Anti-Inflammatory Concentrate Enriched with Substituted Oligofucans Derived from Brown Seaweed Turbinaria conoides (J. Agardh) Kützing and Its Safety Assessment on Wistar Rats

References

• Baylac, S., and Racine P. 2003. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase by essential oils and other natural fragrant extracts. Int. J. Aromather. 13: 138–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergmeyer, H. U., Bower, G. N., and Horder, M., Jr. 1976. Provisional recommendations on IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic concentrations of enzymes. Part 2. IFCC method for aspartate aminotransferase. Clin. Chim. Acta 70: F19–F42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betti, A. H., Stein, A. C., Dallegrave, E., Wouters, A. T. B., Watanabe, T. T. N., Driemeier, D., Buffon, A., and Rates, S. M. K. 2012. Acute and repeated-doses (28 days) toxicity study of Hypericum polyanthemum Klotzsch ex Reichardt (Guttiferare) in mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 50: 2349–2355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blunden, G. 1993. Marine algae as sources of biologically active compounds. Interdiscipl. Sci. Rev. 18: 73–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, K., Joseph, D., and Chakkalakal, S. J. 2014. Toxicity profile of a nutraceutical formulation derived from green mussel Perna viridis. Biomed. Res. Int. 2014: Article ID 471565. doi:10.1155/2014/471565
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, K., Joseph, D., and Praveen, N. K. 2015. Antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of three red seaweeds (Division: Rhodophyta) harvested from the Gulf of Mannar of Peninsular India. J. Food Sci. Technol. 52(4): 1924–1935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, K., Lipton, A. P., Paulraj, R., and Chakraborty, R. D. 2010. Guaiane sesquiterpenes from seaweed Ulva fasciata Delile and their antibacterial properties. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 45(6): 2237–2244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, K., and Paulraj, R. 2010. Sesquiterpenoids with free radical scavenging properties from marine macroalga Ulva fasciata Delile. Food Chem. 122(1): 31–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chattopadhyay, N., Ghosh, T., Sinha, S., Chattopadhyay, K., Karmakar, P., and Ray, B. 2010. Polysaccharides from Turbinaria conoides: Structural features and antioxidant capacity. Food Chem. 118: 823–829.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiranthanut, N., Teekachunhatean, S., and Panthong, A. 2013. Toxicity evaluation of standardized extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino. J. Ethnopharmacol. 149: 228–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, T. G., Klotzsch, S. G., and McNamara, J. 1997. Measurement of triglyceride concentration. In: Handbook of Lipoprotein Testing. Riafi, N., Warnick, G. R., and Dominiczak, M. H. (Eds.). Washington, DC: AACC Press. Pp. 115–126.
   Google Scholar
• Dorre, G. C. M. P., Alves, M. G. F., Will, L. S. P., Costa, T. G., Sabry, D. A., Rêgo, L. A. R. D., Accardo, C. M., Rocha, H. A. O., Filgueira, L. G. A., and Leite, E. L. 2013. A sulfated polysaccharide, fucans, isolated from brown algae Sargassum vulgare with anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Carbohydr. Polym. 91(2): 467–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezeja, M. I., Anaga, A. O., and Asuzu, I. U. 2014. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity profile of methanol leaf extract of Gouania longipetala in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 151: 1155–1164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilaly, J. E., Israili, Z. H., and Lyouss, B. 2004. Acute and chronic toxicological studies of Ajuva iva in experimental animals. J. Ethnopharmacol. 91: 43–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, G., Pan, C., Liu, F., Wu, T., and Wu, C. 2012. Anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic extract of Antrodia salmoneain the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 246.7 macrophages and the λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Food Chem. Toxicol. 50(5): 1485–1493.
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe, M. 2003. Uber den niederschlag, welchen pikrinsaure in normalen harn erzeugt und uber neue reaktion des kreatinines. H-S Z Physiol. Chem. 10: 391–400.
   Google Scholar
• Jendrassik, L., and Grof, P. 1938. Vereinfachte photometrische methoden zur bestimmung des blutbilirubins. Biochem. Z. 297: 82–89.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, A., Jack, R., Opheim, K. E., Toivola, B., and Lyon, A. W. 1995. Clinical Chemistry: Interpretation and Techniques (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Lameire, N., Biesen, V. W., and Vanholder, R. 2005. Acute renal failure. Lancet 365: 417–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, L. N., Dahl, E., and Bremer, J. 1996. Peroxidative oxidation of leuco-dichlorofluorescein by prostaglandin H synthase in prostaglandin biosynthesis from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1299: 47–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., Zhang, J., Gao, W., and Wang, H. 2012. Study on chemical composition, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities of extracts from Chinese pear fruit (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). Food Chem. Toxicol. 50(10): 3673–3679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liju, V. B., Jeena, K., and Kuttan, R. 2013. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity as well as mutagenic evaluation of essential oil from turmeric (Curcuma longa L). Food Chem. Toxicol. 53: 52–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, S. N., Cheung, P. C. K., Ooi, V. E. C., and Ang, P. O. 2002. Evaluation of antioxidative activity of extracts from a brown seaweed, Sargassum siliquastrum. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 3862–3866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, Y. Y., Lim, T. T., and Tee, J. J. 2007. Antioxidant properties of several tropical fruits: A comparative study. Food Chem. 103: 1003–1008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López, A., Rico, M., Rivero, A., and de Tangil, M. S. 2011. The effects of solvents on the phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of Stypocaulon scoparium algae extracts. Food Chem. 125: 1104–1109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McComb, R. B., and Bowers, G. N. 1979. Alkaline Phosphatase. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Muhammad, S., Hassan, L. G., Dangoggo, S. M., Hassan, S. W., Umar, K. J., and Aliyu, R. U. 2011. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of kernel extract of Sclerocarya birrea in rats. Sci. World J. 6(3): 11–14.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, D. A., and Morrie, M. W. 1984. Basic methodology. In: Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. Henry, J. B. (Ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
   Google Scholar
• Pal, G. K., and Parvati, P. 2003. Textbook of Practical Physiology. Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Payá, M., Ferrándiz, M. L., Sanz, M. J., Bustos, G., Blasco, R., Rios, J. L., and Alcaraz, M. J. 1993. Study of the antioedema activity of some seaweed and sponge extracts from the Mediterranean coast in mice. Phytother. Res. 7(2): 159–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlman, F. C., and Lee, R. T. 1974. Detection and measurement of total bilirubin in serum, with use of surfactants as solubilizing agents. Clin. Chem. 20(4): 447–453.
   Google Scholar
• Quan, L. D., Thiele, G. M., and Tian, J. 2008. The development of novel therapies for rheumatoid arthritis. Expert. Opin. Ther. Pat. 18: 723–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruch, R. J., Cheng, S. J., and Klauning, J. E. 1989. Prevention of cytotoxicity and inhibition of intracellular communication by antioxidant catechins isolated from Chinese green tea. Carcinogen 10: 1003–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilter, B., Andersson, C., Anton, R., Constable, A., Kleiner, J., O’Brien, J., Renwick, A. G., Korver, O., Smit, F., and Walker, R. 2003. Guidance for the safety assessment of botanicals and botanical preparations for use in food and food supplements. Food Chem. Toxicol. 41: 1625–1649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitzer, T. J., Kamin, M., and Olson, W. H. 1999. Tramadol allows reduction of naproxen dose among patients with naproxen-responsive osteoarthritis pain. Arthritis Rheum. 42: 1370–1377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, J., Yun, C. H., Chung, K., Bang, M., Baek, N., Chung, H., Cho, Y., and Lee, K. 2014. Standardized ethyl acetate fraction from the roots of Brassica rapa attenuates the experimental arthritis by down regulating inflammatory responses and inhibiting NF-κB activation. Food Chem. Toxicol. 66: 96–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, R. P., Murthy, K. N. C., and Jayaprakasha, G. K. 2002. Studies on the antioxidant activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel and seed extracts using in vitro models. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50(1): 81–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souza, B. W. S., Cerqueira, M. A., Bourbon, A. I., Pinheiro, A. C., Martins, J. T., Teixeira, J. A., Coimbra, M. A., and Vicente A. A. 2012. Chemical characterization and antioxidant activity of sulfated polysaccharide from the red seaweed Gracilaria birdiae. Food Hydrocolloid. 27: 287–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umapathy, E., Ndebia, E. J., Meeme, A., Adam, B., Menziura, P., Nkeh-Chungag, B. N., and Iputo, J. E. 2010. An experimental evaluation of Albu casetosa aqueous extract on membrane stabilization, protein denaturation and white blood cell migration during acute inflammation. J. Med. Plants Res. 4: 785–795.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Z., Song, H., and Cheng, P. 2010. Potential antioxidant and anticoagulant capacity of low molecular weight fucoidan fractions extracted from Laminaria japonica. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 46: 6–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijesekara, I., Pangestuti, R., and Kim, S. 2011. Biological activities and potential health benefits of sulfated polysaccharides derived from marine algae. Carbohydr. Polym. 84(1): 14–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, C. A., Risley, E. A., and Nuss, G. W. 1962. Carrageenan-induced edema in hind paw of the rats as an assay for anti-inflammatory drug. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 111: 544–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodman, D. D. 1996. Assessment of hepatotoxicity. In: Animal Clinical Chemistry: A Primer for Toxicologists. Evans, G. O. (Ed.). London, UK: Taylor and Francis. Pp. 71–86.
   Google Scholar
• Wooley, A. 2008. A Guide to Practical Toxicology Evaluation: Prediction and Risk (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Informa Healthcare. 465 p.
   Google Scholar
• Yan, X., Nagata, T., and Fan, X. 1998. Antioxidative activities in some common seaweeds. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 52: 253–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshie, Y., Wand, W., Hsieh, Y. P., and Suzuki, T. 2002. Compositional difference of phenolic compounds between two seaweeds, Halimeda spp. J. Tokyo Univ. Fish. 88: 21–24.
   Google Scholar