1,671
Views
51
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Change mechanisms in psychotherapy: Multiperspective assessment and relation to outcome

, , , , &
Pages 105-116 | Received 22 Mar 2012, Accepted 22 Oct 2012, Published online: 29 Nov 2012

References

  • American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostisches und Statistisches Manual Psychischer Störungen - Textversion. DSM-IV-TR [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. DSM-IV-TR] . Göttingen : Hogrefe .
  • Andrusyna , T.P. , Tang , T.Z. , DeRubeis , R.J. and Luborsky , L. 2001 . The factor structure of the Working Alliance Inventory in cognitive-behavioral therapy . Journal of Psychotherapy Practice & Research , 10 ( 3 ) : 173 – 178 .
  • Backhaus , K. , Erichson , B. , Wulff , P. and Weiber , R. 2010 . Multivariate Analysemethoden: Eine anwendungsorientierte Einführung [multivariat analysis methods: An application-oriented introduction] , 12th edition , Berlin, Heidelberg , New York : Springer .
  • Bordin , E.S. 1979 . The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance . Psychotherapy: Theory, research & practice , 16 ( 3 ) : 252 – 260 . doi: 10.1037/h0085885
  • Bühner , M. 2010 . Einführung in die Test- und Fragebogenkonstruktion [Introduction to test and questionnaire-construction] , 3rd ed. , München : Pearson Studium .
  • Cummings , A.L. , Martin , J. , Hallberg , E.T. and Slemon , A. 1992 . Memory for therapeutic events, session effectiveness, and working alliance in short-term counseling . Journal of Counseling Psycholology , 39 : 306 – 312 . doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.39.3.306
  • Elvins , R. and Green , J. 2008 . The conceptualization and measurement of therapeutic alliance: An empirical review . Clinical Psychology Review , 28 ( 7 ) : 1167 – 1187 . doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.04.002
  • Field , A. 2009 . Discovering statistics using SPSS , 3rd ed. , London : Sage .
  • Flückiger , C. , Caspar , F. , Holtforth , M.G. and Willutzki , U. 2009 . Working with patients’ strengths: A microprocess approach . Psychotherapy Research , 19 ( 2 ) : 213 – 223 . doi: 10.1080/10503300902755300
  • Flückiger , C. and Holtforth , M.G. 2008 . Focusing the therapist's attention on the patient's strengths: A preliminary study to foster a mechanism of change in outpatient psychotherapy . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 64 ( 7 ) : 876 – 890 . doi: 10.1002/jclp.20493
  • Flückiger , C. , Regli , D. , Zwahlen , D. , Hostettler , S. and Caspar , F. 2010 . Der Berner Patienten- und Therapeutenstundenbogen 2000: Ein Instrument zur Erfassung von Therapieprozessen [The Bern Post Session Report for Patients and for Therapists 2000: An instrument to measure therapy processes] . Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie: Forschung und Praxis , 39 ( 2 ) : 71 – 79 . doi: 10.1026/1616-3443/a000015
  • Franke , G.H. 2002 . Die Symptom-Checkliste von L.R. Derogatis (1977) - Deutsche Version [Symptom Check List 90 Items Revised (Derogatis, L.R., 1977) - German version] , Göttingen : Beltz Test GmbH .
  • Gassmann , D. and Grawe , K. 2006 . General change mechanisms: The relation between problem activation and resource activation in successful and unsuccessful therapeutic Interactions . Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy , 13 ( 1 ) : 1 – 11 . doi: 10.1002/cpp.442
  • Grawe , K. 1995 . Grundriss einer Allgemeinen Psychotherapie [Outline of a “general psychotherapy”] . Psychotherapeut , 40 : 130 – 145 .
  • Grawe , K. 1997 . Research-informed psychotherapy . Psychotherapy Research , 7 ( 1 ) : 1 – 19 . doi: 10.1080/10503309712331331843
  • Grawe , K. 1999 . Gründe und Vorschlaege für eine Allgemeine Psychotherapie [Reasons and purposes for a General Psychotherapy] . Psychotherapeut , 44 ( 6 ) : 350 – 359 . doi: 10.1007/s002780050190
  • Grawe , K. 2004 . Psychological therapy , Cambridge : Hogrefe & Huber .
  • Grawe , K. , Donati , R. and Bernauer , F. 1994 . Psychotherapie im Wandel - von der Konfession zur Profession [Psychotherapy in transition: From faith to facts] , Goettingen : Hogrefe .
