States of minds in narcissistic personality disorder: Three psychotherapies analyzed using the grid of problematic states

References

• Akhtar , S. and Thomson , J. A. 1982 . Overview: Narcissistic personality disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 139 ( 1 ) : 12 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.) . Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Angus , L. , Levitt , H. and Hardtke , K. 1999 . The narrative processes coding system: Research applications and implications in psychotherapy . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 55 : 1255 – 1270 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angus , L. , & McLeod , J. . 2004 . The handbook of narrative and psychotherapy: Practice, theory and research . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1988 . A secure base , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Bradley , R. , Heim , A. and Westen , D. 2005 . Transference phenomena in the psychotherapy of personality disorders: Empirical investigation . British Journal of Psychiatry , 186 : 342 – 349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruner , J. S. 1990 . Acts of meaning , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bushman , B. J. and Baumeister , R. F. 1998 . Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 219 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , W. K. 1999 . Narcissism and romantic attraction . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 77 : 1254 – 1270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , W. K. and Sedikides , C. 1999 . Self-threat magnifies the self-serving bias: A meta-analytic integration . Review of General Psychology , 3 : 23 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Carcione , A. , Dimaggio , G. , Falcone , M. , Nicoló , G. , Procacci , M. , & Semerari , A. 1999 . Manuale per l'utilizzazione della griglia degli stati problematici [Handbook for the use of the Grid of Problematic States]. Unpublished manuscript .
   Google Scholar
• Carcione , A. , Mergenthaler , E. , Nicolò , G. , Pontalti , I. , Semerari , A. , Catania , D. et al. . ( 2001 , June ) . Comparing the therapeutic cycle model, the Computer Referential Activity, the Grid of Problematic States, and the Metacognition Scale from three cognitive psychotherapeutic treatments: An integrative study . Paper presented at the 32nd International Conference of the Society of Psychotherapy Research, Montevideo, Uruguay .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , A. 1998 . “ Further developments in the clinical diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder ” . In Disorders of narcissism: Diagnostic, clinical, and empirical implications , Edited by: Ronningstam , E. F. 53 – 74 . New York : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dimaggio , G. , Carcione , A. , Petrilli , M. , Procacci , M. , Semerari , A. and Nicolò , G. 2005 . States of mind organization in personality disorders. Typical states and the triggering of inter-state shifts . Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , 12 : 346 – 359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimaggio , G. , Fiore , D. , Lysaker , P. H. , Petrilli , D. , Salvatore , G. , Semerari , A. and Nicolò , G. 2006 . Early transference patterns in narcissistic personality disorder: A single case exploratory study from the perspective of dialogical self theory . Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice , 79 : 495 – 516 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimaggio , G. and Semerari , A. 2004 . “ Disorganized narratives: The psychological condition and its treatment ” . In The handbook of narrative and psychotherapy , Edited by: Angus , L. E. and McLeod , J. 263 – 282 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Dimaggio , G. , Semerari , A. , Carcione , A. , Nicolò , G. and Procacci , M. 2007 . Psychotherapy of personality disorder: Metacognition, states of mind and interpersonal cycles , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Dimaggio , G. , Semerari , A. , Falcone , M. , Nicolò , G. , Carcione , A. and Procacci , M. 2002 . Metacognition, states of mind, cognitive biases and interpersonal cycles. Proposal for an integrated model of narcissism . Journal of Psychotherapy Integration , 12 : 421 – 451 .
   Google Scholar
• Fiore , D. , Dimaggio , G. , Nicolo , G. , Semerari , A. and Carcione , A. 2008 . Metacognitive interpersonal therapy in a case of obsessive-compulsive and avoidant personality disorders . Journal of Clinical Psychology: In-session , 64 : 168 – 180 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• First , M. B. , Gibbon , M. , Spitzer , R. L. , Williams , J. B.W. and Benjamin , L. S. 1997 . Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SCID-II) , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fossati , A. , Beauchaine , T. P. , Grazioli , F. , Carretta , I. , Cortinovis , F. and Maffei , C. 2005 . A latent structure analysis of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, narcissistic personality disorder criteria . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 46 : 361 – 367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraley , C. and Raftery , A. E. 1998 . How many clusters? Which clustering method? Answers via model-based cluster analysis . The Computer Journal , 41 : 578 – 588 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbard , G. O. 1998 . “ Transference and countertransference in the treatment of narcissistic patients ” . In Disorders of narcissism: Diagnostic, clinical, and empirical implications , Edited by: Ronningstam , E. F. 125 – 145 . New York : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel , M. T. , Critelli , J. W. and Ee , J. S. 1994 . Narcissistic illusions in self-evaluations of intelligence and attractiveness . Journal of Personality , 62 : 143 – 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermas , T. and Bluck , S. 2000 . Getting a life: The emergence of the life story in adolescence . Psychological Bulletin , 126 : 748 – 769 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman , H. H. 1976 . Modern factor analysis , 3rd ed. , Chicago : University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hermans , H. J. M. and Dimaggio , G. 2004 . The dialogical self in psychotherapy , London : Brunner-Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz , M. J. 1987 . States of mind. Configurational analysis of individual psychology , 2nd ed. , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz , M. J. 1989 . Clinical phenomenology of narcissistic pathology . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 12 : 531 – 539 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jellema , A. 2000 . Insecure attachment states: Their relationship to borderline and narcissistic personality disorders and treatment process in cognitive analytic therapy . Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , 7 : 138 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John , O. P. and Robins , R. W. 1994 . Accuracy and bias in self-perception: Individual differences in self-enhancement and the role of narcissism . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 66 : 206 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , G. A. 1955 . The psychology of personal constructs , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Kernberg , O. F. 1975 . Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism , New York : Jason Aaronson .
   Google Scholar
• Kohut , H. 1971 . The analysis of the self , New York : International University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kohut , H. 1977 . The restoration of the self , New York : International University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mandler , J. 1984 . Scripts, stories, and scenes: Aspects of schema theory , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Mergenthaler , E. 1996 . Emotion abstraction patterns in verbatim protocols: A new way of describing psychotherapeutic processes . Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology , 64 : 1306 – 1315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millon , T. and Davis , R. D. 1996 . Disorders of personality: DSM-IV and beyond , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Modell , A. H. 1984 . Psychoanalysis in a new context , New York : International University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Morf , C. C. and Rhodewalt , F. 1993 . Narcissism and selfevaluation maintainance: Explorations in object relations . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 19 : 668 – 676 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neimeyer , R. A. 2000 . “ Narrative disruptions in the construction of the self ” . In Constructions of disorder , Edited by: Neimeyer , R. A. and Raskin , J. D. 207 – 242 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Nicolò , G. , & Pedone , R. , Dimaggio , G. , Semerari , A. , & Carcione , A. (in press) . How states of mind change during psychotherapy. Analysis of Lisa's case with the Problematic Stages Grid . Psychotherapy Research .
   Google Scholar
• Paulhus , D. L. 1998 . Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixed blessing? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 1197 – 1208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raskin , R. N. and Hall , C. S. 1979 . A narcissistic personality inventory . Psychological Reports , 45 : 590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodewalt , F. and Morf , C. C. 1998 . On self-aggrandizement and anger: A temporal analysis of narcissism and affective reactions to success and failure . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 672 – 685 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins , R. W. and Beer , J. 2001 . Positive illusions about the self: Short term benefits and long-term costs . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 : 340 – 352 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld , H. 1987 . Impasse and interpretation , London : Tavistock .
   Google Scholar
• Ryle , A. and Kerr , I. 2002 . Introducing cognitive analytic therapy. Principles and practice , Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Semerari , A , Carcione , A. , Dimaggio , G. , Falcone , M. , Nicolò , G. Procacci , M. 2003a . Assessing problematic states inside patients’ narratives. The grid of problematic conditions . Psychotherapy Research , 13 : 337 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semerari , A. , Carcione , A. , Dimaggio , G. , Falcone , M. , Nicolò , G. , Procacci , M. and Alleva , G. 2003b . The evaluation of metacognitive functioning in psychotherapy: The Metacognition Assessment Scale and its applications . Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , 10 : 238 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shedler , J. and Westen , D. 2004 . Dimensions of personality pathology: An alternative to the five-factor model . American Journal of Psychiatry , 161 : 1743 – 1754 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrout , P. E. and Fleiss , J. L. 1979 . Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability . Psychological Bulletin , 86 : 420 – 428 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolewska , S. and Dion , K. L. 2005 . Narcissism and adult attachment: A multivariate approach . Self and Identity , 4 : 59 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles , W. B. 2005 . “ Case studies ” . In Evidence-based practices in mental health: Debate and dialogue on the fundamental questions , Edited by: Norcross , J. C. , Beutler , L. E. and Levant , R. F. 57 – 64 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Tracy , J. L. and Robins , R. W. 2003 . Death of a (narcissistic) salesman”: An integrative model of fragile self-esteem . Psychological Inquiry , 14 : 57 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twenge , J. M. and Campbell , W. K. 2003 . Isn't it fun to get the respect that we're going to deserve?” Narcissism, social rejection, and aggression . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 29 : 261 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westen , D. and Shedler , J. 1999 . Revising and assessing axis II: Part I. Developing a clinically and empirically valid assessment method . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 258 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , J. E. 1990 . Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema focused approach , Sarasota, FL : Practitioner's Resource Series .
   Google Scholar
• Young , J. E. , Klosko , J. S. and Weishaar , M. E. 2003 . Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar