REFERENCES
- World Health Organization . WHO Global Principles for the Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals Intended for Food ; World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland , 2000 .
- Levy SB . The Antibiotic Paradox () , 2nd ed. . Perseus Publishing , Cambridge , MA , 2002 .
- World Health Organization . Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance . World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland , 2002 .
- Department of Health, UK. The Path of Least Resistance. Main Report of the Standing Medical Advisory Committee, Sub-group on Antimicrobial Resistance ; Department of Health : London , UK , 1998 .
- Joint Expert Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance (JETACAR). The Use of Antibiotic in Food-Producing Animals: Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Animals and Humans . Commonwealth of Australia , Canberra , Australia , 1999 .
- World Health Organization . International Review Panel Evaluation of the Termination of the Use of Antimicrobial Growth Promoters in Denmark ; Geneva , Switzerland , World Health Organization , 2003 .
- Barza M . Potential mechanisms of increased disease in humans from antimicrobial resistance in food animals. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34(Suppl. 3):123–125.
- Sorensen TL , Blom M , Monnet DL , Frimodt-Moller N , Poulsen RL , Espersen F . Transient intestinal carriage after ingestion of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus faecium from chicken and pork . N Engl J Med 2001 ; 345 : 1161 – 1166 .
- FAO/OIE/WHO . Joint FAO/OIE/WHO Workshop on Non-human Antimicrobial Usage and Antimicrobial Resistance: Scientific Assessment ; World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland , 2003 .
- Bailar III JC , Travers K . Review of assessments of the human health risk associated with the use of antimicrobial agents in agriculture . Clin Infect Dis 2002 ; 34 : S135 – S143 .
- Bartholomew MJ , Vose DJ , Tollefson LR , Travis CC . A linear model for managing the risk of antimicrobial resistance originating in food animals . Risk Anal 2005 ; 25 ( 1 ): 99 – 108 .
- Hurd HS , Doores S , Hayes D , Mathew A , Maurer J , Silley P , Singer RS , Jones RN . Public health consequences of macrolide use in food animals: A deterministic risk assessment . J Food Prot 2004 ; 67 : 980 – 992 .
- FDA CVM. 2003 . Guidance for Industry #152. Evaluating the Safety of Antimicrobial New Animal Drugs with Regard to Their Microbiological Effects on Bacteria of Human Health Concern; Center for Veterinary Medicine , Food and Drug Administration , Rockville , MD , 2003 .
- World Health Organization . Critically Important Antibacterial Agents for Human Medicine for Risk Management Strategies for Non-Human Use ; World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland , 2005 .
- Prescott JF , Baggot JD , Walker RD . Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine () , 3rd ed. . Iowa State University Press , Ames , IA , 2000 .
- Gebreyes WA , Thakur S , Morrow WE . Comparison of prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and occurrence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella in antimicrobial-free and conventional pig production . J Food Prot 2006 ; 69 ( 4 ): 743 – 748 .
- Berge AC , Moore DA , Sischo WM . Field trial evaluating the influence of prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial administration on antimicrobial resistance of fecal Escherichia coli in dairy calves . Appl Environ Microbiol 2006 ; 72 ( 6 ): 3872 – 3878 .
- Agerso Y , Sandvang D . Class 1 integrons and tetracycline resistance genes in Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, and Pseudomonas spp . isolated from pigsties and manured soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005 ; 71 ( 12 ): 7941 – 7947 .
- Harada K , Asai T , Kojima A , Ishihara K , Takahashi T . Role of coresistance in the development of desistance to chloramphenicol in Escherichia coli isolated from sick cattle and pigs . Am J Vet Res 2006 ; 67 ( 2 ): 230 – 235 .
- O' Brien TF . Emergence, spread, and environmental effect of antimicrobial resistance: How use of an antimicrobial anywhere can increase resistance to any antimicrobial anywhere else . Clin Infect Dis 2002 ; 34 ( Suppl. 3 ): 78 – 84 .
- McEwen SA , Fedorka-Cray P . Antimicrobial use and resistance in animals . Clin Inf Dis 2002 ; 34 ( Suppl. ): 93 – 106 .
- Dunlop RH , McEwen SA , Meek AH , Clarke RC , Black WD , Friendship RM . Associations among antimicrobial drug treatments and antimicrobial resistance of fecal Escherichia coli of swine on 34 farrow-to-finish farms in Ontario, Canada . Prev Vet Med 1998 ; 34 : 283 – 305 .
- World Health Organization . Working Papers for the International Review Panel's Evaluation ; World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland , 2003 .
- Pettigrew J . Reduced use of antibiotic growth promoters in diets fed to weanling pigs: Dietary tools, Part 1 . Anim Biotechnol 2006 ; 17 : 207 – 215 .
- American Veterinary Medical Association . Judicious American Veterinary Medical Association Judicious Therapeutic Use of Antimicrobials . American Veterinary Medical Association . 2004 . Retrieved June 28, 2006 from http://www.avma.org/scienact/jtua/jtua98.asp .
- Boivin C . CVMA position on antimicrobial resistance. Can Vet J 1999; 40:15–16.
- World Health Organization (WHO) . Antibiotic Resistance: Synthesis of Recommendations by Expert Policy Groups ; World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland , 2001 .
- Prescott JF , Reid-Smith R , McClure JT . Conference Report . Agriculture's role in managing antimicrobial resistance: The road to prudent use. Can Vet J 2006 ; 47 ( 4 ): 335 – 341 .
- American Veterinary Medical Association . American Association of Avian Pathologists Guidelines to Judicious Therapeutic Use of Antimicrobials in Poultry . American Veterinary Medical Association . 2005 . Retrieved June 28, 2006 from http://www.avma.org/scienact/jtua/poultry/poultry00.asp .
- Weese JS . Investigation of antimicrobial use and the impact of antimicrobial use guidelines in a small animal veterinary teaching hospital: 1995–2004 . J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006 ; 228 ( 4 ): 553 – 558 .
- Public Health Agency of Canada . Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance 2003 . Public Health Agency of Canada . 2005 . Retrieved June 28, 2006 from http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca//cipars-picra/2003_e.html .
- Wagstrom EA . The take care program and responsible use of antibiotics . Anim Biotechnol 2006 , 17 : 233 – 238 .