  • Guédeney , N. , Fermanian , J. , Curt , F. and Bifulco , A. 2005 . Testing the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) in a French primary care setting: Predictive value and factor structure . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 40 ( 10 ) : 844 – 852 . doi: 10.1007/s00127-005-0972-4
  • Hatcher , R.L. and Barends , A.W. 1996 . Patients’ view of the alliance in psychotherapy: Exploratory factor analysis of three alliance measures . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 64 ( 6 ) : 1326 – 1336 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1326
  • Hatcher , R.L. and Gillaspy , J.A. 2006 . Development and validation of a revised short version of the Working Alliance Inventory . Psychotherapy Research , 16 ( 1 ) : 12 – 25 . doi: 10.1080/10503300500352500
  • Hautzinger , M. , Bailer , M. , Worall , H. and Keller , F. 1994 . Beck Depressionsinventar [Beck Depression Inventory] , Bern : Huber .
  • Heck , R.H. , Thomas , S.L. and Tabata , L.N. 2010 . Multilevel and longitudinal modeling with IBM SPSS , New York : Taylor & Francis .
  • Horvath , A.O. and Greenberg , L.S. 1986 . “ The development of the Working Alliance Inventory ” . In The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook , Edited by: Greenberg , L.S. and Pinsof , W.M. 529 – 556 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Hu , L. and Bentler , P.M. 1999 . Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives . Structural Equation Modeling , 6 ( 1 ) : 1 – 55 . doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Joliffe , I.T. 1972 . Discarding variables in a principal component analysis, I: Artificial data . Applied Statistics , 21 : 160 – 173 . doi: 10.2307/2346488
  • Joliffe , I.T. 1986 . Principal component analysis , New York : Springer .
  • Keller , S.M. , Zoellner , L.A. and Feeny , N.C. 2010 . Understanding factors associated with early therapeutic alliance in PTSD treatment: Adherence, childhood sexual abuse history, and social support . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 78 ( 6 ) : 974 – 979 . doi: 10.1037/a0020758
  • Kivlighan , D.M. and Arthur , E.G. 2000 . Convergence in client and counselor recall of important session events . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 47 : 79 – 84 . doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.79
  • Lambert , M.J. , Hansen , N.B. and Finch , A.E. 2001 . Patient-focused research: Using patient outcome data to enhance treatment effects . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 69 ( 2 ) : 159 – 172 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.69.2.159
  • Lutz , W. 2003 . Die Wiederentdeckung des Individuums in der Psychotherapieforschung: Ein Beitrag zur patientenorientierten Psychotherapieforschung und Qualitaetssicherung [Rediscovery of the individual in psychotherapy research. A contribution to patient-oriented psychotherapy research and quality control] , Tuebingen : DGVT Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Verhaltenstherapie .
  • Munder , T. , Wilmers , F. , Leonhart , R. , Linster , H.W. and Barth , J. 2010 . Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised (WAI-SR9: Psychometric properties in outpatients and inpatients . Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , 17 ( 3 ) : 231 – 239 .
  • Norcross , J.C. and Lambert , M.J. 2011 . Psychotherapy relationships that work II . Psychotherapy , 48 ( 1 ) : 4 – 8 . doi: 10.1037/a0022180
  • Orlinsky , D.E. 2009 . The “Generic Model of Psychotherapy” after 25 years: Evolution of a research-based metatheory . Journal of Psychotherapy Integration , 19 ( 4 ) : 319 – 339 . doi: 10.1037/a0017973
  • Orlinsky , D.E. , Ronnestad , M.H. and Willutzki , U. 2004 . “ Fifty years of psychotherapy process-outcome research: Continuity and change ” . In Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change , 5th ed. , Edited by: Lambert , M.J. 307 – 389 . New York : Wiley .
  • Paul , T. and Thiel , A. 2005 . Eating Disorder Inventory-2 , Göttingen : Hogrefe .
  • Prochaska , J.O. and Norcross , J.C. 2010 . Systems of psychotherapy: A transtheoretical analysis , 7th ed. , Belmont , CA : Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing .
  • Prochaska , J.O. and Prochaska , J.M. 2010 . “ Self-directed change: A transtheoretical model ” . In Social psychological foundations of clinical psychology , Edited by: Maddux , J.E. and Tangney , J.P. 431 – 440 . New York : Guilford Press .
  • Reis , B.F. and Brown , L.G. 1999 . Reducing psychotherapy dropouts: Maximizing perspective convergence in the psychotherapy dyad . Psychotherapy , 36 : 123 – 136 . doi: 10.1037/h0087822
  • Regli , D. , & Grawe , K. 2000 . Die Berner Patienten- und Therapeutenstundenbogen [The Bernise Post Session Report] . Unveröffentlichtes Manuskript, Universität Bern .
  • Rief , W. , Hiller , W. and Heuser , J. 1997 . SOMS - Das Screening für Somatoforme Störungen [Screening for Somatoform Symptoms] , 1st ed. , Bern : Huber .
  • Rush , A. J. , Trivedi , M. H. , Ibrahim , H. M. , Carmody , T. J. , Arnow , B. Klein , D. N. 2003 . The 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): A psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression . Biological Psychiatry , 54 ( 5 ) : 573 – 583 . doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01866-8
  • Smith , E.C. and Grawe , K. 2005 . Which therapeutic mechanisms work when? A step towards the formulation of empirically validated guidelines for therapists’ session-to-session decisions . Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy , 12 ( 2 ) : 112 – 123 . doi: 10.1002/cpp.427
  • Stangier , U. , Von Consbruch , K. , Schramm , E. and Heidenreich , T. 2010 . Common factors of cognitive therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy in the treatment of social phobia . Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal , 23 ( 3 ) : 289 – 301 . doi: 10.1080/10615800903180239
  • Tracey , T.J. and Kokotovic , A.M. 1989 . Factor structure of the Working Alliance Inventory . Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 1 ( 3 ) : 207 – 210 .
  • Tryon , G.S. , Blackwell , S.C. and Hammel , E.F. 2007 . A meta-analytic examination of client-therapist perspectives of the working alliance . Psychotherapy Research , 17 ( 6 ) : 629 – 642 . doi: 10.1080/10503300701320611
  • Tschacher , W. , Baur , N. and Grawe , K. 2000 . Temporal interaction of process variables in psychotherapy . Psychotherapy Research , 10 ( 3 ) : 296 – 308 . doi: 10.1093/ptr/10.3.296
  • Tschitsaz-Stucki , A. and Lutz , W. 2009 . Identifikation und Aufklärung von Veränderungssprüngen im individuellen Psychotherapieverlauf [Identification and clarification of sudden gains and sudden losses in individual psychotherapy courses] . Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie: Forschung und Praxis , 38 ( 1 ) : 13 – 23 . doi: 10.1026/1616-3443.38.1.13
  • Webb , C.A. , DeRubeis , R.J. , Amsterdam , J.D. , Shelton , R.C. , Hollon , S.D. and Dimidjian , S. 2011 . Two aspects of the therapeutic alliance: Differential relations with depressive symptom change . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 79 ( 3 ) : 279 – 283 . doi: 10.1037/a0023252
  • Wilmers , F. , Munder , T. , Leonhart , R. , Herzog , T. , Plassmann , R. Barth , J. 2008 . Die deutschsprachige Version des Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised (WAI-SR) - Ein schulenübergreifendes, ökonomisches und empirisch validiertes Instrument zur Erfassung der therapeutischen Allianz [The German version of the Working Alliance Inventory - Short Revised (WAI-SR) - A pantheoretic, economical, and empirically validated instrument to assess therapeutic alliance] . Klinische Diagnostik und Evaluation , 1 ( 3 ) : 343 – 358 .
  • Wittchen , H.U. , Wunderlich , U. , Gruschwitz , S. and Zaudig , M. 1997 . Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV (SKID I) [the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID I)] , Göttingen , , Germany : Hogrefe .
  • Wittorf , A. , Jakobi , U. , Bechdolf , A. , Müller , B. , Sartory , G. Wagner , M. 2009 . The influence of baseline symptoms and insight on the therapeutic alliance early in the treatment of schizophrenia . European Psychiatry , 24 ( 4 ) : 259 – 267 . doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.12.015
  • Wittorf , A. , Jakobi , U.E. , Bannert , K.K. , Bechdolf , A. , Müller , B.W. Sartory , G. 2010 . Does the cognitive dispute of psychotic symptoms do harm to the therapeutic alliance . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 198 ( 7 ) : 478 – 485 . doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181e4f526
  • Zeeck , A. and Hartmann , A. 2005 . Relating therapeutic process to outcome: Are there predictors for the short-term course in anorexic patients? . European Eating Disorders Review , 13 ( 4 ) : 245 – 254 . doi: 10.1002/erv.646
  • Znoj , H.-J. , Messerli-Burgy , N. , Tschopp , S. , Weber , R. , Christen , L. Christen , S. 2009 . Psychotherapeutic process of cognitive-behavioral intervention in HIV-infected persons: Results from a controlled, randomized prospective clinical trial . Psychotherapy Research , 20 ( 2 ) : 203 – 213 . doi: 10.1080/10503300903246663

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.