Processes and changes experienced by clients during and after naturalistic good-outcome therapies conducted by experienced psychotherapists

References

• Alexander, F., & French, T. (1946). Psychoanalytic therapy. New York, NY: Roland Press.
   Google Scholar
• Altimir, C., Krause, M., de la Parra, G., Dagino, P., Tomicic, A., Nelson, V., … Vilches, O. (2010). Clients’, therapists’, and observers’ agreement on the amount, temporal location, and content of psychotherapeutic change and its relation to outcome. Psychotherapy Research, 20, 472–487. doi: 10.1080/10503301003705871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergin, A. E., & Garfield, S. L. (1994). Overview, trends and future issues. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed., pp. 821–830). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Beutler, L. E. (1979). Toward specific psychological therapies for specific conditions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 882–897. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.47.5.882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutler, L. E. (2014). Welcome to the party, but. … : A response to Laska, Gurman, and Wampold. Psychotherapy, 51, 496–499. doi: 10.1037/a0036540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder, P. E., Holgersen, H., & Nielsen, G. H. (2009). Why did I change when I went to therapy? A qualitative analysis of former patients’ conceptions of successful psychotherapy. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 9, 250–256. doi: 10.1080/14733140902898088
   Google Scholar
• Bohart, A. C., & Tallman, K. (1999). How clients make therapy work: The process of active self-healing. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Bohart, A. C., & Wade, A. G. (2013). The client in psychotherapy. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (6th ed., pp. 219–257). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Booth, H., Cushway, D., & Newnes, C. (1997). Counseling in general practice: Clients’ perceptions of significant events and outcome. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 10, 175–187. doi: 10.1080/09515079708254170
   Google Scholar
• Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 16, 252–260. doi: 10.1037/h0085885
   Google Scholar
• Busch, F. (1995). The ego at the center of clinical technique. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Castonguay, L., & Hill, C. E. (Eds.). (2012). Transformation in psychotherapy: Corrective experiences across cognitive behavioral, humanistic, and psychodynamic approaches. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Castonguay, L. G., Boswell, J. F., Zack, S., Baker, S., Boutselis, M. A., Chiswick, N. R., … Borkovec, T. D. (2010). Helpful and hindering events in psychotherapy: A practice research network study. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 47, 327–344. doi: 10.1037/a0021164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crits-Christoph, P., Connolly Gibbons, M., & Mukherjee, D. (2013). Process outcome research. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (6th ed., pp. 298–340). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Dahl, H. J., Røssberg, J. I., Crits-Christoph, P., Gabbard, G. O., Hersoug, A. G., Perry, J. C., … Høglend, P. A. (2014). Long-term effects of analysis of the patient-therapist relationship in the context of patients’ personality pathology and therapists’ personal feelings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82, 460–471. doi: 10.1037/a0036410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRubeis, R. J., Siegle, G. J., & Hollon, S. D. (2008). Cognitive therapy versus medication for depression: Treatment outcomes and neural mechanisms. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 788–796. doi: 10.1038/nrn2345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doss, B. D. (2004). Changing the way we study change in psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 368–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, R. (2010). Psychotherapy change process research: Realizing the promise. Psychotherapy Research, 20, 123–135. doi: 10.1080/10503300903470743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, R., & Shapiro, D. A. (1988). Brief structured recall: A more efficient method for studying significant therapy events. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 61, 141–153. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1988.tb02773.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, R., & Timulak, L. (2005). Descriptive and interpretive approaches to qualitative research. In J. Miles & P. Gilbert (Eds.), A handbook of research methods in clinical and health psychology (pp. 147–159). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62, 107–115. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenström, F., Grant, J., Broberg, J., & Sandell, R. (2007). Self-analysis and post-termination improvement after psychoanalysis and long-term psychotherapy. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 55, 629–674. doi: 10.1177/00030651070550020401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleiss, J. L. (1981). Statistical methods for rates and proportions (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1937). Analysis terminable and interminable. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 18, 373–405.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967/2006). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction.
