertising, 34(3), 533–548. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2014.996278
- Kumar, S., Jeyaseelan, L., Suresh, S., & Ahuja, R. C. (2005). Domestic violence and its mental health correlates in Indian women. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187(1), 62–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.1.62
- Latané, B., & Darley, J. M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn’t he help? Prentice Hall.
- Levine, M., Prosser, A., Evans, D., & Reicher, S. (2005). Identity and emergency intervention: How social group membership and inclusiveness of group boundaries shape helping behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(4), 443–453. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271651
- Mangleburg, T. F., & Bristol, T. (1998). Socialization and adolescents’ skepticism toward advertising. Journal of Advertising, 27(3), 11–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1998.10673559
- Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
- Mathews, S. M. (2018). Language skills and secondary education in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 53(15), 20–22. https://www.epw.in/journal/2018/15/commentary/language-skills-and-secondary-education-india.html
- Menon, U., & Shweder, R. A. (1994). Kali’s tongue: Cultural psychology and the power of shame in Orissa, India. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 241–282). American Psychological Association.
- Mitchell, A. A., & Olson, J. C. (1981). Are product attribute beliefs the only mediator of advertising effects on brand attitude? Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 318–332. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800306
- National Crime Records Bureau. (2016). Crime in India 2016 statistics. New Delhi, India: National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs. http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/CII/CII2016/pdfs/NEWPDFs/Crime%20in%20India%20-%202016%20Complete%20PDF%20291117.pdf
- Nenkov, G. Y., MacInnis, D. J., & Morrin, M. (2009). How do emotions influence saving behavior? Center for Retirement Research, Issues in Brief, 9-8, 1–11. https://crr.bc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/IB_9-8_508.pdf
- Procidano, M., & Heller, K. (1983). Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: Three validation studies. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00898416
- Salmivalli, C. (2014). Participant role in bullying: How can peer bystanders be utilized in interventions? Theory Into Practice, 53(1), 286–292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2014.947222
- Scherer, K. R., & Wallbott, H. (1994). Evidence for universality and cultural variation of differential emotion response patterning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(1), 310–328. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.2.310
- Shumaker, S. A., & Brownell, A. (1984). Toward a theory of social support: Closing conceptual gaps. Journal of Social Issues, 40(4), 11–36. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01105.x
- Sinha, J. B. P. (1985). Collectivism, social energy, and development. In I. R. Langunes & Y. H. Poortinga (Eds.), From a different perspective of behaviors across cultures (pp. 109–119). Swets & Zetlinger.
- Sinha, J. B. P., & Verma, J. (1987). Structure of collectivism. In Ç. Kağitçibaşi (Ed.), Growth and progress in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 123–129). Swets & Zetlinger.
- Sinha, J. B. P., Sinha, T. N., Verma, J., & Sinha, R. B. N. (2001). Collectivism coexisting with individualism: An Indian scenario. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 4(2), 133–145. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2001.00081.x
- Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249–275. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01
- Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., & Yoshinobu, L. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570
- Solotaroff, J. L., & Pande, R. P. (2014). Violence against women and girls: Lessons from South Asia. World Bank.
- Spassova, G., & Lee, A. Y. (2013). Looking into the future: A match between self-view and temporal distance. Journal of Consumer Research, 40(1), 159–171. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/669145
- Tangney, J. P. (1995). Recent advances in the empirical study of shame and guilt. American Behavioral Scientist, 38(8), 1132–1145. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764295038008008
- Teroni, F., & Deonna, J. A. (2008). Differentiating shame from guilt. Consciousness and Cognition, 17(3), 725–740. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.02.002
- Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440–463. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018963
- Trope, Y., Liberman, N., & Wakslak, C. (2007). Construal levels and psychological distance: Effects on representation, prediction, evaluation, and behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(2), 83–95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-7408(07)70013-X
- Vater, L. B., Donohue, J. M., Arnold, R., White, D. B., Chu, E., & Schenker, Y. (2014). What are cancer centers advertising to the public? A content analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 160(12), 813–820. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7326/M14-0500
- Velayutham, S., & Wise, A. (2005). Moral economies of a translocal village: Obligation and shame among South Indian transnational migrants. Global Networks, 5(1), 27–47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2005.00106.x
- Wang, J., Mann, F., Lloyd-Evans, B., Ma, R., & Johnson, S. (2018). Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1736-5
- Wentzel, K. R., & McNamara, C. C. (1999). Interpersonal relationships, emotional distress, and prosocial behavior in middle school. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(1), 114–125. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431699019001006
- Wilson, J. (2000). Volunteering. Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1), 215–240. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.215
- Wong, Y., & Tsai, J. (2007). Cultural models of shame and guilt. In J. L. Tracy, R. W. Robins, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research (pp. 209–223). Guilford Press.
- Wood, L., Smith, J., Vajras, K., & Meyers, J. (2017). School personnel social support and nonsupport for bystanders of bullying: Exploring student perspectives. Journal of School Psychology, 61(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2016.12.003
- Zhang, Y., & Buda, R. (1999). Moderating effects of need for cognition on responses to positively versus negatively framed advertising messages. Journal of Advertising, 28(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1999.10673580
- Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2