Assessment of Bioactive Potential of Aqueous Protein Extracts from Diatoms Nitzschia laevis, Spirulina platensis, and Chlorella vulgaris

References

• Ajuwon, O. R., Marnewick, J. L., and Davids, L. M. 2015. Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and its major flavonoids—potential against oxidative stress-induced conditions. Basic Principles and Clinical Significance of Oxidative Stress. doi:10.5772/61614.
   Google Scholar
• Alzahrani, M. A. J., Perera, C. O., and Hemar, Y. 2017. Production of bioactive proteins and peptides from the diatom Nitzschia laevis and comparison of their in vitro antioxidant activities with those from Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 53(3): 676–682. doi:10.1111/ijfs.13642.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbano, D., Diaz, R., Zhang, L., Sandrin, T., Gerken, H., and Dempster, T. 2015. Rapid characterization of microalgae and microalgae mixtures using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). PLoS ONE. 10(8): e0135337. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barka, A., and Blecker, C. 2016. Microalgae as potential source of single-cell proteins. A Review. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 20(3): 427–436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, E. 2007. Micro-algae as a source of protein. Biotechnol. Adv.25(2): 207–210. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.11.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleakley, S., and Hayes, M. 2017. Algal proteins: extraction, application, and challenges concerning production. Foods. 6(5): 33. doi:10.3390/foods6050033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugovsky, S., Winkler, W., Balika, W., and Allmaier, G. 2015. Long time storage (archiving) of peptide, protein and tryptic digest samples on disposable nano-coated polymer targets for MALDI MS. EuPA Open Proteom. 8(SupplementC): 48–54. doi:10.1016/j.euprot.2015.07.013.
   Google Scholar
• Colovic, M. B., Krstic, D. Z., Lazarevic-Pasti, T. D., Bondzic, A. M., and Vasic, V. M. 2013. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: pharmacology and toxicology. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 11(3): 315–335. doi:10.2174/1570159X11311030006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawczynski, C., Schubert, R., and Jahreis, G. 2007. Amino acids, fatty acids, and dietary fiber in edible seaweed products. Food Chem. 103(3): 891–899. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Morais, M. G., Da Silva Vaz, B., de Morais, E. G., and Costa, J. A. V. 2015. Biologically active metabolites synthesized by microalgae. Biomed. Res. Int. 2015(835761): 15. doi:10.1155/2015/835761.
   Google Scholar
• Ellman, G. L., Courtney, K. D., Andres, V., and Featherstone, R. M. 1961. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 7(2): 88IN191–9095. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emami, K., Hack, E., Nelson, A., et al. 2015. Proteomic-based biotyping reveals hidden diversity within a microalgae culture collection: an example using Dunaliella. Sci. Rep. 5: 10036. doi:10.1038/srep10036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO/WHO (1991). Protein quality evaluation. Report of Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. Rome, Italy: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Fleurence, J. 1999. Seaweed proteins: biochemical, nutritional aspects and potential uses. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 10(1): 25–28. doi:10.1016/S0924-2244(99)00015-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fountoulakis, M., and Lahm, H.-W. 1998. Hydrolysis and amino acid composition analysis of proteins. J. Chromatogr. A. 826(2): 109–134. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00721-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, F., and Wang, Q. 2011. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: a review. J. Environ. Manage. 92(3): 407–418. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gnaiger, E. 2007. Mitochondrial pathways and respiratory control. An introduction to OXPHOS Analysis.4th Ed. Mitochondr. Physiol. Network. 19: 80.
   Google Scholar
• Gopinath, M., and Sampathkumar, P. 2014. Antioxidant activity from ethanolic extract of diatom Nitzschia longissima. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 3(4): 1139–1149.
   Google Scholar
• Han, B. H., Zhou, M.-L., Johnson, A. W., et al. 2015. Contribution of reactive oxygen species to cerebral amyloid angiopathy, vasomotor dysfunction, and microhemorrhage in aged Tg2576 mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112(8): E881–E890. doi:10.1073/pnas.1414930112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, H.-L., Chen, X.-L., Wu, H., Sun, C.-Y., Zhang, Y.-Z., and Zhou, B.-C. 2007. High throughput and rapid screening of marine protein hydrolysates enriched in peptides with angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity by capillary electrophoresis. Bioresour. Technol. 98(18): 3499–3505. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.11.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Z., Guo, B., Wong, R., and Jiang, Y. 2007. Characterization and antioxidant activity of selenium-containing phycocyanin isolated from Spirulina platensis. Food Chem. 100(3): 1137–1143. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.11.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudaib, M. M., Tawaha, K. A., Mohammad, M. K., et al. 2011. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of the methanolic extracts of selected Jordanian medicinal plants. Pharmacogn. Mag. 7(28): 320–324. doi:10.4103/0973-1296.90413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadam, S. U., Tiwari, B. K., and O’Donnell, C. P. 2013. Application of novel extraction technologies for bioactives from marine algae. J. Agric. Food Chem. 61(20): 4667–4675. doi:10.1021/jf400819p.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, K. S., Dahms, H.-U., Won, E.-J., Lee, J.-S., and Shin, K.-H. 2015. Microalgae–A promising tool for heavy metal remediation. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 113: 329–352. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiter, L. A., and Lewanczuk, R. Z. 2005. Of the renin-angiotensin system and reactive oxygen species Type-2 diabetes and angiotensin II inhibition. Am J. Hypertension. 18(1): 121–128. doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.07.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, C.-C., Lu, Y.-C., Huang, H.-W., Lin, Y.-R., Tseng, C.-N., and Mok, H.-K. 2014. Peptide ABMOK1 designed from extracellular polymer substance (EPS) of Nitzschia sp. (Bacillariophyceae): disruption of the membrane completeness of Escherichia coli. J. Biochem. Technol. 5(3): 731–734.
   Google Scholar
• Mišurcová, L., Buňka, F., Vávra Ambrožová, J., Machů, L., Samek, D., and Kráčmar, S. 2014. Amino acid composition of algal products and its contribution to RDI. Food Chem. 151(Supplement C): 120–125. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.040.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murphy, M. P. 2009. How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species. Biochem. J. 417(1): 1–13. doi:10.1042/BJ20081386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nessa, F., and Khan, S. A. 2014. Evaluation of antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of different solvent extracts of leaves of Citrullus colocynthis. Pharmacognosy Res. 6(3): 218–226. doi:10.4103/0974-8490.132599.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nishikimi, M., Rao, N. A., and Yagi, K. 1972. The occurrence of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulfate and molecular oxygen. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 46(2): 849–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyaizu, M. 1986. Studies on products of browning reaction. Japanese J. Nutr. Diet. 44(6): 307–315. doi:10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307.
   Google Scholar
• Pangestuti, R., and Kim, S.-K. 2010. Neuroprotective properties of chitosan and its derivatives. Mar. Drugs. 8(7): 2117–2128. doi:10.3390/md8072117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pangestuti, R., and Kim, S.-K. 2011. Neuroprotective effects of marine algae. Mar. Drugs. 9(5): 803–818. doi:10.3390/md9050803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizzino, G., Irrera, I., Cucinotta, M., et al. 2017. Oxidative stress: harms and benefits for human health. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. Article ID 8416763: 13 pages. doi:10.1155/2017/8416763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riss, J., Décordé, K., Sutra, T., et al. 2007. Phycobiliprotein C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis is powerfully responsible for reducing oxidative stress and NADPH oxidase expression induced by an atherogenic diet in hamsters. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55(19): 7962–7967. doi:10.1021/jf070529g.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanker, S., Chandrasekharan, U. M., Wilk, D., Glynias, M. J., Karnik, S. S., and Husain, A. 1997. Distinct multisite synergistic interactions determine substrate specificities of human chymase and rat chymase-1 for angiotensin II formation and degradation. J. Biol. Chem. 272(5): 2963–2968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwager, S. L., Carmona, A. K., and Sturrock, E. D. 2006. A high-throughput fluorometric assay for angiotensin I-converting enzyme. Nat. Protoc. 1(4): 1961–1964. doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalaby, E. A., and Shanab, S. M. 2013. Comparison of DPPH and ABTS assays for determining antioxidant potential of water and methanol extracts of Spirulina platensis. Indian J. Geo-Marine Sci. 42: 556–564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simić, S., Kosanic, M., and Rankovic, B. 2012. Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of green microalgae Trentepohlia umbrina. Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj Napoca. 40(2): 86–91. doi:10.15835/nbha4027933.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singleton, V. L., and Rossi, J. A. 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 16(3): 144–158.
   Google Scholar
• Smit, A. J. 2004. Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products: a review. J. Appl. Phycol. 16(4): 245–262. doi:10.1023/B:JAPH.0000047783.36600.ef.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, H.-N., Xie, -B.-B., Chen, X.-L., et al. 2010. Efficient separation and purification of allophycocyanin from Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis. J. Appl. Phycol. 22(1): 65–70. doi:10.1007/s10811-009-9427-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suetsuna, K., and Chen, J.-R. 2001. Identification of antihypertensive peptides from peptic digest of two microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis. Mar. Biotechnol. 3(4): 305–309. doi:10.1007/s10126-001-0012-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchorbanov, B., and Bozhkova, M. 1988. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cell proteins in green algae chlorella and scenedesmus after extraction with organic solvents. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 10(4): 233–238. doi:10.1016/0141-0229(88)90072-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varagic, J., and Frohlich, E. D. 2002. Local cardiac renin–angiotensin system: hypertension and cardiac failure. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 34(11): 1435–1442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veith, T., Brauns, J., Weisheit, W., Mittag, M., and Büchel, C. 2009. Identification of a specific fucoxanthin-chlorophyll protein in the light harvesting complex of photosystem I in the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Bioenerg. 1787(7): 905–912. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.04.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villas-Bôas, S. G., Delicado, D. G., Åkesson, M., and Nielsen, J. 2003. Simultaneous analysis of amino and nonamino organic acids as methyl chloroformate derivatives using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal. Biochem. 322(1): 134–138. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2003.07.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkmann, H., Imianovsky, U., Oliveira, J. L. B., and Sant’Anna, E. S. 2008. Cultivation of Arthrospira (spirulina) platensis in desalinator wastewater and salinated synthetic medium: protein content and amino-acid profile. Brazilian J. Microbiol. 39: 98–101. doi:10.1590/S1517-838220080001000022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H.-M., Pan, J.-L., Chen, C.-Y., et al. 2010. Identification of anti-lung cancer extract from Chlorella vulgaris C-C by antioxidant property using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Process Biochem. 45(12): 1865–1872. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2010.05.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegand, I., Hilpert, K., and Hancock, R. E. 2008. Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances. Nat. Protoc. 3(2): 163–175. doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y., and Xu, C. 2008. Structure and function of angiotensin converting enzyme and its inhibitors. Chin. J. Biotechnol. 24(2): 171–176.
   Google Scholar