   Google Scholar
• Goldfried, M. R. (1980). Toward the delineation of therapeutic change principles. American Psychologist, 35(11), 991–999. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.35.11.991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grande, T., Keller, W., & Rudolf, G. (2012). What happens after treatment: Can structural change be a predictor of long-term outcome?. In R. A. Levy S. J. Ablon, & H. Kächele (Eds.), Psychodynamic psychotherapy research: Evidence-based practice and practice-based evidence (pp. 169–183). New York, NY: Humana Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S. (2011). Emotion-focused therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Assosiation.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S., & Pinsof, W. (1986). The psychotherapeutic process. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Høglend, P. (2003). Long-term effects of brief dynamic psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 13, 271–292. doi: 10.1093/ptr/kpg031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollon, D. H., Stewart, M. O., & Strunk, D. (2006). Enduring effects for cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 285–315. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückinger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work (2nd ed., pp. 25–69). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hubble, M. A., Duncan, B. L., & Miller, S. D. (1999). The heart and soul of change. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, P., Høglend, P., Ulberg, R., Amlo, S., Marble, A., Bøgwald, K-P., … Heyerdal, O. (2010). The mediating role of insight for long-term improvements in psychodynamic therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 438–448. doi: 10.1037/a0019245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killingmo, B. (1989). Conflict and deficit: Implications for technique. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 70, 65–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolden, G. G. (1991). The generic model of psychotherapy: An empirical investigation of patterns of process and outcome relationships. Psychotherapy Research, 1, 62–73. doi: 10.1080/10503309112331334071
   Google Scholar
• Krause, M. (2015). Case sampling for psychotherapy practice, theory, and policy guidance: Qualities and quantities. Psychotherapy Research. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2015.1051161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. J. (2011). Psychotherapy research and its achievements. In J. C. Norcross, G. R. VandenBos, & D. K. Freedheim (Eds.), History of psychotherapy: Continuity and change (2nd ed., pp. 299–332). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. J. (2013). The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (6th ed., pp. 219–257). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. J., Burlingame, G. M., Umphress, V., Hansen, N. B., Vermeersch, D. A., Clouse, G. C., & Yanchar, S. C. (1996b). The reliability and validity of the outcome questionnaire. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 3, 249–258. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199612)3:4<249::AID-CPP106>3.0.CO;2-S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. J., Hansen, N. B., Umphress, V., Lunnen, K., Okiishi, J., Burlingame, G. M., & Reisinger, C. W. (1996a). Administration and scoring manual for the OQ-45.2. East Setauket, NY: American Professional Credentialing Services.
   Google Scholar
• Laska, K. M., Gurman, A. S., & Wampold, B. E. (2014). Expanding the lens of evidence-based practice in psychotherapy: A common factors perspective. Psychotherapy, 51, 467–481. doi: 10.1037/a0034332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leuzinger-Bohleber, M., Stuhr, U., Rüger, B., & Beutel, M. (2003). How to study the quality of psychoanalytic treatments and their long-term effects on patients’ well-being: A representative, multi-perspective follow-up study. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 84, 263–290. doi: 10.1516/C387-0AFM-4P34-M4BT
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt, H., Butler, M., & Hill, T. (2006) What clients find helpful in psychotherapy: Developing principles for facilitating moment-to-moment change. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 314–324. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberman, B. L. (1978). The role of mastery in psychotherapy: Maintenance of improvement and prescriptive change. In J. D. Frank R., S. D. Hoehn-Saric, B. L. Imber, A. Liberman, & R. Stone (Eds.), Effective ingredients of successful psychotherapy. (pp. 35–72) New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
   Google Scholar
• Lippe, A. L. von der, Oddli, H. W., Halvorsen, M. S. (2014, June). How do highly experienced therapists succeed with ‘difficult-to-treat’ clients? Paper presented at SPR-conference, Copenhagen.
   Google Scholar
• Llewelyn, S. P. (1988). Psychological therapy as viewed by clients and therapists. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27, 223–237. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1988.tb00779.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llewelyn, S. P., Elliott, R., Shapiro, D. A., Hardy, G., & Firth-Cozens, J. (1988). Client perceptions of significant events in prescriptive and exploratory periods of individual therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27, 105–114. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1988.tb00758.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludgate, J. W. (1998). Treatment maintenance and relapse prevention. In P. M. Salkovskis (Ed.), Comprehensive clinical psychology (Vol. 6), pp. 251–263. Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• McLeod, J. (2013). Qualitative research. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavioral change (6th ed., pp. 219–257). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Moreno, J. K., Furhiman, A., & Hileman, E. (1995). Significant events in a psychodynamic psychotherapy group for eating disorders. GROUP, 19, 56–62. doi: 10.1007/BF01458191
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson, T., Svensson, M., Sandell, R., & Clinton, D. (2007). Patients’ experience of change in cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy: A qualitative comparative study. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 553–566. doi: 10.1080/10503300601139988
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., & Lambert, M. J. (2011). Evidence-based therapy relationships. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work (2nd ed., pp. 3–21). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., & Wampold, B. E. (2011). Evidence-based therapy relationships: Research conclusions and clinical practices. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work (2nd ed., pp. 423–430). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Orlinsky, D. E. (2009). The “Generic model of psychotherapy” after 25 years: Evolution of a research-based metatheory. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 19, 319–339. doi: 10.1037/a0017973
   Google Scholar
• Orlinsky, D. E., & Howard, K. I. (1987). A generic model of psychotherapy. Journal of Integrative and Eclective Psychotherapy, 6, 6–27.
