E-mail Advertising in Syria: Assessing Beliefs, Attitudes, and Behaviors

REFERENCES

• Allport, G.W. (1935). Attitudes. In C. Murchison (Ed.), A handbook of social psychology (pp. 798–844). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alwitt, L.F., & Prabhaker, P.R. (1992). Functional and belief dimensions of attitudes to television advertising: Implications for copytesting. Journal of Advertising Research, 32(5), 30–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azeem, M., & Haq, Z. (2012). Consumers' attitudes toward commercial e-mail spam and web pop-ups: interference, perceived loss of control, and irritation. Information and Knowledge Management, 2(1), 21–34.
   Google Scholar
• Baron, R., & Kenny, D. (1986). The moderator–mediator distinction in social psychological research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. Retrieved drom http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, R.A., & Greyser, S.A. (1968). Advertising in American consumer view. Boston, MA: Harvard University-Graduate School of Business Administration-Division of Research.
   Google Scholar
• Bem, D.J. (1970). Beliefs, attitudes, and human affairs. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P., & Bonett, D. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berthon, P., Pitt, L.F., & Watson, R.T. (1996). The World Wide Web as an advertising medium: Toward an understanding of conversion efficiency. Journal of Advertising Research, 36(1), 43–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen, K.A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Browne, M., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. Bollen, & J. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, B.M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, H., Rizal, H., & Amin, H. (2013). The determinants of consumer behavior towards email advertisement. Internet Research, 23(3), 316–337. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662241311331754
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinger, A., & Kleijnen, M. (2008). Coupons going wireless: determinants of consumer intentions to redeem mobile coupon. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 22(3), 23–39. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dir.20115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducoffe, R.H. (1996). Advertising value and advertising on the web. Journal of Advertising Research, 36(5), 21–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly, A.H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
   Google Scholar
• Eagly, A.H., & Chaiken, S. (1998). Attitude structure and function. In D. T. Gilbert, S. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 269–322). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., & Lowe, A. (2003). Management research: An introduction. California: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, S., Li, H., & Lee, J. (2002). Forced exposure and psychological reactance: antecedents and consequences of the perceived intrusiveness of pop-up ads. Journal of Advertising, XXXI(3), 83–95. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2002.10673678
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eze, U., & Lee, C. (2012). Consumers' Attitude towards Advertising. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(13), 94–108. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v7n13p94
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Haq, Z. (2009). E-mail advertising: A study of consumer attitude toward e-mail advertising among Indian users. Journal of Retail & Leisure Property, 8(3), 207–223. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/rlp.2009.10
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, D., & Novak, T. (1996). Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments: Conceptual foundations. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 50–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, H., & Lutz, R. (2013). The typicality and accessibility of consumer attitudes toward television advertising: implications for the measurement of attitudes toward advertising in general. Journal of Advertising, 42(4), 343–357. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2013.803184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jöreskog, K.G., & Sörbom, D. (1989). LISREL 7 user's reference guide. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software.
   Google Scholar
• Ju-Pak, K.-H. (1999). Content dimensions of Web advertising: A cross-national comparison. International Journal of Advertising, 18(2), 207–231.
   Google Scholar
• Kamal, S., & Chu, S.-C. (2012). Beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours toward advertising on social media in the Middle East: a study of young consumers in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, 7(3), 237–259. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJIMA.2012.047427
   Google Scholar
• Lavidge, R., & Steiner, G. (1961). A model for predictive measurements of advertising effectiveness. Journal of Marketing, 25(6), 59–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei, R.M. (2000). An assessment of the World Wide Web as an advertising medium. Social Science Journal, 37(3), 465–471. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0362-3319(00)00081-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li-Ming, A., Wai, T., Hussin, M., & Mat, N. (2013). The predictors of attitude towards online advertising. International Journal of Applied Psychology, 3(1), 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.ijap.20130301.02
   Google Scholar
• Mahmoud, A.B. (2010). The influence of advertising media type and the gender of consumer on consumer's attitudes towards advertising in mobile telecommunications sector: Empirical study. (Unpublished Masters' Thesis), Higher Institute of Business Administration, Damascus, Damascus, Syria.
   Google Scholar
• Mahmoud, A.B. (2012). The role of gender in Syrian consumers' beliefs about and attitudes towards online advertising. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences (47), 90–99.
   Google Scholar
• Mahmoud, A.B. (2013). Syrian consumers: Beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral responses to internet advertising. Business: Theory and Practice, 14(4), 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2013.31
   Google Scholar
• Mehta, A. (2000). Advertising attitudes and advertising effectiveness. Journal of Advertising Research, 40(3), 67–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micheaux, A. (2011). Managing e-mail advertising frequency from the consumer perspective. Journal of Advertising, 40(4), 45–66. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/JOA0091-3367400404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mir, I. (2012). Consumer attitudinal insights about social media advertising: a south Asian perspective. The Romanian Economic Journal, XV(45), 265–288.
   Google Scholar
• Mittal, B. (1994). Public assessment of TV advertising: Faint praise and harsh criticism. Journal of Advertising Research, 34(1), 35–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morimoto, M., & Chang, S. (2006). Consumers' attitudes toward unsolicited commercial e-mail and postal direct mail marketing methods: intrusiveness, perceived loss of control, and irritation. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 7(1), 8–20.
   Google Scholar
• Nadilo, R. (1998On-line research taps consumers who spend. Marketing Research, 32(12), 12.
   Google Scholar
• Nedungadi, P., Mitchell, A.A., & Berger, I.E. (1993). A framework for understanding the effects of advertising exposure on choice. In A.A. Mitchell (Ed.), Advertising exposure, memory, and choice (pp. 89--116). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Oskamp, S., & Schultz, P. (2005). Attitudes and opinions. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Palda, K. (1966). The hypothesis of a hierarchy of effects: A partial evaluation. Journal of Marketing Research, 3(1), 13–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poffenberger, A.T. (1925). The psychological attitude toward advertising. In Psychology in advertising (pp. 3–24). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10970-001
   Google Scholar
• Reisel, W.D., Probst, T.M., Swee-Lim, C., Maloles, C.M., & König, C.J. (2010). The effects of job insecurity on job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, deviant behavior, and negative emotions of employees. International Studies of Management & Organization, 40(1), 74–91. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5167/uzh-34821
   Google Scholar
• Rubel, S. (2010Hot or not: E-mail marketing vs. social-media marketing. Which Is stronger in the fight to woo consumers? Ad Age. Retrieved September 25, 2013, from http://adage.com/article/steve-rubel/digital-e-mail-marketing-social-media-marketing/145285/
   Google Scholar
• Saadeghvaziri, F., Dehdashti, Z., & Kheyrkhah, M. (2013). Web advertising: assessing beliefs, attitudes, purchase intention and behavioral responses. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 29(2), 99–112. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-09-2013-0029
   Google Scholar
• Sathish, M., B., P.K., & S., B. (2011). Impacts of online advertising on sales. Journal of Marketing & Communication, 7(1), 11–17.
   Google Scholar
• Shavitt, S., Lowrey, P., & Haefner, J. (1998). Public attitudes toward advertising: More favorable than you might think. Journal of Advertising Research, 38(4), 7–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, R.E., & Swinyard, W.R. (1988). Cognitive response to advertising and trial: Belief strength, belief confidence and product curiosity. Journal of Advertising, 17(3), 3–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohail, S., & Saeed, M. (2004). Public attitudes towards advertising in an emerging Southeast Asian Nation: An empirical study. Journal of International Marketing & Marketing Research, 29(1), 21–36.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, S., & Wang, Y. (2010). Familiarity, beliefs, attitudes, and consumer responses toward online advertising in China and the United States. Journal of Global Marketing, 23(2), 127–138.
   Google Scholar
• Tharenou, P., Donohue, R., & Cooper, B. (2007). Management research methods. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Usman, M., Ilyas, S., & Hussain, M. (2010). General Attitude towards Advertising: Cultural Influence in Pakistan. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 2(2), 124–133.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., & Sun, S. (2010a). Assessing beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral responses toward online advertising in three countries. International Business Review, 19(4), 333–344. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2010.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., & Sun, S. (2010b). Examining the role of beliefs and attitudes in online advertising: A comparison between the USA and Romania. International Marketing Review, 27(1), 87–107. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651331011020410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, R., Akselsen, S., & Pitt, L. (1998). Attractors: building mountains in the flat landscape of the World Wide Web. California Management Review, 40(2), 36–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheaton, B., Muthén, B., Alwin, D.F., & Summers, G.F. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. In D. Heise (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 84–136). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Wolin, L., Korgaonkar, P., & Lund, D. (2002). Beliefs, attitudes and behavior towards Web advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 21(1), 87–113.
   Google Scholar
• Wyer, R., & Albarracin, D. (2005). Belief formation, organization, and change: Cognitive and motivational influences. In D. Albarracin, B. Johnson, & M. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 273–322). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, K. (2003). Internet users' attitudes toward and beliefs about internet advertising: An exploratory research from Taiwan. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 15(4), 43–65. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J046v15n04_03
   Google Scholar
• Zabadi, A.-A., Shura, M., & Elsayed, E. (2012). Consumer attitudes toward SMS advertising among Jordanian users. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 4(1), 77–94. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v4n1p77
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, Z., & Bao, Y. (2002). Users' attitudes toward web advertising: Effects of internet motivation and internet ability. Advances in Consumer Research, 29(1), 71–78.
   Google Scholar