   Google Scholar
• Orlinsky, D. E., Rønnestad, M. H., & Willutzki, U. (2004). Fifty years of psychotherapy process-outcome research: Continuity and change. In M. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (5th ed., pp. 307–389). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Perren, S., Godfrey, M., & Rowland, N. (2009). The long-term effects of counselling: The process and mechanisms that contribute to ongoing change from a user perspective. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 9, 241–249. doi: 10.1080/14733140903150745
   Google Scholar
• Rønnestad, M. H. (2009). An intensive process-out-come study of the interpersonal aspects of psychotherapy. Application for the council of research. Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, August 2009. Retrieved from http://www.psykologi.uio.no/personer/vit/helgero_linker/process%20_outcome_study.Pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rønnestad, M. H., Gullestad, S. E., Halvorsen, M., Haavind, H., Lippe, A. L. von der, … Reichelt, S. (2014). The outcomes of therapies conducted by highly experienced therapists. Paper presented at SPR-conference, Copenhagen.
   Google Scholar
• Rønnestad, M. H., & Skovholt, T. M. (2013). The developing practitioner: Growth and stagnation of therapists and counselors. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Roth, A., & Fonagy, P. (2005). What works for whom: A critical review of psychotherapy research (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stänicke, E. (2010). Analytic change after analysis: A conceptual case-based follow-up study (doctoral dissertation). Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway, Oslo.
   Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B., Hill, C. E., & Elliott, R. (2014). Looking both ways. Psychotherapy Research, 25, 282–293. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2014.981681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strunk, D. R., DeRubeis, R. J., Chiu A. W., & Alvarez, J. (2007). Patients’ competence in and performance of cognitive therapy skills: Relation to the reduction of relapse risk following treatment for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 523–530. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.4.523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svanborg, C., Bäärnhielm, S., Wistedt, A. Å., & Lützen, K. (2008). Helpful and hindering factors for remission in dysthymia and panic disorder at 9-year follow-up: A mixed methods study. BMC Psychiatry 2008, 8, 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Timulak, L. (2007). Identifying core categories of client identified impact of helpful events in psychotherapy: A qualitative meta-analysis. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 305–314. doi: 10.1080/10503300600608116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timulak, L. (2010). Significant events in psychotherapy: An update of research findings. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 83, 421–447. doi: 10.1348/147608310X499404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulberg, R., Høglend, P., Marble, A., & Sørbye, Ø. (2009). From submission to autonomy: Approaching independent decision making. A single case study in a randomized controlled study of long-term effects of dynamic psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 63, 227–243.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Umpress, V. J., Lambert, M. J., Smart, D. W., Barlow, S. H., & Clouse, G. (1997). Concurrent and construct validity of the outcome questionnaire. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 15, 40–55. doi: 10.1177/073428299701500104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachtel, P. L. (2010). Beyond “ESTs”: Problematic assumptions in the pursuit of evidence-based practice. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 27, 251–272. doi: 10.1037/a0020532
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. E., & Imel, Z. E. (2015). The great psychotherapy debate. The evidence for what makes psychotherapy work (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Weinberger, J. (2014). Common factors are not so common and specific factors are not so specified: Toward an inclusive integration of psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy, 51, 514–518. doi: 10.1037/a0037092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzel, A., Brown, G. K., & Beck, A. T. (2009). Cognitive therapy for suicidal patients: Scientific and clinical applications. Washington, DC: APA Books.
   Google Scholar
• Westbrook, D., & Hill, L. (1998). The long-term outcome of cognitive behaviour therapy for adults in routine clinical practice. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 635–643. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00050-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar